YB final study guide 12/13

correlation coefficients

represent the strongest relationship between two variables (the closer the number is to one or negative 1 represents the strongest relationships)

Eisenberg, Leiterman and Williams in 2003 Revealed that the same part of the brain associated with feeling physical pain is also activated when experiencing social rejection or ostracism. What part of the brain was this.

(ACC) Anterior cingulate cortex

The area of the hypothalamus in which the body's biological clock is located

(SCN) suprachiasmatic nucleus

Ryan mckelly Discusses the emotional Funnel system Which encourages men to syphon all of their emotions into one narrow emotion

ANGER

A Scientist wanted to determine the softest tone that can be heard would be interested in finding the what

Absolute threshold

Major depressive disorder can be diagnosed after symptoms have been present for how long

2 weeks

in the first two years of life children develop the understanding that even if something is out of sight it still exists

Object permanence

any event sensation or situation that invokes a response is called

A Stimulus

Depression has been steadily on the rise and has reached epidemic levels. Which of these is not one of the reasons that Johann hari States is a cause for this mental health crisis.

According to Hari, rather than having primarily biological causes and solutions, depression is largely related to the way we live. It's psychological social political and woven into the fabric of culture

Robert sapolsky has been studying stress in baboons for decades. which of the following is not a key take away from his research?

According to Robert sapolsky particular from the researches don't displace on others because you are having a bad day social filiation is powerful and the greatest form of sociality is giving rather than receiving. look at announcements after stress chapter

Coffee is effective in making us feel more awake because it fights off this chemical in our brain that slowly accumulates during wakefulness

Adenosine

the psychological perspective that believes psychology should be in objective science that studies human and animal behaviour without the convolution of mental process is called

Behaviourism

unstable self image, mood and behavior cannot tolerate being alone, chronic feelings of emptiness, prone to self harm and promiscuity, mood swings from love to hate and rage triggered by issues with relationships and identity

Borderline personality disorder

The way we think and feel about ourselves is largely constructed from the data we receive from other people we've interacted with it is almost as if other people's interactions with us serve as a mirror to relay information back to us so we can internally organise our self concept. what does this describe?

Charles Cooley called this "the looking glass self"

Self determination theory States that humans have 3 innate psychological needs what are they

Competence, autonomy, and social connection

This cognitive bias States that people of low ability suffer from illusory superiority and mistakenly access their cognitive ability as greater than it is "incompetence breeds over confidence"

Dunning-Kruger effect

what has been psychology's most enduring topic of contention regarding how humans think feel learn and behave

Course that longstanding debate is nature versus nurture

Unlike other disorders personality disorders are _____, meaning those diagnosed do not recognise or believe they are disordered

Ego-syntonic

What are the 4-D's of abnormal behaviour

Deviance distress dysfunction danger

Which disorders are primarily caused by psychological trauma and involved disruptions or breakdowns of memory awareness identity or perception

Disassociative disorders

This type of memory is a strong memory of a typical an unusual event that has a very strong emotional association such as remembering where you were and what you were doing on 9/11

Flashbulb memory

when the ________ activates ______ releases into the blood during times of stress

HPA access, (the stress hormone) cortisol

the bias in judgement that results from subtle cognitive processes that often operate below conscious awareness is called

Implicit bias

When people focus on a task that demands or attention they often fail to notice unexpected objects or events that occur in full view what is this called

Inattentional blindness

Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributions rather than group identification is the definition of

Individualism

Any research institution that receives federal support for research involving human participants must submit to this to ensure that the research is ethical and has met the appropriate scholastic standards for publication.

Institutional review board (IRB)

Psychoanalysis (Freud)

Involves digging deeply into one's unconscious

which of The following does research reveal all people regardless of gender desire the relationships the

Kindness and love

The communication system that involves using words and systematic rules to transmit information from one individual to another

Language

According to Freud's 5 stages of psychosexual development, this stage is the only period of a man's life when he wasn't dominated by thoughts and impulses toward sex

Latency

This theory States that depression occurs when people resigned to the idea that they are helpless to escape from something painful.

Learned helplessness

This figure propose two ideas regarding the use in function of language. that it works by triggering within us Pictures of the way things are in the world And that language is a game or a tool used to convey patterns of intentions

Ludwig Wittgenstein

Research States that this imitative learning involves a specific type of neuron. What is this neuron called?

