22 Skeletal System 2: Appendicular Skeleton

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PARTS OF THE HUMERUS: two condyles at the distal end of the humerus (and what they articulate with)

- (medial) trochlea (with ulna) - (lateral) capitulum (with radius)

ENUMERANT: structures that attach or bind to the coracoid process of the scapula

- bicep muscles of the arm - strong ligaments binding it to the clavicle

structures that form the ilium

- body - ala

two ends of the lateral longitudinal arch

- calcaneus - head of the fifth metatarsal

PART OF THE HUMERUS: found in the corresponding position of the anterior surface of the humerus

- coronoid fossa (medially) - radial fossa (laterally)

keystone bone of the lateral longitudinal arch

- cuboid bone

structures that the ligament of the head of the femur attaches to

- fovea capitis - acetabulum of the hip bone

PARTS OF THE FEMUR: sites of muscle attachment at the junction of the shaft and neck (and their orientation/location)

- greater trochanter (lateral) - lesser trochanter (posteromedial)

two expanded ends of the fibula

- head - lateral malleolus

ENUMERATE: three separate bones that form the hipbone in childhood

- ilium - ischium - pubis

ENUMERATE: Large Fossa of the Scapula (and muscle that lies within them)

- infraspinous fossa (infraspinatus) - supraspinous fossa (supraspinatus) - subscapular fossa (subscapularis)

PARTS OF THE HUMERUS: serve as attachment for rotator cuff muscles

- lateral greater tubercle - medial lesser tubercle

ENUMERATE: Arches of the foot

- medial longitudinal arch - lateral longitudinal arch - transverse arch

structures that form the distal radioulnar joint

- medial ulnar notch of the radius - head of the ulna

PARTS OF THE ULNA: prominent projections at the proximal end

- olecranon - coronoid process

pathway of the medial longitudinal arch

- originates at the calcaneus - rises to the talus - descends to the three medial metatarsals

structures that form the pelvic girdle

- paired hip bones (coxal or pelvic bone) - sacrum

ENUMERATE: structures that form the wrist joint

- radius - scaphoid and lunate carpals

ENUMERATE: Carpals (from lateral to medial; from proximal to distal row)

- scaphoid - lunate - triquetrum - pisiform - trapezium - trapezoid - capitate - hamate

two ends of the clavicles (+ shape)

- sternal end (cone-shaped) - acromial end (flattened)

ENUMERATE: borders of the scapulae

- superior border - medial border - lateral border

ENUMERATE: The Tarsal Bones

- talus - calcaneus - cuboid - navicular - medial cuneiform - intermediate cuneiform - lateral cuneiform

parts of the clavicle that provide attachment for a ligament that runs to the scapula's coracoid process

- trapezoid line - conoid tubercle

number of phalanges of the toes

14

TRUE OR FALSE: A Colles' fracture is diagnosed upon the palpation of a styloid process of the radius that has moved proximally from its normal position.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: A few vessels and nerves pass through the obturator foramen, yet it is almost completely closed by the fibrous obturator membrane.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: Distally, the end of the tibia is flat where it articulates with the talus of the foot.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: Distally, where the metatarsals articulate with the proximal phalanges of the toes, the enlarged head of the first metatarsal forms the "ball" of the foot.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: During birth, the infant's head makes a quarter turn to follow the widest dimensions of the true pelvis.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: Gliding movements occur between the carpals, making the wrist rather flexible.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: In females, there is a greater angle between the femur and the tibia, which is vertical.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: Inferiorly, the talus articulates with the calcaneus.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The acetabulum receives the ball-shaped head of the femur at the hip joint.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The anterior superior iliac spine is an especially prominent anatomical landmark and is easily felt through the skin.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The anterior superior iliac spine is blunt, while the posterior superior iliac spine is sharp.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The auricular surface of the ilium articulates with the sacrum to form the sacroiliac joint.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The coronoid and radial fossae receive similarly named projections of the forearm bones during forearm movement.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The curves in the clavicle ensure that it usually fractures anteriorly (outward) at its middle third.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The deltoid tuberosity is found on the lateral side of the humerus, about midway down the shift.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The distal, knoblike radial and ulnar styloid processes can be palpated by grasping the dorsal side of the distal forearm adjacent to the wrist with the thumb and index finger of the opposite hand

