22 Skeletal System 2: Appendicular Skeleton
PARTS OF THE HUMERUS: two condyles at the distal end of the humerus (and what they articulate with)
- (medial) trochlea (with ulna) - (lateral) capitulum (with radius)
ENUMERANT: structures that attach or bind to the coracoid process of the scapula
- bicep muscles of the arm - strong ligaments binding it to the clavicle
structures that form the ilium
- body - ala
two ends of the lateral longitudinal arch
- calcaneus - head of the fifth metatarsal
PART OF THE HUMERUS: found in the corresponding position of the anterior surface of the humerus
- coronoid fossa (medially) - radial fossa (laterally)
keystone bone of the lateral longitudinal arch
- cuboid bone
structures that the ligament of the head of the femur attaches to
- fovea capitis - acetabulum of the hip bone
PARTS OF THE FEMUR: sites of muscle attachment at the junction of the shaft and neck (and their orientation/location)
- greater trochanter (lateral) - lesser trochanter (posteromedial)
two expanded ends of the fibula
- head - lateral malleolus
ENUMERATE: three separate bones that form the hipbone in childhood
- ilium - ischium - pubis
ENUMERATE: Large Fossa of the Scapula (and muscle that lies within them)
- infraspinous fossa (infraspinatus) - supraspinous fossa (supraspinatus) - subscapular fossa (subscapularis)
PARTS OF THE HUMERUS: serve as attachment for rotator cuff muscles
- lateral greater tubercle - medial lesser tubercle
ENUMERATE: Arches of the foot
- medial longitudinal arch - lateral longitudinal arch - transverse arch
structures that form the distal radioulnar joint
- medial ulnar notch of the radius - head of the ulna
PARTS OF THE ULNA: prominent projections at the proximal end
- olecranon - coronoid process
pathway of the medial longitudinal arch
- originates at the calcaneus - rises to the talus - descends to the three medial metatarsals
structures that form the pelvic girdle
- paired hip bones (coxal or pelvic bone) - sacrum
ENUMERATE: structures that form the wrist joint
- radius - scaphoid and lunate carpals
ENUMERATE: Carpals (from lateral to medial; from proximal to distal row)
- scaphoid - lunate - triquetrum - pisiform - trapezium - trapezoid - capitate - hamate
two ends of the clavicles (+ shape)
- sternal end (cone-shaped) - acromial end (flattened)
ENUMERATE: borders of the scapulae
- superior border - medial border - lateral border
ENUMERATE: The Tarsal Bones
- talus - calcaneus - cuboid - navicular - medial cuneiform - intermediate cuneiform - lateral cuneiform
parts of the clavicle that provide attachment for a ligament that runs to the scapula's coracoid process
- trapezoid line - conoid tubercle
number of phalanges of the toes
14
TRUE OR FALSE: A Colles' fracture is diagnosed upon the palpation of a styloid process of the radius that has moved proximally from its normal position.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: A few vessels and nerves pass through the obturator foramen, yet it is almost completely closed by the fibrous obturator membrane.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Distally, the end of the tibia is flat where it articulates with the talus of the foot.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Distally, where the metatarsals articulate with the proximal phalanges of the toes, the enlarged head of the first metatarsal forms the "ball" of the foot.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: During birth, the infant's head makes a quarter turn to follow the widest dimensions of the true pelvis.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Gliding movements occur between the carpals, making the wrist rather flexible.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: In females, there is a greater angle between the femur and the tibia, which is vertical.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: Inferiorly, the talus articulates with the calcaneus.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The acetabulum receives the ball-shaped head of the femur at the hip joint.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The anterior superior iliac spine is an especially prominent anatomical landmark and is easily felt through the skin.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The anterior superior iliac spine is blunt, while the posterior superior iliac spine is sharp.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The auricular surface of the ilium articulates with the sacrum to form the sacroiliac joint.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The coronoid and radial fossae receive similarly named projections of the forearm bones during forearm movement.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The curves in the clavicle ensure that it usually fractures anteriorly (outward) at its middle third.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The deltoid tuberosity is found on the lateral side of the humerus, about midway down the shift.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The distal, knoblike radial and ulnar styloid processes can be palpated by grasping the dorsal side of the distal forearm adjacent to the wrist with the thumb and index finger of the opposite hand
