208 exam 1 ch. 5

In which stage of Piaget's theory of growth and development does an infant develop an action pattern to deal with the environment? Sensorimotor Preoperational Formal operations Concrete operations

Sensorimotor

According to which stage of Kohlberg's theory would a nurse ask a higher authority to reduce the treatment expenses of a low-income client? Social contract orientation Universal ethical principle orientation Instrument relativist orientation Society-maintaining orientation

Universal ethical principle orientation

A nursing student is listing various stages of Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development. Which situation indicates that the individual has reached the Instrumental Relativist Orientation stage? "An individual notices that punishment is a proof of being wrong." "An individual identifies that there is more than one right view." "An individual wants to win consent and maintain the expectations of one's immediate group." "An individual follows societal law, but recognizes the possibility of changing the law to improve society."

"An individual identifies that there is more than one right view."

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which statement about conventional reasoning is true? A child recognizes that there is more than one correct view. A child's thinking is mostly based on likes and pleasures. An individual moves away from moral decisions based on authority. A person wants to fulfill family expectations.

A person wants to fulfill family expectations.

Which situation would the nurse address to meet the safety and security needs of the client according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs? Because my teeth hurt when I eat I do not want to talk to any stranger because I fear that they might take away my things. My blood pressure level keeps on fluctuating Ever since my family members came to know about my problem

I do not want to talk to any stranger because I fear that they might take away my things.

According to Erikson's theory, which suggestion would the nurse make to the parent of a preschooler who is worried about ongoing conflicts with the child because of strict behavior standards? Your behavior may induce a feeling of isolation in your child. You need to establish a sense of trust Your child needs support and love or may develop feelings of shame and doubt. You could cooperate with the child's desires within reason to avoid guilt and frustration for your child.

You could cooperate with the child's desires within reason to avoid guilt and frustration for your child.

To promote a sense of industry in a hospitalized school-age child, the health-care worker should: encourage the child to read a book. ask the parents of the child to bring a favorite toy from home. encourage the child to telephone friends and family members. ask the child to help pick up all the stuffed toys in the playroom.

ask the child to help pick up all the stuffed toys in the playroom.

Which component of the human personality, according to Freud, allows an individual to judge reality accurately? Oedipus complex Id Ego Superego

ego

The best advice to parents who want to encourage autonomy in their toddler would be to: provide opportunities for the toddler to play with other children. help the toddler learn right from wrong. help the toddler to complete tasks. encourage the toddler to do things for himself.

encourage the toddler to do things for himself.

According to Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, mastery of which task increases a child's ability to cope with separation or pending separation from significant others? Trust Identity Initiative Autonomy

trust

At which stage of Kohlberg's theory does an individual want to fulfill the expectations of one's immediate group? Punishment and obedience orientation Instrumental relativist orientation Good boy-nice girl orientation Society-maintaining orientation Social contract orientation Universal ethical principle orientation

Good boy-nice girl orientation

The theorist who proposed a psychosocial theory that human development occurs as a result of interactions among the environment, culture, and the individual was: Erik Erikson. Daniel Levinson. Carl Jung. Robert Keegan.

Daniel Levinson.

Which is true about the preoperational period of Piaget's theory? The child develops a scheme for dealing with the environment. The child is able to describe a process without actually doing it. The child has the capacity to reason with respect to possibilities. The child believes that everyone experiences the world exactly as he or she does.

The child believes that everyone experiences the world exactly as he or she does.

The characteristic common to all developmental models is that chronological age is the most important factor. development is a continuous process throughout the lifespan. development depends on physical growth. developmental progress continues regardless of environment.

development is a continuous process throughout the lifespan.

Which situations belong to the first level of needs according to Maslow's hierarchy? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. A client is homeless. A client reports feeling dizzy for 2 days. A client states that he or she is beaten up repeatedly by a neighbor. A client reports that he or she is unable to consume food because of throat pain. An amputee informs the nurse that he or she will walk one day.

A client is homeless. A client reports feeling dizzy for 2 days. A client reports that he or she is unable to consume food because of throat pain.

According to Piaget's cognitive theory, at which stage will fear of surgery have the most effect on preoperative teaching? Sensorimotor Preoperational Formal operational Concrete operational

Preoperational

Behavior modification is basically designed to: probe the unconscious motives of behavior. alter current behavior patterns. produce basic changes in personality. relieve conflicts in behavior.

alter current behavior patterns.

Which activities would the nurse recommend to a middle-age adult client to find a sense of fulfillment, according to Erikson? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. Attending church functions Visiting adult children in their homes Becoming involved at a local hospital Volunteering to coach for a grandchild's soccer team Allowing independent decision-making when hospitalized

Attending church functions Becoming involved at a local hospital Volunteering to coach for a grandchild's soccer team

According to Piaget's theory, which of these is true about the period of formal operations? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. Children develop a scheme for dealing with the environment. Children are able to describe a process without actually doing it. Children have the capacity to reason with respect to possibilities. Children believe that everyone experiences the world exactly as they do. Children have a belief that their actions are scrutinized by imaginary audience.