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The head of the ulna is separated from the bones of the wrist by a disc of fibrocartilage and plays little or no role in hand movements.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The inferior part of the ilium joints with the ischium posteriorly and the pubis anteriorly.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The intertubercular sulcus guides a tendon of the biceps muscle to its attachment point at the rim of the glenoid cavity.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The knuckles are formed by the articulation of the bulbous heads of the metacarpals with the proximal phalanges.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The lateral longitudinal arch elevates the lateral edge of the foot just enough to redistribute some of the body weight to its two ends.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The medial and lateral malleoli are commonly fractured when the foot is forcefully inverted or everted at the ankle.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The most raised points on the sides of the lateral and medial condyles of the femur are the lateral and medial epicondyle, to which muscles and ligaments attach.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The pectoral girdles attach the upper limbs to the trunk, whereas the pelvic girdle secures the lower limbs.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The posterior surface of the scapula bears a prominent spine that is easily felt through the skin.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The proximal head of the radius has a concave superior surface that articulates with the capitulum of the humerus.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The pubis is V-shaped, with superior and inferior rami extending from a flat body.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The radial styloid process lies about 1 cm (0.4 inch) distal to the ulnar styloid process.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The scapulae fail to complete the 'girdle ring' posteriorly, because their medial borders do not join to each other or the axial skeleton.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The sciatic nerve passes through the greater sciatic notch to enter the posterior thigh.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The smooth patellar surface of the femur articulates with the kneecap.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The thick tendon of the calf muscles attaches to the posterior surface of the calcaneus

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The three arches form a half dome that distributes approximately half of a person's standing and walking weight to the heel bones and half to the heads of the metatarsals.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The tibia receives the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot, and it is second only to the femur in size and strength.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The transverse arch runs obliquely from one side of the foot of the other, following the line of the joints between the tarsals and metatarsals.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The trochlea of the humerus looks like an hourglass turns on its side, and the capitulum is shaped like half a ball.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The ulna is slightly longer than the radius and looks like a monkey wench.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The ulna's olecranon and coronoid process grip the trochlea of the humerus, forming a hinge joint that allows the forearm to bend and straighten again.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: The upper-lower (UL) body ratio changes with age

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: When the fore- arm is fully extended, the olecranon process "locks" into the olecranon fossa of the humerus.

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: When the forearm is flexed, the coronoid process of the ulna fits into the coronoid fossa of the humerus

TRUE

WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Radius a. The distal articular surface is concave and articulates with metacarpal bones of the wrist. b. The radius is the primary forearm bone contributing to the wrist joint. c. When the radius rotates, the hand moves with it. d. None of the above.

a. - The distal articular surface is concave and articulates with CARPAL bones of the wrist.

WHICH IS NOT TRUE: False and True Pelvis a. The false and true pelvises are separated by the pelvic inlet. b. The typical male and female pelves exhibit several differences. c. The false pelvis is actually part of the abdomen and contains abdominal organs. d. The true pelvis forms a deep bowl containing the pelvic organs.

a. - The false and true pelvises are separated by the pelvic BRIM.

GIVE ARTICULATION OF: a. base of the metacarpals proximally b. base of the metacarpals medially c. heads of the metacarpals

a. carpals b. with each other c. proximal phalanges

STRUCTURES THAT JOIN WITH: a. inferior pubic ramus b. superior pubic ramus

a. ischial ramus b. bodies of the ischium and ilium

BOUNDARIES OF THE PELVIC OUTLET: a. anteriorly b. laterally c. posteriorly

a. pubic arch b. ischial tuberosities c. sacrum and coccyx

deep hemispherical socket at the Y-shaped junction of the ilium, ischium, and pubis

acetabulum

flat projection that serves as the lateral ending of the spine of the scapula

acromion

PARTS OF THE FEMUR: bump on the upper part of the medial epicondyle

adductor tubercle

structures that bound the false pelvis

alae of the iliac bones

PARTS OF THE HUMERUS: slight constriction inferior to the head

anatomical neck

PARTS OF THE ILIUM: located inferior to the superior iliac spines

anterior and posterior inferior iliac spines

PARTS OF THE TIBIA: lies just below the skin and is easily palpated

anterior border

PARTS OF THE ILIUM: blunt anterior ending of an iliac crest

anterior superior iliac spine

PARTS OF THE ILIUM: structure running anteriorly and inferiorly from the auricular surface