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The head of the ulna is separated from the bones of the wrist by a disc of fibrocartilage and plays little or no role in hand movements.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The inferior part of the ilium joints with the ischium posteriorly and the pubis anteriorly.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The intertubercular sulcus guides a tendon of the biceps muscle to its attachment point at the rim of the glenoid cavity.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The knuckles are formed by the articulation of the bulbous heads of the metacarpals with the proximal phalanges.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The lateral longitudinal arch elevates the lateral edge of the foot just enough to redistribute some of the body weight to its two ends.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The medial and lateral malleoli are commonly fractured when the foot is forcefully inverted or everted at the ankle.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The most raised points on the sides of the lateral and medial condyles of the femur are the lateral and medial epicondyle, to which muscles and ligaments attach.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The pectoral girdles attach the upper limbs to the trunk, whereas the pelvic girdle secures the lower limbs.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The posterior surface of the scapula bears a prominent spine that is easily felt through the skin.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The proximal head of the radius has a concave superior surface that articulates with the capitulum of the humerus.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The pubis is V-shaped, with superior and inferior rami extending from a flat body.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The radial styloid process lies about 1 cm (0.4 inch) distal to the ulnar styloid process.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The scapulae fail to complete the 'girdle ring' posteriorly, because their medial borders do not join to each other or the axial skeleton.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The sciatic nerve passes through the greater sciatic notch to enter the posterior thigh.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The smooth patellar surface of the femur articulates with the kneecap.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The thick tendon of the calf muscles attaches to the posterior surface of the calcaneus
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The three arches form a half dome that distributes approximately half of a person's standing and walking weight to the heel bones and half to the heads of the metatarsals.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The tibia receives the weight of the body from the femur and transmits it to the foot, and it is second only to the femur in size and strength.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The transverse arch runs obliquely from one side of the foot of the other, following the line of the joints between the tarsals and metatarsals.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The trochlea of the humerus looks like an hourglass turns on its side, and the capitulum is shaped like half a ball.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The ulna is slightly longer than the radius and looks like a monkey wench.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The ulna's olecranon and coronoid process grip the trochlea of the humerus, forming a hinge joint that allows the forearm to bend and straighten again.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: The upper-lower (UL) body ratio changes with age
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: When the fore- arm is fully extended, the olecranon process "locks" into the olecranon fossa of the humerus.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE: When the forearm is flexed, the coronoid process of the ulna fits into the coronoid fossa of the humerus
TRUE
WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Radius a. The distal articular surface is concave and articulates with metacarpal bones of the wrist. b. The radius is the primary forearm bone contributing to the wrist joint. c. When the radius rotates, the hand moves with it. d. None of the above.
a. - The distal articular surface is concave and articulates with CARPAL bones of the wrist.
WHICH IS NOT TRUE: False and True Pelvis a. The false and true pelvises are separated by the pelvic inlet. b. The typical male and female pelves exhibit several differences. c. The false pelvis is actually part of the abdomen and contains abdominal organs. d. The true pelvis forms a deep bowl containing the pelvic organs.
a. - The false and true pelvises are separated by the pelvic BRIM.
GIVE ARTICULATION OF: a. base of the metacarpals proximally b. base of the metacarpals medially c. heads of the metacarpals
a. carpals b. with each other c. proximal phalanges
STRUCTURES THAT JOIN WITH: a. inferior pubic ramus b. superior pubic ramus
a. ischial ramus b. bodies of the ischium and ilium
BOUNDARIES OF THE PELVIC OUTLET: a. anteriorly b. laterally c. posteriorly
a. pubic arch b. ischial tuberosities c. sacrum and coccyx
deep hemispherical socket at the Y-shaped junction of the ilium, ischium, and pubis
acetabulum
flat projection that serves as the lateral ending of the spine of the scapula
acromion
PARTS OF THE FEMUR: bump on the upper part of the medial epicondyle
adductor tubercle
structures that bound the false pelvis
alae of the iliac bones
PARTS OF THE HUMERUS: slight constriction inferior to the head
anatomical neck
PARTS OF THE ILIUM: located inferior to the superior iliac spines
anterior and posterior inferior iliac spines
PARTS OF THE TIBIA: lies just below the skin and is easily palpated
anterior border
PARTS OF THE ILIUM: blunt anterior ending of an iliac crest
anterior superior iliac spine
PARTS OF THE ILIUM: structure running anteriorly and inferiorly from the auricular surface
arcuate line
PARTS OF THE ILIUM: roughened structure found posterior the iliac fossa which articulates with the sacrum
auricular surface
WHICH IS NOT TRUE: The Foot a. It supports the weight of the body b. It acts as a lever to propel the body forward during walking or running. c. Its multicomponent structure makes the foot pliable. d. It includes the carpals, the metacarpals, and the phalanges.
