WWII: APUSH

Issei and Nisei

1st generation immigrants from Japan; naturalized or native-born citizens of US . All experienced racial animosity.

Heinrich Himmler

Apart of the Axis Powers. Himmler was leader of the SS(Schutzstaffel) and as German Nazi the Gestapo. Oversaw the genocide of millions of Jews and others targeted by Nazi Party.

Bataan Death March

April, 1942. 76,000 Allied troops forced to walk 60, miles with no food or water, to the point of surrender. Humiliation.

Harry Truman

Became president when FDR died. Gave the order to drop the atomic bombs.

Josef Stalin

Communist Leader of USSR 1924-53. An Allied Power. Wanted to spread communism throughout the world. Brings the USSR to a totalitarian state(a country where government has complete control.) Stalin and his Red Army killed or sent enemies of his communist party to labor camps where an estimated 30 million people died.The US, who was against communism and his actions, believed Stalin was the lesser of two evils and found it necessary to have his alliance in order to win the war.

Battle of the Bulge

Dec.1944-Jan.1945. Last big offensive attack for Hitler. Surprised and surrounded troops in Ardennes Forest in Belgium. An Allied victory.

Pearl Harbor

Dec.7th,1941. Japanse Imperial Force launched sneak attack on P.H. on US naval port. Killed many, and wrecked many ships. Enraged US citizens, FDR urged war on Japan. Forced US to go to war with Allies. First attack on US soil in modern times.

Francisco Franco

Dictator of Spain from 1936-75. Despite being approached by Hitler, Franco remained neutral during the war. Organized the revolt in Morocco, which led to the Spanish Civil War. Leader of the Nationalists - won the Civil War after three years of fighting.

Emperor Hirohito

Emperor of Japan from 1926-89, and was apart of Axis Powers. Forced the government to surrender, which would end the war. Viewed as a god by his people.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist dictator of Italy from 1922-43. Close in relationship with Adolf Hitler, and was apart of Axis Powers. Used intimidation to limit freedom of speech, arrested political opponents, and restricted voting rights. Promised the people of Italy he'd make it an imperial power.

Charles de Gaulle

French general and statesman who became very popular during World War II as the leader of the Free French forces in exile (1890-1970)

Henri Philippe Petain

French leader of the Vichy republic of France, which was essentially Nazi France. He is seen as a traitor to his people by some Frenchman.

Douglas MacArthur

General of Allied Powers for U.S. Leads Island Hopping, beginning in New Guinea and then heading up to the Philippines. His men liberate Manila, Philippines from Japan occupation Feb.1945.

Luftwaffe

German Air-force.

Erwin Rommel

German field marshal noted for brilliant generalship in North Africa during World War II. Known as the "desert fox".

Gestapo

German internal security police, organized under Nazi regime. Known for harsh treatment directed towards those suspected of treason or questionable loyalty.

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy,and later Japan.

Brownshirts

Hitler's secret police force that mimicked Mussolini's blackshirts. Morphed into the SS after Hitler took absolute power of Germany.

Marshall Plan

Introduced by Secretary of State George G. Marshall in 1947, he proposed massive and systematic American economic aid to Europe to revitalize the European economies after WWII and help prevent the spread of Communism.

Battle of Britain

July 10th-Oct. 31st, 1940. Took place in the airspace over UK. Air campaign held by German Air Force against UK. It was a psychological victory for Britain, first German loss(major defeat). Caused Hitler to postpone planned invasion of Britain; he would invade Soviet Union instead.

Nuremburg Laws

Laws approved by the Nazi Party in 1935, depriving Jews of German citizenship and taking many rights away from them. Marriages between Jews and German (Aryan) citizens was forbidden; Jews not allowed to employ female German citizens as domestic workers; Jews forbidden to display Reich and national flag, could only wear Jewish colors. These laws would raise antisemitism in German society.

Adolf Hitler

Leader of the Nazi Party and the Third Reich in Germany during World War II. Time Man of the Year in 1938. "Der Fuhrer"-Leader 1933-45. His philosophy was embodied in his book Mein Kampf (1925-1927), attracted widespread support, and after 1934 he ruled as an absolute dictator. Hitler's invasion of Poland (1939) led to the outbreak of World War II. His regime was infamous for the extermination of millions of people, especially European Jews. He committed suicide when the collapse of the Third Reich was imminent (1945).

Vichy France

Location of remaining French government in un-occupied France after fall of France June 1940. Headed by General Henri Petain. Pro-Nazi.

Nazi

National Socialist German Workers' Party.

NWLB

National War Labor Board--dealt with disputes between the management and the workers

Code Talkers

Navajo radio operators who helped secure communications in the Pacific; used their own language, which Japanese were unable to break.

Kristallnacht

Night of Broken Glass, Nov 9 1938: Nazis killed or injured many Jews and destroyed Jews' property. It was to be the consequence for a Jewish teen who had assassinated German officials after his parents had been deported. Jewish community was forced to pay fines after the event. Antisemitism would rise in German society.