arcuate line

PARTS OF THE ILIUM: roughened structure found posterior the iliac fossa which articulates with the sacrum

auricular surface

WHICH IS NOT TRUE: The Foot a. It supports the weight of the body b. It acts as a lever to propel the body forward during walking or running. c. Its multicomponent structure makes the foot pliable. d. It includes the carpals, the metacarpals, and the phalanges.

d. - It includes the TARSALS, the METATARSALS, and the phalanges.

WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Phalanges of the Fingers a. The digits, or fingers, are numbered I to V beginning with the thumb, or pollex. b. In most people, the third finger is the longest. c. With the exception of the thumb, each finger has three phalanges: proximal, middle, and distal. d. The pollex has no distal phalanx.

d. - The pollex has no MIDDLE phalanx.

WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Pelvic Inlet a. largest diameter is from right to left in the frontal plane b. delineated by the pelvic brim c. as labor begins, the infant's head enters this inlet, its forehead facing one ilium and the back facing the other d. a too large sacral promontory can block the entry of the infant into the false pelvis

d. - a too large sacral promontory can block the entry of the infant into the TRUE pelvis

WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Arches of the Foot a. maintained by the interlocking shapes of the foot bones, by strong ligaments, and by the pull of some tendons during muscle activity b. the arches "give" when weight is applied to the foot c. arches spring back when the weight is removed d. muscles associated with tendons supporting the arches are more active during standing than walking

d. - muscles associated with tendons supporting the arches are LESS active during standing than walking

WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Fibula a. the shaft is heavily ridged b. the fibula has several muscles originating from it c. its lateral malleolus forms the lateral bulge of the ankle and articulates with the talus bone of the foot d. the fibula carries a significant amount of weight

d. - the fibula DOES NOT BEAR weight

ANGLES OF THE SCAPULA: moves as the arm is raised and lowered; important landmark for studying scapular movements

inferior angle

structure that attaches to the pubic tubercle

inguinal ligament

PARTS OF THE TIBIA: irregular projection that separates the tibial condyles

intercondylar eminence

PARTS OF THE FEMUR: structure that separates the condyles posteriorly

intercondylar fossa

a flat ligament that interconnects the radius and ulna along their entire length

interosseous membrane

structure that connects the tibia and fibula along their entire length

interosseous membrane

PARTS OF THE FEMUR: connects two trochanters posteriorly

intertrochanteric crest

PARTS OF THE FEMUR: connects two trochanters anteriorly

intertrochanteric line

PARTS OF THE HUMERUS: separates the greater and lesser tubercles

intertubercular sulcus or bicipital groove

PARTS OF THE ISCHIUM: joins to the pubis anteriorly

ischial ramus

PARTS OF THE ISCHIUM: serves as the attachment point of the sacrospinous ligament

ischial spine

PARTS OF THE ISCHIUM: triangular structure that lies posterior to the acetabulum and projects medially

ischial spine

PARTS OF THE ISCHIUM: rough and thickened part of the hip bone found on the inferior surface of the ischial body

ischial tuberosity

arc-shaped structure that forms the posteroinferior region of the hip bone

ischium

PARTS OF THE FEMUR: distal broadenings shaped like wide wheels

lateral and medial condyles

PARTS OF THE FEMUR: structure that extends superiorly from the respective condyles to the linea aspera

lateral and medial supracondylar lines

ANGLES OF THE SCAPULA: glenoid cavity

lateral angle

BORDERS OF THE SCAPULA: abuts the axilla and ends superiorly in a shallow fossa

lateral border / axillary border

PARTS OF THE ISCHIUM: structure inferior to the ischial spine through which pass nerves and vessels that serve the perineum

lesser sciatic notch

PARTS OF THE FEMUR: long vertical ridge to which the inferior part of the gluteal tuberosity blends into

linea aspera

refers to the distance from the top of the pelvic girdle to the ground

lower body segment

PARTS OF THE TIBIA: broad thickened ends that resemble two thick checkers lying side to side on top of the shaft