d. - It includes the TARSALS, the METATARSALS, and the phalanges.
WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Phalanges of the Fingers a. The digits, or fingers, are numbered I to V beginning with the thumb, or pollex. b. In most people, the third finger is the longest. c. With the exception of the thumb, each finger has three phalanges: proximal, middle, and distal. d. The pollex has no distal phalanx.
d. - The pollex has no MIDDLE phalanx.
WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Pelvic Inlet a. largest diameter is from right to left in the frontal plane b. delineated by the pelvic brim c. as labor begins, the infant's head enters this inlet, its forehead facing one ilium and the back facing the other d. a too large sacral promontory can block the entry of the infant into the false pelvis
d. - a too large sacral promontory can block the entry of the infant into the TRUE pelvis
WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Arches of the Foot a. maintained by the interlocking shapes of the foot bones, by strong ligaments, and by the pull of some tendons during muscle activity b. the arches "give" when weight is applied to the foot c. arches spring back when the weight is removed d. muscles associated with tendons supporting the arches are more active during standing than walking
d. - muscles associated with tendons supporting the arches are LESS active during standing than walking
WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Fibula a. the shaft is heavily ridged b. the fibula has several muscles originating from it c. its lateral malleolus forms the lateral bulge of the ankle and articulates with the talus bone of the foot d. the fibula carries a significant amount of weight
d. - the fibula DOES NOT BEAR weight
ANGLES OF THE SCAPULA: moves as the arm is raised and lowered; important landmark for studying scapular movements
inferior angle
structure that attaches to the pubic tubercle
inguinal ligament
PARTS OF THE TIBIA: irregular projection that separates the tibial condyles
intercondylar eminence
PARTS OF THE FEMUR: structure that separates the condyles posteriorly
intercondylar fossa
a flat ligament that interconnects the radius and ulna along their entire length
interosseous membrane
structure that connects the tibia and fibula along their entire length
interosseous membrane
PARTS OF THE FEMUR: connects two trochanters posteriorly
intertrochanteric crest
PARTS OF THE FEMUR: connects two trochanters anteriorly
intertrochanteric line
PARTS OF THE HUMERUS: separates the greater and lesser tubercles
intertubercular sulcus or bicipital groove
PARTS OF THE ISCHIUM: joins to the pubis anteriorly
ischial ramus
PARTS OF THE ISCHIUM: serves as the attachment point of the sacrospinous ligament
ischial spine
PARTS OF THE ISCHIUM: triangular structure that lies posterior to the acetabulum and projects medially
ischial spine
PARTS OF THE ISCHIUM: rough and thickened part of the hip bone found on the inferior surface of the ischial body
ischial tuberosity
arc-shaped structure that forms the posteroinferior region of the hip bone
ischium
PARTS OF THE FEMUR: distal broadenings shaped like wide wheels
lateral and medial condyles
PARTS OF THE FEMUR: structure that extends superiorly from the respective condyles to the linea aspera
lateral and medial supracondylar lines
ANGLES OF THE SCAPULA: glenoid cavity
lateral angle
BORDERS OF THE SCAPULA: abuts the axilla and ends superiorly in a shallow fossa
lateral border / axillary border
PARTS OF THE ISCHIUM: structure inferior to the ischial spine through which pass nerves and vessels that serve the perineum
lesser sciatic notch
PARTS OF THE FEMUR: long vertical ridge to which the inferior part of the gluteal tuberosity blends into
linea aspera
refers to the distance from the top of the pelvic girdle to the ground
lower body segment
PARTS OF THE TIBIA: broad thickened ends that resemble two thick checkers lying side to side on top of the shaft
medial and lateral condyle
PARTS OF THE HUMERUS: flank the distal condyles of the humerus
medial and lateral epicondyles
PARTS OF THE HUMERUS: directly above the epicondyles
medial and lateral supracondylar ridges
BORDERS OF THE SCAPULA: parallels the vertebral column
