2.1 Quiz

Hormone

A product of living cells that circulates in blood and produces a specific, often stimulatory, effect on the activity of cells that are often far from the source of the hormone; chemical messengers that trigger a response

Glucagon

A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin

What is the relationship between insulin and glucose?

As glucose levels rise, insulin production speeds up so in matches.(insulin = glucose)

Positive Feedback

Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output (example: child labor-contractions won't stop until baby is born)

Risk factors of diabetes

family history/genetics, diet, physical activity, weight and race

Similarities between type 1 and 2 of diabetes.

glucose builds up in the blood, same risk factors and (major) symptoms-thirst and urine,

plasma

liquid portion of the blood

Insulin is the protein...

that regulates the transfer of glucose into body cells

What is homeostasis?

the maintenance or relatively stable internal physiological conditions

How does insulin assist with the movement of glucose into body cells? (explain the process)

1.) After eating, glucose levels in the blood rise. 2.) The pancreas detects this and releases insulin. 3.) The glucose and insulin travel through the bloodstream to cells. Glucose is too big to fit into the cells so insulin helps it. 4.) Insulin attaches to the insulin receptors (y shaped) in the cell membrane. These receptors send a signal through the cell for the glucose transport proteins to come to the cell membrane. 5.) The glucose transport proteins attaches to the cell membrane and open channels for the glucose to get into the cell.

Steps in a GTT.

1.) Doctor notices symptoms such as excessive urination, thirst or sugar in the urine. 2.) Patients are asked not to eat or drink 12 hours before they are tested. 3.) The doctor takes a baseline blood sample when the patient first arrives. 4.) The patient is given a sugary drink so they can monitor blood sugar levels. 5.) Blood samples are taken at intervals to monitor the break down of glucose

How can diabetes be diagnosed?

Diabetes can be diagnosed and further characterized as Type 1 or Type 2 by measuring glucose and insulin levels in the blood or urine.

Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body's inability to compensate with increased insulin production

How does the development of Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes relate to how the body produces and uses insulin?

In type 1, the body does not produce insulin and you are usually born with this type. In type 2, the body over produces insulin because of insulin resistance. Insulin resistance is caused by lifestyle(diet/exercise) or heredity and the insulin receptors don't work properly.

How does the body regulate the level of blood glucose?

The body regulates blood glucose by, if the levels are too high, releasing insulin to allow the cells to use more energy or converting in to glycogen to be stored in the liver. If the glucose levels are too low, the pancreas releases glucagon that travels through the blood stream to receptors on the liver. This signals cells to break down glycogen to be released into the blood. It can also trigger lipids to be broken down into fatty acids and sent to the liver to be transformed into glucose.

What does feedback refer to in the human body?

The body uses feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis within the body. negative: blood sugar, temperature positive: child labor

What type of diabetes does Anna have?

Type 1- does not produce insulin

Differences between type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Type 1- no insulin, born with (usually) Type 2-insulin resistance doesn't allow insulin to its job efficiently, weight and amt. of activity are factors

Why would someone be sent in for a GTT?

patient's urine contains significant levels of sugar (normally trace amounts) or they complain about excessive urination/thirst

What are blood glucose levels regulated by?

regulated by the feedback action of the hormones insulin and glucagon

Insulin level testing

used to figure out what type of diabetes a person has, same procedure as GTT.

Negative Feedback

A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation(example: blood sugar level

Insulin

A protein hormone secreted by the pancreas that is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood

Glucose Tolerance Test

A test of the body's ability to metabolize glucose that involves the administration of a measured dose of glucose to the fasting stomach and the determination of blood glucose levels in the blood or urine at intervals thereafter and that is used especially to detect diabetes

How is glucose tolerance testing used to diagnose diabetes?

GGT is used to diagnose diabetes by measuring the amount of glucose in the blood stream over a set period of time. (monitors the amount of sugar in the liquid portion of blood called plasma, over a set time period and gives doctors information as to how the body utilizes sugar; measures how glucose is broken down in the body) By looking at the results, you can tell if a person has diabetes if the glucose levels don't return to normal or baseline in more than an hour.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of relatively stable internal physiological conditions (as body temperature or the pH of blood) in higher animals under fluctuating environmental conditions

How does the endocrine system help with homeostasis?

by releasing hormones

What is diabetes?

disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels and caused by insufficient insulin or the inability of the insulin to function properly

Symptoms of diabetes

thirsty all the time, fatigue, inability to complete normal activities, urinate often, loss of weight

Type 1 Diabetes

Diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels

What happens to normal blood glucose levels after eating?

blood glucose does not rise very much from baseline and returns to normal within two to three hours