medial and lateral condyle

PARTS OF THE HUMERUS: flank the distal condyles of the humerus

medial and lateral epicondyles

PARTS OF THE HUMERUS: directly above the epicondyles

medial and lateral supracondylar ridges

BORDERS OF THE SCAPULA: parallels the vertebral column

medial border / vertebral border

PARTS OF THE TIBIA: inferior projection which forms the medial bulge of the ankle

medial malleolus

bones that radiate distally from the wrist to form the palm of the hand

meracarpals

the shortest and most mobile metacarpal

metacarpal I (thumb)

PARTS OF THE FEMUR: carries the head of the femur and angles laterally to join the shaft

neck

PARTS OF THE PUBIS: large hole between the pubis and the ischium

obturator foramen

PARTS OF THE HUMERUS: fossa found on the posterior surface of the humerus proximal to the trochlea

olecranon fossa

PARTS OF THE FEMUR: triangular sesamoid bone enclosed in the tendon that secures the quadriceps muscles of the anterior thigh to the tibia

patella

structure that attaches to the tibial tuberosity

patellar ligament

PARTS OF THE FEMUR: structure that separates the two condyles anteriorly

patellar surface

PARTS OF THE PUBIS: thin ridge along the superior pelvic ramus to form the anterior portion of the pelvic brim

pectineal line

continuous ovel ridge that runs from the pubic crest through the arcuate line, the rounded inferior edges of the sacral ala, and the sacral promontory

pelvic brim

attaches the lower limbs to the spine and sup- ports the visceral organs of the pelvis

pelvic girdle

deep, basinlike structure formed by the hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx

pelvis

miniature long bones in the fingers

phalanges

PARTS OF THE ILIUM: structure whose position is indicated by dimples in the skin that lie approximately 5 cm lateral to the midline of the back

posterior superior iliac spines

PARTS OF THE ILIUM: ridges that cross the broad posterolateral surface of the ilium

posterior, anterior, and inferior gluteal lines

structure formed with the medial articulation of the radius

proximal radioulnar joint

angle that helps distinguish the male pelvis from the female pelvis

pubic arch or subpubic angle

PARTS OF THE PUBIS: inverted V-shaped arch formed by inferior pubic rami and ischial rami

pubic arch or suprapubic angle

PARTS OF THE PUBIS: thickened anterior border of the body

pubic crest

PARTS OF THE PUBIS: joint of fibrocartilage that joins theb bodies of the two pubic bones

pubic symphysis

PARTS OF THE PUBIS: knoblike structure at the lateral end of the pubic crest

pubic tubercle

forms the anterior region of the hip bone, lying nearly horizontally upon which the bladder rests upon

pubis

PARTS OF THE HUMERUS: descends obliquely along the posterior surface of the shaft near the deltoid tuberosity

radial groove

PARTS OF THE ULNA: smooth depression on the lateral side of the coronoid process where the head of the radius articulates with the ulna

radial notch

PARTS OF THE RADIUS: lateral structure on the distal end of the radius, anchors a ligament that runs to the wrist

radial styloid process

PARTS OF THE RADIUS: rough bump distal to the head of the radius on the anterior surface in anatomical position

radial tuberosity

two parallel long bones that form the antebrachium

radius and ulna

refer to overuse disorders that can affect the tendons, muscles, and joints of the upper limbs and back

repetitive stress injuries

corresponding ribs of the scapulae

rib 2 - rib 7

part of the clavicle that serves as the attachment site of the costoclavicular ligament

roughened area near sternal end of the clavicle

joint that enables the weight of the body to be transmitted from the vertebral column to the pelvis

sacroiliac joint

PARTS OF THE ISCHIUM: structure that runs from the sacrum to each ischial tuberosity to help hold the pelvis together

sacrotuberous ligament

most frequently fractured carpal bone due to falling on an outstretched hand

scaphoid

thin triangular flat bones located on the dorsal surface of the rib cage

scapulae

metatarsals most commonly affected by metatarsal stress fractures

second and third metatarsals

number of tarsals in the body

seven

vessels that lie just deep to the clavicle, and would be pierced if the clavicle were to fracture posteriorly or inward

