20th century final exam

World Trade Organization (WTO)

Administers the rules governing trade between its 144 members. Helps producers, importers, and exporters conduct their business and ensure that trade flows smoothly.

Mohandas Gandhi

Great leader from India who used non-violence to protest for independence, gender equity, and peaceful conflict resolution

Blitzkrieg

"Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland n 1939

Gestapo

"secret state police" The Gestapo was an institution for widespread surveillance of the German people. While few were stationed in each city in comparison to the general population, the feeling of the Gestapo being an omnipresent force, and the resulting fear, caused the citizens of Germany to police themselves, in effect

Mein Kampf

'My Struggle' by hitler, later became the basic book of nazi goals and ideology, reflected obsession

March on Rome

(1922) This was originally in order to force King Victor Emmanuel III to give Mussolini power in the government. In the end, however, the Fascists completely conquered Rome, including the Squadristi, and so the march became a show of power for Mussolini, who became Prime Minister shortly thereafter.

Marshall Plan

(1948) massive transfer of aid money to help rebuild postwar Western Europe; was intended to bolster capitalist and democratic governments and prevent domestic communist groups from riding poverty and misery to power; the plan was first announced by Secretary of State George Marshall at Harvard's commencement in June 1947

Nelson Mandela

(844) Leader of African National Congress. Early 1990 South African govt retreated from traditional policies. Legalized chief black party in the nation (ANC), which had been banned for decades and released this guy from prison. Became first black president of South Africa

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

(FDR following death) nuclear attacks during World War II against the Empire of Japan by the United States of America at the order of U.S. President Harry S. Truman

D-Day

(FDR) , June 6, 1944, 160,000 Allied troops landed along a 50-mile stretch of heavily-fortified French coastline to fight Nazi Germany on the beaches of Normandy, France. General Dwight D. Eisenhower called the operation a crusade in which "we will accept nothing less than full victory." More than 5,000 Ships and 13,000 aircraft supported the D-Day invasion, and by day's end on June 6, the Allies gained a foot- hold in Normandy.

Great Depression

(HH) , starting with collapse of the US stock market in 1929, period of worldwide economic stagnation and depression. Heavy borrowing by European nations from USA during WW1 contributed to instability in European economies. Sharp declines in income and production as buying and selling slowed down. Widespread unemployment, countries raised tariffs to protect their industries. America stopped investing in Europe. Lead to loss of confidence that economies were self adjusting, HH was blamed for it

Cuban missile crisis

(JFK) , , an international crisis in October 1962, the closest approach to nuclear war at any time between the U.S. and the USSR. When the U.S. discovered Soviet nuclear missiles on Cuba, President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal and announced a naval blockade of the island; the Soviet leader Khrushchev acceded to the U.S. demands a week later, on condition that US doesn't invade Cuba

Women's suffrage

(WW) , National American Woman Suffrage Association formed in 1910 carries cause of women's suffrage to victory, granted suffrage in the 19th amendment, women also began to replace men in industries during the war

19th Century Summary

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Chapter 2, First World War

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Chapter 3, Postwar 1920s

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Chapters 6-7, Cold War and Regional

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Land-based empires vs sea-based empires

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Thirty Year Plan for the Political Emancipation of Belgian Africa

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Vatican City 1930

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World Bank and IMF

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Woodrow Wilson

..., 28th president of the United States, known for World War I leadership, created Federal Reserve, Federal Trade Commission, Clayton Antitrust Act, progressive income tax, lower tariffs, women's suffrage (reluctantly), Treaty of Versailles, sought 14 points post-war plan, League of Nations (but failed to win U.S. ratification), won Nobel Peace Prize

Schlieffen Plan

..., Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare.

Korean War

..., The conflict between Communist North Korea and Non-Communist South Korea. The United Nations (led by the United States) helped South Korea.

Marxism

..., the economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded

Political Ideologies in the 1930s

1. Liberals or Progressives 2. Conservatives 3. Libertarians (the idea of economic liberty and social/personal liberty) 4. Populists (will of the people, referring back to the population; willingness to have gov't be a part of economic, foreign, and social policies)

Ho Chi Minh

1950s and 60s; communist leader of North Vietnam; used geurilla warfare to fight anti-comunist, American-funded attacks under the Truman Doctrine; brilliant strategy drew out war and made it unwinnable

My Lai Massacre

1968, in which American troops had brutally massacred innocent women and children in the village of My Lai, also led to more opposition to the war.