medial border / vertebral border
PARTS OF THE TIBIA: inferior projection which forms the medial bulge of the ankle
medial malleolus
bones that radiate distally from the wrist to form the palm of the hand
meracarpals
the shortest and most mobile metacarpal
metacarpal I (thumb)
PARTS OF THE FEMUR: carries the head of the femur and angles laterally to join the shaft
neck
PARTS OF THE PUBIS: large hole between the pubis and the ischium
obturator foramen
PARTS OF THE HUMERUS: fossa found on the posterior surface of the humerus proximal to the trochlea
olecranon fossa
PARTS OF THE FEMUR: triangular sesamoid bone enclosed in the tendon that secures the quadriceps muscles of the anterior thigh to the tibia
patella
structure that attaches to the tibial tuberosity
patellar ligament
PARTS OF THE FEMUR: structure that separates the two condyles anteriorly
patellar surface
PARTS OF THE PUBIS: thin ridge along the superior pelvic ramus to form the anterior portion of the pelvic brim
pectineal line
continuous ovel ridge that runs from the pubic crest through the arcuate line, the rounded inferior edges of the sacral ala, and the sacral promontory
pelvic brim
attaches the lower limbs to the spine and sup- ports the visceral organs of the pelvis
pelvic girdle
deep, basinlike structure formed by the hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx
pelvis
miniature long bones in the fingers
phalanges
PARTS OF THE ILIUM: structure whose position is indicated by dimples in the skin that lie approximately 5 cm lateral to the midline of the back
posterior superior iliac spines
PARTS OF THE ILIUM: ridges that cross the broad posterolateral surface of the ilium
posterior, anterior, and inferior gluteal lines
structure formed with the medial articulation of the radius
proximal radioulnar joint
angle that helps distinguish the male pelvis from the female pelvis
pubic arch or subpubic angle
PARTS OF THE PUBIS: inverted V-shaped arch formed by inferior pubic rami and ischial rami
pubic arch or suprapubic angle
PARTS OF THE PUBIS: thickened anterior border of the body
pubic crest
PARTS OF THE PUBIS: joint of fibrocartilage that joins theb bodies of the two pubic bones
pubic symphysis
PARTS OF THE PUBIS: knoblike structure at the lateral end of the pubic crest
pubic tubercle
forms the anterior region of the hip bone, lying nearly horizontally upon which the bladder rests upon
pubis
PARTS OF THE HUMERUS: descends obliquely along the posterior surface of the shaft near the deltoid tuberosity
radial groove
PARTS OF THE ULNA: smooth depression on the lateral side of the coronoid process where the head of the radius articulates with the ulna
radial notch
PARTS OF THE RADIUS: lateral structure on the distal end of the radius, anchors a ligament that runs to the wrist
radial styloid process
PARTS OF THE RADIUS: rough bump distal to the head of the radius on the anterior surface in anatomical position
radial tuberosity
two parallel long bones that form the antebrachium
radius and ulna
refer to overuse disorders that can affect the tendons, muscles, and joints of the upper limbs and back
repetitive stress injuries
corresponding ribs of the scapulae
rib 2 - rib 7
part of the clavicle that serves as the attachment site of the costoclavicular ligament
roughened area near sternal end of the clavicle
joint that enables the weight of the body to be transmitted from the vertebral column to the pelvis
sacroiliac joint
PARTS OF THE ISCHIUM: structure that runs from the sacrum to each ischial tuberosity to help hold the pelvis together
sacrotuberous ligament
most frequently fractured carpal bone due to falling on an outstretched hand
scaphoid
thin triangular flat bones located on the dorsal surface of the rib cage
scapulae
metatarsals most commonly affected by metatarsal stress fractures
second and third metatarsals
number of tarsals in the body
seven
vessels that lie just deep to the clavicle, and would be pierced if the clavicle were to fracture posteriorly or inward
subclavian vessels
shallow concavity formed by the entire anterior surface of the scapula
subscapular fossa
ANGLES OF THE SCAPULA: where the superior and medial borders meet
superior angle
BORDERS OF THE SCAPULA: shortest and sharpest