subclavian vessels

shallow concavity formed by the entire anterior surface of the scapula

subscapular fossa

ANGLES OF THE SCAPULA: where the superior and medial borders meet

superior angle

BORDERS OF THE SCAPULA: shortest and sharpest

superior border

joint formed by a facet on the inferior part of the lateral tibial condyle that articulates with the fibula

superior tibiofibular joint

structure that pass through the suprascapular notch

suprascapular nerve

structure just medial to the coracoid process

suprascapular notch

PARTS OF THE HUMERUS: most frequently fractured part of the humerus, is inferior to the tubercles

surgical neck of the humerus

TARSUS: medial, shelflike projection of the calcaneus

sustentaculum tali or talar shelf

TARSUS: articulates with the tibia and fibula superiorly

talus

keystone of the medial longitudinal arch

talus

TARSUS: two bones that carry the weight of the body

talus, calcaneus

number of bones that form the skeleton of the upper limb

thirty bones

structure that articulates with the lateral and medial condyles

tibia

PARTS OF THE TIBIA: structure found just inferior to the condyles on the tibia's anterior surface

tibial tuberosity

TARSUS: where the tibia articulates to

trochlea of the talus

PARTS OF THE ULNA: deep concavity that separates the olecranon and the coronoid process

trochlear notch

PARTS OF THE ILIUM: thickest part of the iliac crest

tubercle of the iliac crest

the main bone forming the elbow joint with the humerus

ulna

PARTS OF THE ULNA: medial structure on the distal end of the radius that articulates with the head of the ulna

ulnar notch

PARTS OF THE ULNA: structure medial to the head; from which a ligament runs to the wrist

ulnar styloid process

refers to the difference between the lower body segment's height and the person's total height

upper body segment

an impacted fracture in which the distal end of the radius is forced proximally into the shaft of the radius

Colles' Fracture

TRUE OR FALSE: The ilium is arc-shaped and has a thick superior body and a thinner inferior ramus.

FALSE - The ISCHIUM is arc-shaped and has a thick superior body and a thinner inferior ramus.

TRUE OR FALSE: The medial longitudinal arch is lower compared to the lateral longitudinal arch.

FALSE - The LATERAL longitudinal arch is lower compared to the MEDIAL longitudinal arch.

TRUE OR FALSE: The head is the weakest part of the femur and is often fractured in a broken hip.

FALSE - The NECK is the weakest part of the femur and is often fractured in a broken hip.

TRUE OR FALSE: The female pelvis is wider, shallower, and lighter than that of a male, making more room in the false pelvis.

FALSE - The female pelvis is wider, shallower, and lighter than that of a male, making more room in the TRUE pelvis.

TRUE OR FALSE: The femur articulates with the inferior region of the pelvis.

FALSE - The femur articulates with the LATERAL ASPECT of the pelvis.

TRUE OR FALSE: The fibula does not contribute to the ankle joint and merely helps stabilize the knee joint.

FALSE - The fibula does not contribute to the KNEE joint and merely helps stabilize the ANKLE joint.

TRUE OR FALSE: The medial and lateral supracondylar ridges of the humerus serve as attachment sites for muscles of the forearm.

FALSE - The medial and lateral EPICONDYLES of the humerus serve as attachment sites for muscles of the forearm.

TRUE OR FALSE: The patella protects the knee joint anteriorly and improves the leverage of the trapezius muscles acting across the knee.

FALSE - The patella protects the knee joint anteriorly and improves the leverage of the QUADRICEPS muscles acting across the knee.

TRUE OR FALSE: The radial styloid process serves as the site of attachment of the biceps muscles.

FALSE - The radial TUBEROSITY serves as the site of attachment of the biceps muscles.

TRUE OR FALSE: The radius is thin at its distal end and is widened at its proximal end.

FALSE - The radius is WIDENED at its distal end and is THIN at its proximal end.

TRUE OR FALSE: The small long bones of the metacarpus are not named individually but instead are numbered I to V, from little finger to thumb.

FALSE - The small long bones of the metacarpus are not named individually but instead are numbered I to V, from THUMB to LITTLE FINGER.

