10-History Unit 4.1
offer you their blood, property, life, and children, as is said above, when the need is far distant; but when it approaches they turn against you.
And that prince who, relying entirely on their promises, has neglected other precautions, is ruined;
-Worksheet: Johannes Gutenberg- Johannes Gutenberg (c. 1400-1468) Johannes Gutenberg was born in Mainz, Germany.
Beginning in the 1440s, and borrowing from several existing technologies, he developed a method of printing using blocks of moveable type set on a mechanical press.
Johannes Gutenberg [c. 1400-1468]. Johannes Gutenberg was born in Mainz, Germany.
Beginning in the 1440s, and borrowing from several existing technologies, he developed a method of printing using blocks of moveable type set on a mechanical press.
Background Niccolò Machiavelli was an independent thinker and a man of many talents; at various times in his life he was a diplomat, a political writer, a playwright, a historian, a philosopher, and a musician.
Born in 1469, he served his native city of Florence in several posts while it was a republic.
Da Vinci made maps and architectural drawings as well as detailed studies of human anatomy. He drew inventions such as a moving fortress and a flying machine.
Da Vinci grew up near Florence and lived for many years in Milan working at the court of Duke Ludovico Sforza.
He drew inventions such as a moving fortress and a flying machine.
Da Vinci grew up near Florence and lived for many years in Milan working at the court of Duke Ludovico Sforza.
Leonardo da Vinci [1452-1519]. Leonardo da Vinci was an inventor, painter, architect, sculptor, and musician of the Italian Renaissance.
Da Vinci made maps and architectural drawings as well as detailed studies of human anatomy.
There he painted one of his most famous works, the Last Supper mural.
Da Vinci spent his later years traveling and working in different Italian cities and city-states—he began his Mona Lisa in Florence in 1503.
The term Machiavellian has come to signify the kind of ruthless scheming, manipulation, and deception that The Prince appears to advocate.
Directions: Read the two excerpts and answer the questions that follow.
By comparing and contrasting works of different schools of art during the same time period, you can appreciate how geographical differences can affect artistic expression.
Directions: The paintings below are examples of two different schools of Renaissance art. Look closely at the paintings, analyze them, and answer the questions that follow.
Desiderius Erasmus [1469-1536]. Desiderius Erasmus was a Dutch humanist and theologian.
Erasmus entered a monastery as a child and was discouraged from studying the classics.
It was the first alternative to the Vulgate (the Latin version of the Bible) authorized by the Roman Catholic Church in 405.
Erasmus later rejected aspects of the Catholic and Protestant religions, such as clerical abuses and ideas of predestination.
His educational writings promoted a humanist emphasis on the classics and led the way to replacing older courses of study with liberal studies.
Erasmus published his own Latin translation of the Greek New Testament in 1516.
He left the monastery after ordination as a priest and later studied theology at the University of Paris.
Erasmus used the Italian humanists' methods to study the past in a critical way.
This process took more than a decade, and Gutenberg borrowed heavily to finance his printing press. In 1455 the Gutenberg Bible became the earliest book printed from moveable type in Europe.
Gutenberg's partner and financier, Johann Fust, sued Gutenberg in 1455, claiming that Gutenberg had misused the business funds.
Niccolò Machiavelli [1469-1527] was a politician, a political prisoner, and an author of historical works, poetry, and drama.
He is best known for his treatise on politics, The Prince.
Desiderius Erasmus (1469-1536) Desiderius Erasmus was a Dutch humanist and theologian. Erasmus entered a monastery as a child and was discouraged from studying the classics.
He left the monastery after ordination as a priest and later studied theology at the University of Paris.
Erasmus used the Italian humanists' methods to study the past in a critical way.
His educational writings promoted a humanist emphasis on the classics and led the way to replacing older courses of study with liberal studies.
This process took more than a decade, and Gutenberg borrowed heavily to finance his printing press.
In 1455 the Gutenberg Bible became the earliest book printed from moveable type in Europe.
After his imprisonment, he retired to his estate to write several works about power and politics, including his most famous work: The Prince.
In The Prince, Machiavelli expresses his opinions about how a ruler should really act, as opposed to how churches or teachers profess that the ruler should behave.
Erasmus published his own Latin translation of the Greek New Testament in 1516.
It was the first alternative to the Vulgate (the Latin version of the Bible) authorized by the Roman Catholic Church in 405.
-Worksheet: Leonardo da Vinci- Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Leonardo da Vinci was an inventor, painter, architect, sculptor, and musician of the Italian Renaissance.
Lorenzo de' Medici [1449-1492]. Lorenzo de' Medici, grandson of Cosimo, was called "The Magnificent" for his political prowess and dedication to the arts.
Like his grandfather and father before him, he ruled Florence not as a prince nor as an elected official, but through his use of his enormous wealth.
Initially, he ruled together with his younger brother Giuliano, but the latter was murdered at the altar of a church over a banking dispute with rival Florentine families.