Tet Offensive

1968; National Liberation Front and North Vietnamese forces launched a huge attack on the Vietnamese New Year (Tet), which was defeated after a month of fighting and many thousands of casualties; major defeat for communism, but Americans reacted sharply, with declining approval of LBJ and more anti-war sentiment

Pearl Harbor

7:50-10:00 AM, December 7, 1941 - Surprise attack by the Japanese on the main U.S. Pacific Fleet harbored in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii destroyed 18 U.S. ships and 200 aircraft. American losses were 3000, Japanese losses less than 100. In response, the U.S. declared war on Japan and Germany, entering World War II.

Soviets

A Russian council composed of representatives from the workers and soldiers.

Apartheid

A South African policy of complete legal separation of the races, including the banning of all social contacts between blacks and whites.

Suez Canal

A canal linking the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. It was a vital trade route in the British Empire during imperialism, and continues to link North Africa and Europe to Asia today.

Protectorate

A country whose affairs are partially controlled by a stronger power.

Holocaust

A methodical plan orchestrated by Hitler to ensure German supremacy. It called for the elimination of Jews, non-conformists, homosexuals, non-Aryans, and mentally and physically disabled.

Indian National Congress

A movement and political party founded in 1885 to demand greater Indian participation in government. Its membership was middle class, and its demands were modest until World War I. Led after 1920 by Mohandas K. Gandhi, appealing to the poor. (p. 663)

Zionism

A movement founded in the 1890s to promote the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.

Feminism

A movement or doctrine that advocates or demands for women the same rights granted men, such as equal economic or political status.

Pan-Africanism

A movement that stressed unity among all Africans

Mandates

A nation governed by another nation on behalf of the League of Nations

Fourteen Points

A peace program presented to the U.S. Congress by President Woodrow Wilson in January 1918. It called for the evacuation of German-occupied lands, the drawing of borders and the settling of territorial disputes by the self-determination of the affected populations, and the founding of an association of nations to preserve the peace and guarantee their territorial integrity. It was rejected by Germany, but it made Wilson the moral leader of the Allies in the last year of World War I.

Perestroika

A policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

Iron Curtain

A political barrier that isolated the peoples of Eastern Europe after WWII, restricting their ability to travel outside the region

Liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.

Sino-Soviet split

A rift in the 1960s between the communist powers of the Soviet Union and china, fueled by China's opposition to Soviet moves toward peaceful coexistence with the US

Nazi-Soviet Pact

A secret agreement between the Germans and the Russians in 1939 that said that they would not attack each other should war break out. Hitler broke this agreement later on.

Nuremberg Trials

A series of court proceedings held in Nuremberg, Germany, after World War II, in which Nazi leaders were tried for aggression, violations of the rules of war, and crimes against humanity.

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Nationalism

A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to one's country

Collective security

A system in which a group of nations acts as one to preserve the peace of all

Domino theory

A theory that if one nation comes under Communist control, then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control.

Total war

A war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields.

League of Nations

A world organization established in 1920 to promote international cooperation and peace. It was first proposed in 1918 by President Woodrow Wilson, although the United States never joined the League. Essentially powerless, it was officially dissolved in 1946.

Gulf of Tonkin incident

Alleged attack of US ships by North Vietnamese torpedoes in the Tonkin Gulf on August 4, 1964. Prompted the escalation of the War in Vietnam.

Ngo Dinh Diem

American ally in South Vietnam from 1954 to 1963; his repressive regime caused the Communist Viet Cong to thrive in the South and required increasing American military aid to stop a Communist takeover. he was killed in a coup in 1963.

Sinn Fein

An Irish republican political movement founded in 1905 to promote independence from England and unification of Ireland

Triple Alliance Triple Entente

An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy in the years before WWI. Triple Entente - , A military alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia in the years preceding World War I.

Warsaw Pact

An alliance between the Soviet Union and other Eastern European nations. This was in response to the NATO

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation.

African National Congress

An organization dedicated to obtaining equal voting and civil rights for black inhabitants of South Africa. Founded in 1912 as the South African Native National Congress, it changed its name in 1923. Eventually brought equality (809)

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria Hungary who was assassinated at Sarajevo by a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand; his death was a main cause for World War I

Josef Stalin

Bolshevik revolutionary, head of the Soviet Communist Party after 1924, and dictator of the Soviet Union from 1928-1953. He led the Soviet Union with an iron fist, using Five-Year Plans to increase industrial production and terror to crush all opposition.