TRUE OR FALSE: There are three phalanges in each digit of the foot, except the great toe, the hallux, which has only one phalange.

FALSE - There are three phalanges in each digit of the foot, except the great toe, the hallux, which has only TWO PHALANGES.

WHICH IS NOT TRUE: The Appendicular Skeleton Throughout Life a. At birth, the UL ratio is about 1.7 to 1. b. The lower limbs grow faster than the trunk from this time on, however, and by age 10, the UL ratio is about 2 to 1. c. During puberty, the female pelvis broadens in preparation for childbearing. d. Upon middle age, the skeleton loses mass, and osteoporosis and limb fractures become more common.

b. - The lower limbs grow faster than the trunk from this time on, however, and by age 10, the UL ratio is about 1 to 1.

WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Humerus a. the largest and longest bone in the upper limb b. articulates with the clavicle at the shoulder c. articulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow d. proximal end fits into the glenoid cavity

b. - articulates with the SCAPULA at the shoulder

WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Pectoral Girdle a. also known as the shoulder girdle b. consists of the scapula anteriorly and clavicle posteriorly c. form the shoulders together with its associated muscles d. medial end of each clavicle joins the sternum and first rib, while its lateral ends join the scapulae at the shoulder

b. - consists of the CLAVICLE anteriorly and SCAPULA posteriorly

WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Femur a. the largest, longest, strongest bone in the body b. courses laterally as it descends toward the knee c. course places knee joints closer to the body's center of gravity in the midline and thus provides for better balance d. course of the femur is more pronounced in women because of their wider pelvis

b. - courses MEDIALLY as it descends toward the knee

WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Clavicle and its Functions a. act as braces that hold the scapulae and arms out laterally from the thorax b. fracture of the clavicle causes the shoulder region to collapse laterally c. transmit compression forces from the upper limbs to the axial skeleton d. clavicles are not very strong and they fracture oftenly

b. - fracture of the clavicle causes the shoulder region to collapse MEDIALLY

WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Metatarsus a. corresponds to the metacarpus of the hand b. metatarsals are numbered I to V beginning on the lateral side of the foot c. the big toe plays an important role in supporting the weight of the body d. more nearly parallel to one another than the metacarpals

b. - metatarsals are numbered I to V beginning on the MEDIAL side of the foot

WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Carpal Tunnel a. The arrangement of carpal bones makes the carpus concave anteriorly. b. A ligamentous band covers this concavity superficially, forming the carpal tunnel. c. The ulnar nerve crowds in the carpal tunnel, innervating the lateral half of the hand and the muscles of the thumb. d. Inflammation of any element in the carpal tunnel, such as tendons swollen from overuse can cause carpal tunnel syndrome.

c. - The MEDIAN nerve crowds in the carpal tunnel, innervating the lateral half of the hand and the muscles of the thumb.

WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Clavicles a. The sternal end attaches to the manubrium medially. b. The acromial end articulates with the scapula laterally. c. The lateral third of the clavicle is convex anteriorly, while the medial two-thirds are concave anteriorly. d. The superior surface is smooth, and the inferior surface is ridged and grooved for ligaments and muscles.

c. - The lateral third of the clavicle is CONCAVE anteriorly, while the medial two-thirds are CONVEX anteriorly.

WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Leg Bones a. The tibia is located medially and is more massive than the fibula. b. The tibia and fibula articulate with each other superiorly and inferiorly. c. The tibiofibular joints allow a wide range of movement. d. The tibia articulates with the femur to form the knee joint, and with the talus bone of the foot at the ankle joint.

c. - The tibiofibular joints allow ALMOST NO movement.

WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Pelvic Girdle a. full weight of the upper body passes through this girdle to the lower limbs b. attaches to the axial skeleton by some of the strongest ligaments in the body c. corresponding socket of the glenoid cavity in the pelvic girdle is a deep cup that firmly secures the head of the tibia d. lower limbs have less freedom of movement than the upper limbs but are much more stable

c. - corresponding socket of the glenoid cavity in the pelvic girdle is a deep cup that firmly secures the head of the FEMUR

WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome a. affects many workers who repeatedly flex their wrists and fingers b. skin of the lateral part of the hand tingles or becomes numb, and movements of the thumb weaken c. pain is greatest midday d. can be treated by resting the hand in a splint during sleep, by anti-inflammatory drugs, or by surgery

c. - pain is greatest AT NIGHT

WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Bones of the Forearm a. articulate with the humerus proximally and the bones of the wrist distally b. articulate with each other both proximally and distally at the small radioulnar joints c. radius lies medially and the ulna laterally in anatomical position d. when the palm faces posteriorly, the distal end of the radius crosses over the ulna, and the two bones form an X

c. - radius lies LATERALLY and the ulna MEDIALLY in anatomical position

WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Pectoral Girdle a. light and allows the upper limbs to be quite mobile b. the glenoid cavity is shallow, allowing for movement of the humerus c. socket arrangement is good for flexibility and is good for stability d. scapula can move quite freely across the thorax as only the clavicle is attached to the axial skeleton

c. - socket arrangement is good for flexibility and is BAD for stability

WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Pelvic Outlet a. inferior margin of the true pelvis b. both the coccyx and ischial spines protrude into the outlet c. the largest dimension is the lateral diameter d. infant's head passes through the pelvic inlet, it rotates so that the forehead faces posteriorly and the back of its head faces anteriorly

c. - the largest dimension is the ANTEROPOSTERIOR diameter

TARSUS: part of the calcaneus that touches the ground

calcaneal tuberosity

TARSUS: forms the heel of the foot

calcaneus

refers to the true wrist; the proximal region of the hand distal to the wrist joint

carpus

slender S-shaped bones that extend horizontally across the superior thorax on the anterior surface

clavicles

condition wherein the soles of the feet turn medially and the toes point inferiorly

clubfoot

projects anteriorly from the lateral part of the superior scapular border

coracoid process

a ligament that connects the clavicle to the first rib

costoclavicular ligament

WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Congenital Dislocation of the Hip a. affects females more than males b. can be due to malformation of the acetabulum or loose ligaments of the hip joint c. early diagnosis and treatment are essential to avoid permanent crippling d. treatment involves using a splint or a harness of straps to hold the tibia in its proper position

d. - treatment involves using a splint or a harness of straps to hold the FEMUR in its proper position

WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Clubfoot a. occurs in about 1 of every 700 births b. may be genetically induced or may result from the abnormal positioning of the feet during fetal development c. treated by applying one cast after another, or by surgery d. none of the above

d. none of the above

PARTS OF THE HUMERUS: V-shaped roughened area; attachment for the deltoid muscle of the shoulder

deltoid tuberosity

number of bones that compose the carpus

eight carpals

two parts that the bony pelvis is divided into

false (greater) pelvis; true (lesser pelvis)

single bone of the thigh

femur

located lateral to the tibia; a long bone with two expanded ends

fibula

PARTS OF THE TIBIA: found on the lateral side of the distal tibia to articulate with the fibula

fibular notch

PARTS OF THE FEMUR: small central pit in the ball-like head

fovea capitis

part of the scapula that serves as the socket of the shoulder joint

glenoid cavity

shallow fossa of the scapula that articulates with the humerus to form the shoulder joint

glenoid cavity

PARTS OF THE ILIUM: broad posterolateral surface of the ilium

gluteal surface

PARTS OF THE FEMUR: structure found inferior to the intertrochanteric crest on the posterior surface of the shaft

gluteal tuberosity

PARTS OF THE ILIUM: deep indentation found posteriorly; just inferior to the posterior inferior iliac spine

greater sciatic notch

muscles that attach to the ischial tuberosity

hamstring muscles

PARTS OF THE HUMERUS: hemispherical proximal end which fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula

head

PARTS OF THE ULNA: distal narrowing and ending of the shaft of the ulna that articulates with the radius

head

refers to the condition of having a tendency of the femur to slip out of its socket

hip dysplasia (congenital dislocation of the hip)

the only bone of the arm

humerus

PARTS OF THE ILIUM: thickened superior margin of the ala

iliac crest

PARTS OF THE ILIUM: broad concavity of the internal surface of the iliac ala

iliac fossa

a large, flaring bone that forms the superior region of the hip bone

ilium

ANGLES OF THE SCAPULA: at the junction of the medial and lateral borders

inferior angle


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