Operation Torch (War in Africa)

October-November, 1942. Stop General Erwin Rommel. Gain Control of N. Africa.

SS

Schutzstaffel. This special police was founded by Hitler's personal bodyguard; SS would eventually administer concentration camps. Wore all black.

Dwight D. Eisenhower

Supervised the D-Day attack for the US.

George Patton

Supervised the attack of D-Day for Britain.

OPA

The Office of Price Administration, a New Deal organization created to control prices after the outbreak of WWII to control inflation and stabilize prices. It also had the power to ration scarce goods such as tires, automobiles, shoes, sugar, and gasoline among other things. It was abolished in 1947.

OWI

The Office of War Information, which was formed during World War II. Regulated war propaganda and information seen in mass media.

Rosie the Riveter

The iconic image is from J. Howard Miller's famous poster for Westinghouse, entitled "We Can Do It!", which was modelef on Michigan factory worker Geraldine Doyle in 1942. Norman Rockwell then would paint Rosie the Riveter for the Saturday Evening Post in 1943.

War in the Pacific

The parts of WWII that occurred in the Pacific Ocean. Beginning after Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and ending with the dropping of the atomic bombs.

Holocaust

The term comes from a combination of Greek words. Holo=whole and kaustos=burnt. A methodical plan created by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Franklin D. Roosevelt

US President 1933-45. An Allied Power. Believed in US neutrality, but after Pearl Harbor he firmly believed the US enter. Used Pearl Harbor to persuade Congress. FDR also influence the establishment of the Lend-Lease Act 1941, to aid Great Britain after the Battle of Britain. FDR and Winston Churchill were apart of the Atlantic Charter, a secretive meeting discussing the war.

Chester Nimitz

United States admiral of the Pacific fleet during World War II who used aircraft carriers to destroy the Japanese navy (1885-1966)

George Marshall

United States general and Secretary of State organized the European Recovery Program or Marshall Plan (1880-1959).

V-E Day

Victory in Europe, May 1945. Germany surrenders unconditionally. The end of WWII.

V-J Day

Victory in Japan, August 1945. Japan surrender at atomic bombs are dropped, by US, on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Over 200,000 civilians are killed.

Mein Kampf

While working for the Nazi Party, Hitler was arrested and sent to jail in November 1924. During his imprisonment Hitler wrote Mein Kampf(My Struggle) which described his philosophy towards government and Germany. After his release, Hitler would rejoin Nazi Party and rise to power.

Totalitarianism

a country where government has complete control. Seen in USSR under Stalin's ruling.

Fascism

military dominated government that controls all aspects of life. Nation greater importance than individual. Anti-communist.

Lend/Lease Act

1941: Great Britain was in great need of weapons after Battle of Britain. FDR pushed for the act to allow US to lend or lease weapons to GB and they in return would pay US back after the war.

Executive Order 9066

112,000 Japanese-Americans forced into internment camps. Loss of homes & businesses, 600K more renounced citizenship. US fear of Japanese invasion.

Atlantic Charter

1941: Churchill and FDR agree that once war is over the two countries would try not to expand their countries; disarm Axis Powers; and rid the world of fear and poverty. Secretive meeting and unknown location.

Manhattan Project

After Einstein warns FDR that Hitler is trying to create atomic bombs the Manhattan Project is established. Robert J. Oppenheimer and Enrico Ferm are the lead scientists on the project. Bombs are created and tested outside of Alamogordo, New Mexico. Would create Tat Man and Little Boy, which would be used to bomb Hiroshima and Nagaski (destroying 100,000 buildings and killing over 200,000 people).

Allied Powers

Alliance of Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States, and France during World War II.

Blitzkrieg

Also known as lightening war. This type of warfare, used by Hitler, used large numbers of tanks, aircrafts, and infantry to attack enemy.

D-Day

America and Britain planned this attack for years, it was to be a massive invasion of the beaches of Normandy. Hitler expected such an attack, fortifying the coast. Allies attacked on June 6th 1944. With 24,000 airborne troops, over 20,000 vehicles, and 175,000 soldiers, the Allies attacked the beaches. Roughly 2,500 died on the day of invasion. Though the Germans fought hard, by April 1944, 2 million Allied troops in France were liberated.

Blackshirts

Police force under Mussolini's control. Helped him come into power and create fascist country.

Appeasement

Policy established by British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain. Appeasement: giving concessions in exchange for peace.

Neville Chamberlain

Prime Minister of Britain prior to Winston Churchill. Proposes the policy of appeasement towards Hitler and Axis Powers, in hope of preventing the situation from escalating.

Winston Churchill

Prime Minister of Britain. Led Britain throughout most of World War II and,along with Roosevelt, planned many allied campaigns.

Hideki Tojo

Prime Minister of Japan from 1941-44, and apart of Axis Powers. Order the attack on Pearl Harbor.