Balfour Declaration

British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI

Mao Zedong/ peoples republic of china

Communist , (1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Deng Xiaoping

Communist Party leader who forced Chinese economic reforms after the death of Mao Zedong. (p. 862)

Collectivization

Creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants; part of Stalin's economic and political planning; often adopted in other Communist regimes.

Fidel Castro

Cuban socialist leader who overthrew a dictator in 1959 and established a Marxist socialist state in Cuba (born in 1927)

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

Democratic candidate who won the 1932 election by a landslide. He refused to uphold any of Hoover's policies with the intent on enacting his own. He pledged a present a "New Deal" (its specific meaning ambiguous at the time to the American people) to the American public.

Non-Aligned Movement

During the cold war, this movement was led by India and Yugoslavia to stand apart from the U.S.-Soviet rivalry. It was undermined by the membership of states such as Cuba that were clearly clients of one of the superpowers.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power. - Helped Hitler

Vladimir Lenin

Founder of the Russian Communist Party, this man led the November Revolution in 1917 which established a revolutionary soviet government based on a union of workers, peasants, and soldiers.

Trench warfare

Fighting with trenches, mines, and barbed wire. Horrible living conditions, great slaughter, no gains, stalemate, used in WWI.

Wilhelm II

Fires Bismark because he won't fight France; Believes that his military and army is the best and that his can beat other European powers; Won't renew peace treaty with Russia: Russia sides with France because of this; Becomes rivals with the British navy

Gulags

Forced labor camps set up by Stalin in easter Russia. Dissidents were sent to the camps, where conditions were generally brutal. Millions died.

Arab League

Formally called the League of Arab States, includes Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Yemen, and Iraq. The Arab League was formed with British encouragement, as a bulwark against Soviet expansion into the Middle East. The League exists to this day, but its mission now focuses more on issues that affect the collective Arab states.

Chiang Kai Shek/Republic of China

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. (p. 788)

U-boat

German submarines

Economic nationalism

Instead of higher levels of production & income, it came out with the exact opposite. Countries imposed tariff barriers, import quotas, import prohibitions, politicians hoped to achieve economic self sufficiency. It backfired, everything provoked retaliation from other countries

Mikhail Gorbachev

Head of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991. His liberalization effort improved relations with the West, but he lost power after his reforms led to the collapse of Communist governments in eastern Europe.

Nuclear deterrence and MAD (mutually assured destruction)

How operations will be conducted, the plans for achieving national objectives, and nuclear deterrence makes up the majority of US deterrence. (AF Nuclear Enterprise)

Invasion of Ethiopia

In 1935, Mussolini brutally attacked Ethiopia with bombers and tanks, while natives were left to defend their country with spears and outdated weapons. This all could have been avoided if the league of nations had declared an oil embargo on Italy.

Spanish Civil War

In 1936 a rebellion erupted in Spain after a coalition of Republicans, Socialists, and Communists was elected. General Francisco Franco led the rebellion. The revolt quickly became a civil war. The Soviet Union provided arms and advisers to the government forces while Germany and Italy sent tanks, airplanes, and soldiers to help Franco.

Great Purge

The widespread arrests and executions of over a million people by Josef Stalin between 1936 and 1938. Stalin was attempting to eliminate all opposition to his rule of the Soviet Union.

NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Military defense alliance formed in 1949 to protect Western Europe from communism

Five Year Plans

Plans that Joseph Stalin introduced to industrialize the Soviet Union rapidly, beginning in 1928. They set goals for the output of steel, electricity, machinery, and most other products and were enforced by the police powers of the state. (781)

Ethnic cleansing

Process in which more powerful ethnic group forcibly removes a less powerful one in order to create an ethnically homogeneous region

Divide and rule

Roman and British ruling method of setting subjects against each other

Afrikaners

South Africans descended from Dutch and French settlers of the seventeenth century. Their Great Trek founded new settler colonies in the nineteenth century. Though a minority among South Africans, they held political power after 1910. (735)

Tiananmen Square

Site in Beijing where Chinese students and workers gathered to demand greater political openness in 1989. The demonstration was crushed by Chinese military with great loss of life.

