WW1

The Great Migration

- 500,000 African Americans move north. - As the war disrupted immigration from Europe, American industry turned to the black population. - Some companies sent recruits to the south. - "Nothing here but money and its not hard to get". o The dominant color for the army was white people. They leave their jobs to go to war. 0 Opens up jobs for African Americans. o The men that come home will not be happy because they have been replaced. 0 Bosses are paying African Americans less —> Win/Win - blacks get job and make money and bosses dont pay as much.

The difficulty of neutrality

- German had U-boats -> submarines - German aggression led to U.S. sympathizing with Allies. - American economy linked with Allies. - U.S. factories supplied allies with war supplies.

How did the Treaty of Versailles punish Germany? How did it spark controversy? Be specific.

- Germany lost land. - Germany lost it's colonies - Germany would have to reduce its army to 100,000 men. - Germany would have to pay for WW1 - Germany would have ti accept full responsibility for starting the war.

Wartime Intolerance

- Hatred of all German things. - 2 million Germans born immigrants in the U.S. - AMericans with German last names lost their jobs. ** Similiar behavior in WW2**

Goals of Propaganda

- Inspire unity among Americans (the U.S. was 1/3 immigrant at the time) - Crush opposition to the war - Vilify the enemy - Inspire people to enlist in the military - Contribute to the war effort at home in other ways

The war begins in Europe...

- July 1914 - President Woodrow Wilson's advice to Americans "STAY NEUTRAL"

Women and the War

- Thousands of woman serving directly in the military and volunteer agencies at home and in France. o Women were not allowed to fight in WW1. - Until 2014, women were not allowed to fight in combat. - 1 million women worked in the industry and were able to pay for everything with their own salary. - Ratification of the 19th amendment - showing that men and women can be equal members of society. - Women are still paid less than men.

Racial Violence and Tension

- White workers resent labor competition. - Example: WHite mob sets fire to black community and shoots resdients as they are running out. ** Thought is that people are coming to steal our jobs**

In January 1918, President Woodrow Wilson gave a speech to Congress in which he shared his vision of an ideal post-war world. It had "Fourteen Points." Eight of the points dealt specifically with territorial claims in Europe. What were the other six points?

1. Open covenants of peace (No more secret Alliances) 2. Freedom of the Seas 3. Free Trade 4. Reduction of Arms (No more arms build up) 10. Protect of Austria-Hungary people and development opportunities 14. Association of Nations (League of Nations)

Trouble at Sea

1914-1915 - British blockades of German ports. - Resulted in 75,000 Germans starving to death. February 1915 - German blockade Britain: unrestricted Submarine Warfare (no rules) - All approaching ships were targets. SInking the boat that come even if they are there to help.

Why did the military alliance system and treaties turn a potentially small conflict into a World War?

A small conflict between Serbia and Austria Hungary. Serbia had an alliance with Russia and Germany had alliance with Austria Hungary.

Declaration of War on Germany

April 2, 1917 - The world must be "made safe for democcracy" - "A war to end all wars"

Study the "before" and "after" maps on the next page. What new and independent nations were created as a result of WWI? List them.

Czechoslovakia, Lithuania,Yugoslavia, the U.S.S.R, Austria and Hungary separate

Who were the three other major leaders present at the Versailles Peace Conference? Why was the mood of the conference "poisonous?" Why was President Wilson disappointed in the other leaders?

David Lloyd George - Great Britain Georges Clemenceau - France Woodrow Wilson - USA Who's missing? - Germany - The mood was poisonous because some leaders were there to just crush Germany and this upset Wilson because he knew it would not bring peace but more trouble for the future.

Social Trends in America

Economic Boom: factory output grew by more then 1/3. - Unemployment decreased as "Help Wanted" signs went up, most often in war-related industries. - War is phenomenal for the economy. Bring great business to the U.S. Anything that we produce the people in England will die.

War Industries Board (1917)

Encouraged companies to use mass-production techniques to increase efficiency.

The Crackdown

Espionage Act of 1917: - Set stiff fines and prison sentences for a varitey of loosely defined antiwar acts. Sedition Amendment: - Imposed heavy penalties on anyone convicted of using "disloyal, profane... or abusive language" about the government, the Constitution, the flag, or the military.

Why was WW1 the first modern war?

Every country was industrialized and were able to mass produce new technologies.

What was the nature of trench warfare?

Had rats and lice. There were trenches that people fought from.

Food Administration

Header by Herbert Hoover. Instead of rationing food we called for the "clean plate". - 'meatless' day - 'sweetless' day - two days 'wheatless' - two days 'porkless'

The Final Steps

January 31, 1917 - Germany announces that U-boats would sink all ships in British waters - hostile of neutral - on sight. February 24, 1917 - British spies inform Wilson of the "Zimmerman Telegram". o Proposed alliance between Germany and Mexico.

Fuel Administration

Monitiored coal supplies and rationed gasoline and heating oil. - Gasless Sundays - Lightless Nights - Daylights Saving Time

What was nationalism, and why was it a cause of conflict? In what countries was nationalism a powerful force?

Nationalism is having pride in the country. People wanted their independence - Self-determination.

What single event led triggered World War I?

On June 28th, 1914, a member of the Black Hand assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand.

Wartime Propaganda

Propaganda: one-sided, persuasive communication designed to influence the opinions and behavior of people.

Selective Service Act of 1917

Required all men to register with the government to be randomly selected for military services.

Why do the roots of WWI go back to 1870?

The Franco Prussian War. Germany had territory that France had wanted.

What happened to the colonies of Germany and Turkey around the world? What was the "mandate system?"

Under the mandate system, this transferred power and control of the colonies of Germany and Turkey to the League of Nations and eventually to other nations.

What is the significance of November 11, at 11:00 AM?

WW1 ends - the signing of the Armistice

Wilson's Vision

Wilson is convinced that people are good at heart and that we deserve democracy, civil rights, capitalism, and free trade for all.

Election of 1916

Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) was reelected.

Why was "Article 10" of the Treaty of Versailles the most controversial part?

a. It was the agreement that would make the U.S. get involved in a conflict that they might not want.

WHat happened to the president

a. President Wilson suffers a massive stroke and is a shell of the man he once was and basically ends his presidency.

What was the League of Nations? Why was it controversial in the U.S.?

a. The League of Nations was an international organization designed to resolve disputes among countries. b. The U.S. has a problem with joining the League of Nations because they felt that by doing so they would be dragged into another foreign war that did not necessarily agree with.

What happened on November 19, 1919?

a. The Senate denied a peace treaty for the first time in American history.

What new technologies were created during WWI, and how did they transform warfare?

• Created more efficient and gasily weapons. o Machine gun - Planes o Gas o Big Bertha - 1800 pound explosive 9 miles o Chlorine o Mustard Gas o Flame Throwers

What were alliances? What were the two major alliances in Europe?

• France, Great Britain, and Russia • Germany, Italy, Austria Hungary, and Ottoman Empire - But Italy will leave

What was the "arms race?" Why did it happen?

• Stock piling weapons • A race to build up your arms o Bigger ships, bigger bombs, more numbers • The bigger you are the more of the advantage you will have.

How was WWI was fought on the seas? How was both Great Britain and Germany affected by the blockades?

• Submarines and U-boats • German submarines went under the ocean to deliver supplies to allies. o Launched a U-boat blockade. • Blocked Germans from supplies • 75,000 die from starvations • 75,000 die from U-boats o Civilization deaths outnumber the military deaths.

Describe the magnitude of the killing in WWI; give some important statistics.

• Unprecedented o British army was wiped out