1.4.1 Conclusion Questions

Why do babies born in different countries get vaccinated against different diseases?

Different countries have different diseases; therefore a baby who was born in a different country other than you will have a different vaccination list.

Explain why the hepatitis B vaccine is administered multiple times over the course of a child's life. What does it mean when doctors use the term "booster shot"?

Hepatitis B vaccine is created through the use of dead Hep B pathogens and / or pieces of the Hep B pathogen. This is a way to ensure the recipient does not contract the disease, but it is also not as effective a way for the body to provide 'recognition' of the pathogen. Administering it in three doses helps the development of the memory B lymphocyte cells and ensures immunity against the disease.

Why did your grandparents or other senior members of the community have vaccinations that you did not have to have

Todays time is much different compared to theirs because more discoveries have been made, so we do not need certain vaccines that they may have needed

Explain how vaccination could eradicate a disease such as smallpox

Vaccinations reduce the risk of of a certain disease by working with the body's natural defenses to help them develop immunity to diseases, such as smallpox. when germs, such as viruses invade the body, they attack and multiply.

It can be said that a vaccine does not prevent infection; rather it primes the immune system to respond to an invader. Using information about human immune response, explain this statement. Mention what happens in the body from the time of vaccination through contact with the infectious agent.

Vaccines allow immunity against the pathogen. after the vaccination, if a pathogen enters the body, then an eater cell, such as a macrophage eats the pathogen It is not that the person doesn't contract the disease, it is that the person now has immunity against the pathogen. After a vaccination, if a pathogen enters the body then the memory B lymphocytes can immediately activate the cytotoxic T cells in the case of a virus, or activate the neutrophils in the case of a bacteria. Initially, when a vaccine is administered and the body recognizes it as a pathogen, an eater cell such as a macrophage, dendritic phagocytize 'eats' the pathogen and presents the pathogen cite on it's surface. This activates the B lymphocytes that create memory B cells or plasma cells that produce antibodies. These antibodies 'tag' the pathogen for ingestion by other eater cells, or the memory B cells activate cytotoxic T cells of handle the virus invaders.

Using science you have learned in this unit, explain how doctors can determine if you will require an additional dose of a vaccine. (HINT: Think back to your lab work in Lesson 1.)

a doctor can take take your blood and do what is called an immunity titer. he/she will look for the antibodies against the disease. this test may be a form of the ELISA test. A doctor can take your blood and do what is called an 'immunity titer'. He will look for the antibodies against the disease in question. This antibody test may even be a form of the ELISA test we conducted to determine what antigen Sue was sick with. ELISA tests can test for antibodies or antigens it depends on how the test is designed.

Do parents have a right to decide whether or not to vaccinate their child? Explain your position.

certain vaccines are not required but are recommended, such as the flu shots. Children need certain vaccinations in order to go to school, so unless a child is not around other people, then parents do have a right to a certain extent.

What do you notice about disease trends in the 1900s and in modern day? What factors do you believe contribute to the trends you observe?

many diseases in the 1900s spread and developed much quicker. these diseases were also much more fatal. today, vaccines and medications have helped prevent the spread of disease as well as treat them.

Jenner tested his vaccine on a young child. What ethical considerations must be addressed when a new vaccine is being tested and released to the public?

we have to make sure the child and/or parents consented to being tested. also, if you take bacteria from one person and put it into the other, you risk sharing other diseases that were unknown.