Children have the capacity to reason with respect to possibilities. Children have a belief that their actions are scrutinized by imaginary audience.

A nursing instructor asks a student about the development of adolescents according to Piaget's theory. Which statement made by the student about adolescents indicates a need for further education? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. Risk-taking behaviors are exhibited. They consider their thoughts to be unique. Egocentric thought is prevalent. Using knowledge to achieve a goal is emphasized. They have the ability to recognize different answers for different situations.

Using knowledge to achieve a goal is emphasized. They have the ability to recognize different answers for different situations.

The nurse finds that a mother severely punishes her 2-year-old child. Which would the nurse advise the mother, according to Erikson's theory? Your behavior may induce a feeling of isolation in your child. You need to establish a sense of trust or the child may lose trust in you. Your child needs support and love or else he or she may develop feelings of shame and doubt. You should control your child's impulses or the child may suffer guilt and frustration.

Your child needs support and love or else he or she may develop feelings of shame and doubt.

A nurse is examining different situations that represent the superego component of human personality, as per Sigmund Freud. Which situations accurately represent superego? Select all that apply. A client who needs to urinate does so beside the bed instead of waiting for the nurse to assist him or her. A client feels the urge to run away from the hospital but refrains from doing so because the security guard is watching. A client controls the urge to eat candy because he or she knows that it will affect the blood sugar levels. A client having a craving for fruits does not steal them from the next client because that client needs it more. A client experiencing a stomachache refrains from stealing medications from a friend because it is illegal.

A client controls the urge to eat candy because he or she knows that it will affect the blood sugar levels. A client having a craving for fruits does not steal them from the next client because that client needs it more. A client experiencing a stomachache refrains from stealing medications from a friend because it is illegal.

Which examples mentioned by the nurse belong to the third level of needs according to Maslow's hierarchy? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. A client is depressed because his or her spouse has passed away. A client is constipated due to excess loss of fluids from the body. A client wants to reconnect with old friends after being diagnosed with cancer. A client has to live in a rat-infested apartment due to lack of financial resources. A client never goes to family gatherings because he or she is not accepted by family members.

A client is depressed because his or her spouse has passed away. A client wants to reconnect with old friends after being diagnosed with cancer. A client never goes to family gatherings because he or she is not accepted by family members.

Based on Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, which member of the wedding party shows failure to meet their developmental crisis? Bridesmaid, aged 27 years, unexpectedly announces that she is in a same-sex relationship Bride, aged 25 years, abruptly leaves the church just before the marriage ceremony starts Mother of the bride, aged 50 years, cries when the bridal shower is ruined by a family feud Grandfather of the bride, aged 71 years, sentimentally reminisces about his own wedding

Bride, aged 25 years, abruptly leaves the church just before the marriage ceremony starts

According to Piaget, which statement describes the concrete operation stage? During this stage, children have egocentric thoughts. During this stage, children are able to perform mental operations. During this stage, children learn to think with the use of symbols and mental images. During this stage, children develop an action pattern for dealing with the environment.

During this stage, children are able to perform mental operations.

An older adult was admitted to a long-term care facility for difficulties with activities of daily living. Based on Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, which intervention would the nurse use to assist the client to fulfill her or his developmental task? Encourage the client to perform as much self-care as possible. Engage the client in reminiscence about past achievements. Invite the client to participate in socialization and activity groups. Suggest that the family accompany the client on short walks.

Engage the client in reminiscence about past achievements.

A young adult tells the nurse, "Society needs to be educated regarding involving people affected with AIDS into the social sphere." According to Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development, what stage does the statement indicate? Instrumental relativist orientation Punishment and obedience orientation Universal ethical principle orientation Social contract orientation Society-maintaining orientation Good boy-nice girl orientation

Social contract orientation

A nursing student gives different examples representing the components of human personality, according to Sigmund Freud. Which examples mentioned by the nursing student represent the component ego? Select all that apply. "A client feels that the next client received a better pillow but refrains from taking it away because it is wrong." "A client wants to eat junk food but does not order it because the dietician is keeping track of his or her weight." "A client notes that the nurse is late in bringing in the food tray, so he or she steals food from the cafeteria." "A client is attracted to the nurse in charge but does not make any moves because there are other clients in the same ward." "A client with insomnia wants to take an extra sleeping pill but refrains from doing so because the caregivers are present."

"A client wants to eat junk food but does not order it because the dietician is keeping track of his or her weight." "A client is attracted to the nurse in charge but does not make any moves because there are other clients in the same ward." "A client with insomnia wants to take an extra sleeping pill but refrains from doing so because the caregivers are present."