Mirror neurons.

In observational learning we learn by watching others and then imitating what they do or say. Individuals performing this behaviour that is imitated are called

Models

The smallest unit of language that conveys meaning

Morphemes

Joe losses TV privileges when he came home with 3 F's and two C's on his report card. What is this an example of

Negative punishment

Neurotransmitters what are they and why the important

Neurotransmitters allowed neurons to send signals to other neurons

why did whilem wundts structialism fail as a method for understanding the human mind

Of course it was too subjective self reports varied depending on experience intelligence and verbal ability remember that would create a periodic table of human consciousness and it was just too difficult too subjective for him to do that

Which type of learning theory States "organisms associate behaviour and its consequences?"

Operant conditioning

These drugs are highly addictive because of the way they are alter how our brain perceives pain. Abuse of these drugs have led to a nationwide epidemic causing thousands of overdose deaths each year

Opiates/opioids

Erickson theorise that each stage of life has its own psychological task and that the task that is chief of adolescence is solidifying or coming to terms with what

Our sense of self and identity

This morning's unit of language for sound

Phonemes

Jackie got pulled over for speeding. She was given a $400 fine. This is an example of?

Positive punishment

coined by psychologist Leon festinger in 1957 cognitive dissonance is

Psychological distress or discomfort we feel when we experience 2 or more inconsistent attitudes behaviours or Cognitions

What is the insufficient justification effect

Reductions of dissonance by internally justifying one's behaviour when external justification is insufficient

Our psychological well-being is established through many different influences but one significant way in which we self evaluate is based on how we compare ourselves to others (we feel fine with what we have until we realize somebody else has more. what is this phenomenon called?

Relative deprivation

Peer review articles ensure that researches described clearly enough to allow other scientists to replicate the study with different samples and thus determine that it has appropriate _______

Reliability (not validity)

Jim Bob just moved up to a new apartment where he keeps hearing a train go by. It is really annoying but after a week, he got used to it "after awhile I just didn't hear it anymore" what is this an example of?

Sensory adaptation

frued believed All human behaviour can be linked to these specific motivations what were they

Sex and aggression

Daniel Simons and his colleagues Author's of the invisible gorilla and the monkey business illusion are researchers in the field of perception, memory, and awareness interested in studying how humans perceive the world. what was the take home message from the monkey business illusion experiment?

Singh is believing but believing is also seeing. Prejudice make us see and interpret the world in ways that it doesn't actually appear as.

culturaly provided mental instructions for how to act in very situations are called

Social scripts

This philosopher was one of the 1st great thinkers that laid the foundations for the study of psychology. He was sceptical that a new technology of his time, writing ideas on parchment, would diminish people's ability because they would rely on written records instead of their own memories

Socrates

Claude Steele talks about how being reminded of negative serotypes before completing a task serve as a primer that leads to decrease performance

Stereotype threat

What did researchers learn in a study of brain activity in the prefrontal cortex of murderers

The brain activity is reduced in the prefrontal cortex

Ceres of glands that secrete hormones are part of what system

The endocrine system

This term describes how people tend to over emphasise internal factors as explanations for the behaviour of others

The fundamental attribution error

These cells serve as interconnected information processors that are essential for all the tasks of the nervous system

The neurons

what lobe of the brain is responsible for processing the body senses including touch pain and pressure

The parietal lobe

Which gland descends from the hypothalamus at the base of the brain and is often referred to as the master gland because it's messenger hormones control all other glands in the endocrine system

The pituitary gland

What was the main message of Jean Kilbourne's killing us softly Ted talk

The power of normalcy / role of media

Randy presumes that because she woke up late and didn't have time to do her hair that everyone will look at her with disgust what is this called

The spotlight effect

wertheime, Kohler, Koffka founded gestalt psychology which posited

The whole is greater than the sum of its parts

Behaviour therapy (Watson, skinner, Pavlov)

Therapist will employ principles of learning To help clients change cycles of behaviour

cognitive Psychology is the branch of psychology that focuses on the study of

Thinking learning and memory

What are the 4 goals of psychology

To describe, explain, predict and change

according to the US department of Health & Human Services in 2017 how many U.S. adults experienced mental illness

What we see is that 18.9% almost 20% of the US population was diagnosed with a mental illness or psychological disorder

What is the bystander effect

When more people are around you you feel your responsibility falls upon others. Diffusion of responsibility