Lebensraum (living space)

The "living space" that Nazis believed they needed, which justified their plan to expand into Eastern Europe and Russia.

UN Partition Plan for Palestine

The British asked the UN to settle whether and where a Jewish state might be established in Palestine—and what portions of the land would be reserved for Arab (mostly Muslim) Palestinians - The UN Plan divided the region so that the Arab Palestinian State was made of three segments - War broke out almost immediately as neighboring Arab countries attacked the new Jewish state -and the Jewish troops won

Front de Liberation Nationale (FLN)

The Front de Liberation Nationale (FLN) was created during the Algerian war for liberation in 1954. They copied concepts of other liberation groups in Asia, such as mountainous bases and guerrilla tactics. In 1955 the FLN moved into the urban scene, causing the French to recognize the threat they posed. By 1958 the French had sent half a million soldiers to Algeria to quiet the revolution. Finally, in 1962 Algerian gained their independence, but at the cost of hundreds of thousands of casualties. The Front de Liberation Nationale was very important to history because they helped Algeria gain its independence from France. The Front de Liberation Nationale is similar to the Jacobins because both were fighting for independence, and in both cases their fight turned very ugly.

House Committee on Un-American Activities

The House of Representatives established the Committee on Un-American Activities, popularly known as "HUAC," in order to investigate "subversion."

Partition of India

The Partition of India is the process that led to the creation, on 14 August 1947 and 15 August 1947, respectively, of the sovereign states of Dominion of Pakistan (later Islamic Republic of Pakistan) and Union of India (later Republic of India) upon the granting of independence from the British Empire, marking the end of the British rule of India.

Ogaden War

The Somalians invade the desert and successfully capture most of it. The Soviets sent a great amount of resources to the Ethiopians, including helicopters and 17,000 Cubans. The southern Ogaden clans continued to fight and the Americans fought with the Somalians.

Self-determination

The ability of a government to determine their own course of their own free will

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

Second World War

The last time the Congress formally declared war on another nation was at the time of the:

Industrialisation

The process experienced by a country that moves away from primary production towards manufacturing as its principal sector for national output and employment

Weimar Republic

Was the democratic government which ruled over Germany form 1919 to 1933. Was Germany's first democracy and it failed miserably. It had leaders such as Stresseman and Hindenburg.

Hyperinflation

When the German economy tried to print bills to pay off their debt, inflation rates of 40% a day

Young Turks

Young rebellious people in the Ottoman Empire who forced the Sultan to reform

Arms race

a competition between nations to have the most powerful armaments

Berlin Airlift

airlift in 1948 that supplied food and fuel to citizens of west Berlin when the Russians closed off land access to Berlin

Post Cold War

america - time black right movement, women right, Gays

Ronald reagen

anti-communist president who used the polict of brinkmanship to fight against communism and the USSR - proposed star wars = to prevent mussels from Russia to come

Successor states

created by the Treaty of Versailles out of the ruins of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Followed the principle of nationalism that ethnicity was the chief determinant. Like Finland and Latvia and Estonia and Lithuania and Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia and Poland. 1) Finland 2)Latvia 3) Estonia 4) Lithuania 5) Yugoslavia 6) Czechoslovakia 7) Poland

Vladimir Putin

elected president of Russia in 2000, launched reforms aimed at boosting growth and budget revenues and keeping Russia on a strong economic track.

Bay of Pigs invasion

failed invasion of Cuba in 1961 when a force of 1,200 Cuban exiles, backed by the United States, landed at the Bay of Pigs.

OAS: Organization of American States

group of countries in North and South America to resist outward pull

Causes of World War I: "MANIa"

nationalism, imperialism, militarism, creation of alliances (Central and Allied Powers); immediate cause: assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (heir to Austrian throne) by a Serb on June 28, 1914

Nationalize

put under state control or ownership

Armenian genocide

the Turkish government organized the department of the armenians in the Ottoman Empire and over a million were murdered or starved - one of the first genocides of the 20th centuries

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans

UN Trusteeship Council

was established in 1945 by the UN Charter to provide international supervision for 11 Trust Territories placed under the administration of 7 Member State

Chemical weapons

weapons which utilize toxic agents such as poison gas to kill or harm large groups of people. One of the deadliest types used during World War I was mustard gas.

Bipolar world

world co-domination of two superpowers with opposing ideologies (ex: Cold War)