Which of these statements are true about an adolescent according to Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development? Select all that apply. "An individual's thoughts are influenced by moral decisions and behaviors." "An individual wants to win the approval of and maintain the expectations of one's immediate group." "An individual expands his or her focus from a relationship with others to societal concerns." "An individual recognizes that there is more than one correct view." "An individual's response to a moral dilemma is in terms of absolute obedience to authority and rules."

"An individual's thoughts are influenced by moral decisions and behaviors." "An individual expands his or her focus from a relationship with others to societal concerns."

A registered nurse is teaching a nursing student about Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development. Which information provided by the registered nurse regarding Postconventional Reasoning needs correction? "In this level, an individual starts to wonder what an ideal society would be like." "In this level, emphasis is given on social rules and a community-centered approach." "In this level, an individual finds a balance between basic human rights and obligations and societal rules and regulations." "In this level, an individual moves away from moral decisions based on authority or conformity to groups to define their own moral values and principles."

"In this level, emphasis is given on social rules and a community-centered approach."

The registered nurse is teaching a nursing student about Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development. Which information provided by the registered nurse regarding 'Preconventional Reasoning' needs correction? "In this level, there is limited cognitive thinking and the individual's thinking is primarily egocentric." "In this level, the person's moral reason for acting eventually relates to the consequences that the person believes will occur." "In this level, thinking is mostly based on the likes and pleasures of the client." "In this level, the client sees moral reasoning based on his or her own personal internalization of societal and others' expectations."

"In this level, the client sees moral reasoning based on his or her own personal internalization of societal and others' expectations."

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, in which order would the nurse prioritize his or her actions?

1 - Providing a warm bath to the client to promote a good night's sleep 2 - Encouraging the client to talk about his or her fears and feelings 3 - Assisting the client in getting out of bed to join family members for meals 4 - Praising the client for administering insulin accurately

According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which is the correct order of a child's behavior as he or she ages? The child concentrates on work and play. The child is concerned about appearance and body image. The child develops autonomy by making choices. The child develops feelings of superego or conscience.

1 - The child develops autonomy by making choices. 2 - The child develops feelings of superego or conscience. 3 - The child concentrates on work and play. 4 - The child is concerned about appearance and body image.

A nurse is evaluating different situations on the basis of the components of human personality as mentioned by Sigmund Freud. Which situations represent the id component? Select all that apply. A client feeling thirsty waits for the nurse to bring him or her water instead of taking it from the next client because he or she knows that it is wrong. A client feeling hungry notices a food tray at the next bed, but does not grab the food because a nurse is watching. A client feels nauseous; therefore, he or she leaves work midway to go to a healthcare facility. A client experiencing pain takes pain medication prescribed to a family member. A client wishes to go home and therefore slips out of the healthcare facility quietly without anyone noticing.

A client feels nauseous; therefore, he or she leaves work midway to go to a healthcare facility. A client experiencing pain takes pain medication prescribed to a family member. A client wishes to go home and therefore slips out of the healthcare facility quietly without anyone noticing.

Which does the intimacy versus isolation stage of Erikson's theory of development include? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. An individual may often engage in a retrospective appraisal of his or her life. An individual develops a sense of identity and deepens his or her capacity to love others and care for them. An individual searches for meaningful friendships and an intimate relationship with another person. An individual may develop fears, rejection, and disappointment if unable to establish companionship and intimacy. An individual achieves success by contributing to future generations through parenthood, teaching, and community involvement.

An individual develops a sense of identity and deepens his or her capacity to love others and care for them. An individual searches for meaningful friendships and an intimate relationship with another person. An individual may develop fears, rejection, and disappointment if unable to establish companionship and intimacy.

Which is the similarity between the preoperational period and the formal operations period of Piaget's theory? Both periods involve the concept of an imaginary audience judging an individual's decisions. Both periods demonstrate animism in a child. Both periods explain the idea of egocentric thought in an individual. Both periods occur at the beginning of an individual's cognitive development.

Both periods explain the idea of egocentric thought in an individual.

What is the similarity between stages 5 and 6 of Kohlberg's theory? Both stages stress the importance of following laws without question. Both stages explain the basic rights of an individual. Both stages are associated with postconventional reasoning. Both stages emphasize the democratic process.

Both stages are associated with postconventional reasoning.

Which situation would the nurse address first according to Maslow's hierarchy? History of getting injured from sudden falls Complains of sleeplessness due to pain postsurgery Reports that he or she feels lonely and socially isolated Conveys to the nurse that he or she wants to become the manager of the company

Complains of sleeplessness due to pain postsurgery

According to Freud, which must occur before an individual is able to have a mature adult sexual relationship? Conflict resolution Acquisition of new skills Puberty Loss of self in another person

Conflict resolution

Which statement made by the client indicates the identity versus role confusion stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. I fear that this relationship will not last I like to dress like a boy even though my parents want me to dress like a girl. When I look back at my life I want to get a clear skin like my best friend I do not want to become an engineer like my parents want me to be; I dream of becoming a pilot.

