World Urbanization
World City Hypothesis
1980s to present. Links urbanization to global economic processes, division of labor based on world systems theory. Cities are nodes for nations states in global economy.
Post Modernism
1980s to present. Urban spaces are fragmented, especially when perceived by individuals (mental maps). Dislocation of economic processes due to economic restructuring and globalization. Focus on multiculturalism.
Linear Development Perspective
60s-80s. Claimed that industrialization leads to urbanization. Developed nations have responsibility to help lesser developed nations. Based on Rostow's 5 stages.
World Cities
A city in which a disproportionate part of the world's most important business is conducted. Dominant city in terms of its role in the global political economy. Not the world's biggest city in terms of population or industrial output, but rather centers of strategic control of the world economy.
Industrial City
A city that has a lot of industry and factories
Post industrial City
A city where manufacturing has declined and the focus of the city is service industries.
Megacity
A city with 10 million or more residents.
Megalopolis
A continuous urban complex over a region.
Primate City
A country's leading city, with a population that is disproportionately greater than other urban areas within the same country.
Saskia Sassen
A global city, also called world city or sometimes alpha city or world center, is a city generally considered to be an important node in the global economic system. The concept comes from geography and urban studies and rests on the idea that globalization can be understood as largely created, facilitated, and enacted in strategic geographic locales according to a hierarchy of importance to the operation of the global system of finance and trade.
Keno Capitalism
A model of post modern urban structure. No single center, all spread out.
Sector Model
A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district (CBD). Ushered in with street cars.
Central Place Theory
A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.
Urbanization
An increase in the percentage and in the number of people living in urban settlements. Also refers to the accompanying effects such as increased population density and changing economic functions.
Marx on Uneven Development
Capitalism spreads and help less fortunate. National boundaries become less important.
How do we define a city?
Centrality, population density, infrastructure, and heterogeneity.
Human Ecology
Chicago School between 20s and 60s. Seeks to understand social relationships in cities. Adopted ideas from ecology to say that the city is like a body (niches, interconnected parts).
Political Economy
Cities are situated in global hierarchical system based on capitalism. Cities are the center of capitalism, links the purpose of cities and the structure. Center of conflict over resources. Cities are influenced by mode of production
Post-Socialist City
Cities breaking away from communist past. Growth trends include new development around city, more automobile usage, and linear growth on transport routes.
Colonial City
Cities established by colonizing empires as administrative centers. Often they were established on already existing native cities, lead to blending of native/colonial growth.
Socialist City
Cities that evolved from communist regimes. The urban landscape reflects a visual impression from its central planning and command economy.
Green Cities
Cities trying to be as environmentally sustainable as possible.
Preindustrial City
City that developed before industrial revolution, held traditional elements
Uneven Development Perspective
Divide between rich and poor is due to capitalism.
Lenin on Uneven Development
Divide between rich and poor will only increase over time leading to exploitation and colonialism.
Early Urbanization
Due to surplus agriculture, focused on exchanging goods. Situated primarily in Mesopotamia.
Challenges facing modern cities
Environmental problems, social problems, transport, economic problems, growth management.
Middle Period
European cities declined after fall of Rome. Came back b/c mercantilism. Became more autonomous. Around the world, cities were stable in empires. Colonialism lead to rise of the dual city.
Locational Analysis
Focuses on the spatial arrangement of phenomena.
Manuel Castells
IT is new source of wealth. New hierarchy of labor.
Rank Size Rule
In a model urban hierarchy, the idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement.
Economy of Scale
Large production of goods that reduces the production cost of each item.
Concentric Zone Model
Model that describes urban environments as a series of rings of distinct lands using radiating out from a central core, or central business district.
Max Weber
Modernization process leads to new institutions and therefore new social relations. Class division and social division leads to forms of social inequality.
Global Cities
Most developed cities: New York City, London, and Tokyo; well-developed banking, large corps., etc.
Dual City
One part Western and one part more traditional, indigenous part.
New Town
Planned town trying to create ideal living situation, idea created in the 20th century.
Situation
Relative location of a place in comparison to other things.
Engels
Social/economic relationships of workplace form foundations for all aspects of life.
Economies of Agglomeration
The benefits, including economies of scale and networking effects, companies create by locating close to other companies.
Urban Area
The central city and the surrounding built-up suburbs
Urban landscape
The manifestation of thoughts, deeds, and actions of human beings on urban area.
Site
The physical character of a place.
Multiple Nuclei Model
Type of urban form wherein cities have numerous centers of business and cultural activity instead of one central place. Cars are more common as is air transit.
World Systems Theory
Wallerstein's model: 1. There is one world market and a global division of labor 2. Although there are multiple states in the world almost everything takes place within the world economy 3. The world economy has a three-tier structure (core, periphery, semi-periphery)
Urban place
When a place is no longer tied strictly to agriculture or other primary activities.
Conurbanation
a large urban area, formed when a city expands and merges with surrounding towns
Rostow's Five Stages
model that postulates that economic modernization of countries occurs in five basic stages between agricultural and service-based economies: Traditional society, Preconditions for take-off , Take-off, Drive to maturity, Age of High mass consumption.
Subaltern
people socially, politically, and geographically outside the power structure
Urbanism
way of life, attitudes, values, and patterns of behavior fostered by urban settings