Lorenzo was a brilliant statesman who helped to keep peace among the Italian city-states.
["The Magnificent" Lorenzo's grandson], describes very candidly the sometimes amoral stances a prince must take to be effective.
Machiavelli asserted that it was better for a prince to be feared than to be loved.
Erasmus later rejected aspects of the Catholic and Protestant religions, such as clerical abuses and ideas of predestination.
More About the Image: Hans Holbein the Younger painted Erasmus in 1523, using oil and egg tempera on a wooden panel.
He eventually moved to France, where he died. Da Vinci's writings, drawings, sculptures, and paintings have been among the most influential in human history.
More About the Image: Leonardo da Vinci drew this 13 x 8.25-inch (33 x 21-cm) self-portrait in red chalk in 1512 or slightly later. It is currently in a vault at the Royal Library of Turin, Italy.
Ultimately, Fust took over the printing business, and the use of moveable type spread across Europe.
More About the Image: This oil painting of Johannes Gutenberg was made in the mid-1700s.
As a patron of the arts, he supported such artists as Leonardo da Vinci and the teenage Michelangelo, who created timeless works that are revered to this day.
More About the Image: This portrait of Lorenzo de' Medici by Agnolo Bronzino (1503-1572) is in oil on wood.
It is considered the first text based on a type of harsh, practical approach to governing that advises rulers about how to obtain and retain power, even as they pretend to be ruled by moral principles and self-restraint.
Most striking is its open admission that self-interest truly motivates most people, no matter what ethical or moral systems suggest.
relied on the technical skill of perspective. Northern European artists, used to illustrating sacred books and painting altarpieces, learned to evoke realism by painting exquisite, realistic details and experimenting with light and translucence.
One of the most famous works of the northern European Renaissance is the Mérode Altarpiece (Annunciation Triptych) by south Netherlandish artist Robert Campin (1375-1444).
On his release, he went to his country house and wrote.
The Prince [1513], dedicated to the new ruler of Florence Lorenzo di Piero de' Medici
In this fresco, a kneeling Saint Peter accepts the keys of heaven from Jesus—symbolic of Peter becoming the first head of the Christian Church.
The large structure in the background is Perugino's classically influenced version of the Temple of Jerusalem
The angel Gabriel appears to Mary and tells her that she will give birth to the savior Jesus.
The painting is full of realistic details that had symbolic meaning for the audience of the time. The lily, for example, symbolizes purity.
Styles of Renaissance Art- Even when a particular time period is noted for a certain style of art, that style may manifest differently in different regions.
The style of art that developed in Italy during the Renaissance was different from the style that arose in northern European countries such as Belgium and the Netherlands.
And you have to understand this, that a prince, especially a new one, cannot observe all those things for which men are esteemed, being often forced, in order to maintain the state, to act contrary to fidelity [or faith], friendship, humanity, and religion.
Therefore it is necessary for him to have a mind
This painting, done on wood, is a triptych, or three-part altar screen.
This central portion of the altarpiece depicts the famous Annunciation scene from the New Testament:
The Giving of the Keys to Saint Peter is a fresco by Italian artist Pietro Perugino (born 1450).
This fresco in the Sistine Chapel is part of a series of frescoes on the north wall depicting incidents in the life of Jesus.
Gutenberg's partner and financier, Johann Fust, sued Gutenberg in 1455, claiming that Gutenberg had misused the business funds.
Ultimately, Fust took over the printing business, and the use of moveable type spread across Europe.
After the death of Savanorola, who succeeded the Medici family as ruler of Florence, 29-year-old Machiavelli was appointed to a diplomatic position in a new, anti-Medici government.
When the Medici family returned to power in 1512, Machiavelli was accused of conspiracy and tortured.
Later he served as an emissary, or ambassador of the government, and as general secretary to the chancery, or court.
When the Medici family seized power in Florence, however, Machiavelli found himself on the wrong side, and in 1513 he was arrested and tortured.
preserved by the link of obligation which, owing to the baseness of men, is broken at every opportunity for their
advantage; but fear preserves you by a dread of punishment which never fails. — Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, 1532
because friendships that are obtained by payments, and not by greatness or nobility of mind, may indeed be earned, but they are not secured, and in time of need cannot be relied upon;
and men have less scruple in offending one who is beloved than one who is feared, for love is
Because this is to be asserted in general of men, that they are ungrateful, fickle, false, cowardly, covetous, and as long
as you succeed they are yours entirely; they will
ready to turn itself accordingly as the winds and variations of fortune force it, yet, as I have said above, not to diverge
from the good if he can avoid doing so, but, if compelled, then to know how to set about it. — Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, 1532
Background Although artists in Italy and Northern Europe both adopted humanistic principles and sought to portray the human world realistically,.
they took diffferent approaches to their art. Italian Renaissance artists, schooled in the art of painting church frescoes on a large scale, mastered and
More About the Image: Hans Holbein the Younger painted Erasmus in 1523,
using oil and egg tempera on a wooden panel.