I like to dress like a boy even though my parents want me to dress like a girl. I want to get a clear skin like my best friend I do not want to become an engineer like my parents want me to be; I dream of becoming a pilot.

Which statements by a 17-year-old client who is diagnosed with leukemia reflects Piaget's cognitive processes associated with adolescence? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. My smoking pot probably caused the leukemia. I'm going to do my best to fight this awful disease. Now I can't go to the prom because I have this stupid disease. I know I got sick because I've been causing a lot of problems at home. This illness is serious

I'm going to do my best to fight this awful disease. Now I can't go to the prom because I have this stupid disease. This illness is serious

Which activities would the nurse perform to meet the client's safety and security needs based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. Providing a cold bath to reduce the client's body temperature Positioning the bed in a low position and keeping the side rails up Monitoring vital signs, such as blood pressure to decrease the risk of falls Observing a client who has suicidal tendencies to prevent adverse incidents Collaborating with family members to provide emotional support for the client post-surgery

Positioning the bed in a low position and keeping the side rails up Monitoring vital signs, such as blood pressure to decrease the risk of falls Observing a client who has suicidal tendencies to prevent adverse incidents

According to Kohlberg's development of moral reasoning, at which phase of life would a child develop premoral orientation? Toddle Preschool Middle Childhood Adolescence

Preschool

An adolescent tells the nurse, "I do not go to parties that serve alcohol, not because my dad doesn't like it, but because I know this is not right." What STAGE does the statement indicate according to Lawrence Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development? Society-maintaining orientation Punishment and obedience orientation Good boy-nice girl orientation Social contract orientation Universal ethical principle orientation Instrumental relativist orientation

Society-maintaining orientation

According to Erikson's theory, which behaviors will the nurse notice in 13-year-old students? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. Such students want to know Who am I? Such students exhibit the sense of care for others. Such students show eagerness to learn social skills. Such students like to pretend and try out different new roles. Such students show a marked preoccupation with body appearance.

Such students show a marked preoccupation with body appearance. Such students want to know Who am I?

Based on Erikson's psychosocial stages of development, which response is the most therapeutic to help an older adult who is struggling to achieve her or his developmental task? Where did you live when you were growing up? Tell me about your past accomplishments. Tell me about your children and family life. What kinds of things would you still like to do?

Tell me about your past accomplishments.

Which statement is true of the middle childhood stage according to Kohlberg's development of moral reasoning? Select all that apply. The child is in the conventional level. The child is in the post-conventional level. The child develops a social contract orientation. The child develops a good boy-nice girl orientation. The child develops a punishment-obedience orientation.

The child is in the conventional level. The child develops a good boy-nice girl orientation.

Which information would the nurse provide about the sensorimotor period of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. The child learns that he or she is separate from his or her parents or favorite toy. The child develops a schema or action pattern for dealing with his or her environment. The child believes that nonliving objects have realistic thoughts The child learns about himself or herself and the environment through motor and reflex actions. The child promotes his or her cognitive development and learns about the world through playing.

The child learns that he or she is separate from his or her parents or favorite toy. The child develops a schema or action pattern for dealing with his or her environment. The child learns about himself or herself and the environment through motor and reflex actions.

Which statement made by the nursing student needs correction about Maslow's hierarchy of needs? The hierarchy of basic human needs includes five levels of priority. The second level includes safety and security needs The fourth level contains love and belonging needs The final level is the need for self-actualization

The fourth level contains love and belonging needs

The nurse is examining different statements that represent the stages of psychosexual development, according to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytical model of personality development. Which statement indicates that the individual is aged between 6 to 12 years? The individual tries to resolve prior sexual conflicts that have resurfaced. The individual realizes that the parent is something separate from the self. The individual focuses on educational and social accomplishments. The individual fantasizes about the parent of the opposite sex as the first love interest.

The individual focuses on educational and social accomplishments.

Which description by a student of the formal operations stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development indicates a need for further teaching? Select all that apply. One, some, or all responses may be correct. Thinking moves toward abstract theory. There is an absence of egocentric thought. The individual engages in risk-taking behavior. Reversibility in thought is the primary characteristic. The capacity to reason with respect to possibilities is developed.

There is an absence of egocentric thought. Reversibility in thought is the primary characteristic.

According to Freud, in what order do the stages of child development occur?

oral anal phallic latency genital

The function of Freud's defense mechanism is to: foster learning, growth, and adaptation. inflate the self-image. resolve interpersonal conflicts. relieve anxiety.

relieve anxiety.