Describe the relationship between the independent independent variable

You can think of independent independent variables in terms of cause-and-effect: a independent variable is the variable you think is the cause, while a dependent variable is in effect. You can manipulate the independent variable and measure the outcome of the dependent variable

a psychological disorder is a condition characterised by what

abnormal, thoughts, feelings, and behaviours

People's desire to help others even if the costs outweigh the benefits where there is no mention of reciprocal benefit is called

altruism

Number 4 ask you a statement about objective reality at multiple points in this semester we talk about how objective reality is a very difficult thing to grasp of course truth exists of course there is an objective reality but it is viewed through the lens of our values and beliefs it's very difficult to persuade somebody with facts and figures that should be objective standards of truth

because we are deeply emotional creatures were governed by our limbic system (it is viewed to our values and beliefs)

Damage to this area will result in significant difficulties producing speech

broccas area

why is group think a problem?

causes bad decisions, and exclusion of outsiders/ dissenters

Giving priority to goals of one's group such as one's family or workplace and defining one's identity accordingly is known as

collectivism

this type of biases is the tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms our preconceptions

confirmation bias

which of the following explains why most psychiatric hospitals emphasise short term care

due to the very high cost of psychiatric hospitalisation in the United States insurance companies often limit the length of time one can be hospitalised if the patient is ensured at all

this growing field of Social neuroscience is investigating a more comprehensive psychobiological dimension to the explanation of transgenerational transmissions of trauma

epigenetics

People with ________ feel persistently and uncontrollably tense or apprehensive for no apparent reason which can lead to periodic episodes of panic or feelings of intense Dread

general anxiety disorder

why group think occurs

group think is based on the common desire not to upset the balance of a group of people.

the tendency to that believe after learning outcome that you would have foreseen it the I knew it all along phenomenon is called

hindsight bias not conformation bias

Who was credited with the 1st theory of personality

hippocrates

Berlingeri and his colleagues in 2016 they asked participants to rate the degree of perceived pain felt by a black hand at a white being Poked with a pencil that I ask you which of the following best sums up this brain imaging implicit bias research

how our conscious attitudes about race often differ from our unconscious in implicit attitudes. Their automatic responses in association with the measurement of their implicit biccies didn't add up with the conscious actions berlingeri and colleagues revealed that implicit bias manifests in a reduction of empathetic response to outgroups despite by being explicitly "politically correct" with their responses to the contrary; concluding that while we are often explicitly unbiased are physiological reactance may reveal otherwise

which Psychological perspective emphasises that there is potential for good innate in all people

humanism

When light begins to fade at the end of the day the supercharismatic nucleus located in the ____, signals the pineal gland to release ____.

hypothalamus, melatonin

The Myers-Briggs personality test is one of the most widely used personality inventories in the world to date. While it is subject to some scrutiny in how accurately it depicts longstanding enduring personality traits, it reveals a substantial amount about ones

preferences

the process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information is called what?

learning

according to Richard Wilkinson societies have less violence less drug abuse less mental illness when what

lower levels of income inequality

Albert Banduras Bobo doll study revealed the power of this type of learning

modeling; observational learning

What is the process of organising and interpreting information from sensory stimuli and encoding it into recognisable meaningful events

perception

What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination

prejudices: prejudgement, its attitude based, it is an unjustified negative attitude or belief towards the individual or group and discrimination: is the conscious action or behavior

A powerful influence on the development one's personality is this

refers to all of the beliefs customs art and traditions of a particular society and is transmitted to people through language and the modelling of acceptable and unacceptable behaviours (culture)

what are mental constructs consisting of clusters or collections of related concepts that serve to categorise new information in order to make sense of the world

schemas

what is the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system received stimulus energies from the environment called

sensation

the Neural transmitter closely associated with mood feelings of well being and happiness is

serotonin

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior is called

shaping

what area of the brain is responsible for memory and learning

the hippocampus

what is Group think

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives

Stanley Milgram's controversial study nearly 66% of the participants were willing to administer what appeared to be lethal levels of electric shocks to another person because they were told to do so by an authority figure this experiment is a Paramount study in social psychology because it reveals great insight into what

the setting of obedience and also incorporates the power of situations

When you are writing a reference for academic journal article in APA style what elements are italicised

volume number and journal publication

who established the 1st psychological laboratory in 1879

whilhem wundt