superior border
joint formed by a facet on the inferior part of the lateral tibial condyle that articulates with the fibula
superior tibiofibular joint
structure that pass through the suprascapular notch
suprascapular nerve
structure just medial to the coracoid process
suprascapular notch
PARTS OF THE HUMERUS: most frequently fractured part of the humerus, is inferior to the tubercles
surgical neck of the humerus
TARSUS: medial, shelflike projection of the calcaneus
sustentaculum tali or talar shelf
TARSUS: articulates with the tibia and fibula superiorly
talus
keystone of the medial longitudinal arch
talus
TARSUS: two bones that carry the weight of the body
talus, calcaneus
number of bones that form the skeleton of the upper limb
thirty bones
structure that articulates with the lateral and medial condyles
tibia
PARTS OF THE TIBIA: structure found just inferior to the condyles on the tibia's anterior surface
tibial tuberosity
TARSUS: where the tibia articulates to
trochlea of the talus
PARTS OF THE ULNA: deep concavity that separates the olecranon and the coronoid process
trochlear notch
PARTS OF THE ILIUM: thickest part of the iliac crest
tubercle of the iliac crest
the main bone forming the elbow joint with the humerus
ulna
PARTS OF THE ULNA: medial structure on the distal end of the radius that articulates with the head of the ulna
ulnar notch
PARTS OF THE ULNA: structure medial to the head; from which a ligament runs to the wrist
ulnar styloid process
refers to the difference between the lower body segment's height and the person's total height
upper body segment
an impacted fracture in which the distal end of the radius is forced proximally into the shaft of the radius
Colles' Fracture
TRUE OR FALSE: The ilium is arc-shaped and has a thick superior body and a thinner inferior ramus.
FALSE - The ISCHIUM is arc-shaped and has a thick superior body and a thinner inferior ramus.
TRUE OR FALSE: The medial longitudinal arch is lower compared to the lateral longitudinal arch.
FALSE - The LATERAL longitudinal arch is lower compared to the MEDIAL longitudinal arch.
TRUE OR FALSE: The head is the weakest part of the femur and is often fractured in a broken hip.
FALSE - The NECK is the weakest part of the femur and is often fractured in a broken hip.
TRUE OR FALSE: The female pelvis is wider, shallower, and lighter than that of a male, making more room in the false pelvis.
FALSE - The female pelvis is wider, shallower, and lighter than that of a male, making more room in the TRUE pelvis.
TRUE OR FALSE: The femur articulates with the inferior region of the pelvis.
FALSE - The femur articulates with the LATERAL ASPECT of the pelvis.
TRUE OR FALSE: The fibula does not contribute to the ankle joint and merely helps stabilize the knee joint.
FALSE - The fibula does not contribute to the KNEE joint and merely helps stabilize the ANKLE joint.
TRUE OR FALSE: The medial and lateral supracondylar ridges of the humerus serve as attachment sites for muscles of the forearm.
FALSE - The medial and lateral EPICONDYLES of the humerus serve as attachment sites for muscles of the forearm.
TRUE OR FALSE: The patella protects the knee joint anteriorly and improves the leverage of the trapezius muscles acting across the knee.
FALSE - The patella protects the knee joint anteriorly and improves the leverage of the QUADRICEPS muscles acting across the knee.
TRUE OR FALSE: The radial styloid process serves as the site of attachment of the biceps muscles.
FALSE - The radial TUBEROSITY serves as the site of attachment of the biceps muscles.
TRUE OR FALSE: The radius is thin at its distal end and is widened at its proximal end.
FALSE - The radius is WIDENED at its distal end and is THIN at its proximal end.
TRUE OR FALSE: The small long bones of the metacarpus are not named individually but instead are numbered I to V, from little finger to thumb.
FALSE - The small long bones of the metacarpus are not named individually but instead are numbered I to V, from THUMB to LITTLE FINGER.
TRUE OR FALSE: There are three phalanges in each digit of the foot, except the great toe, the hallux, which has only one phalange.
FALSE - There are three phalanges in each digit of the foot, except the great toe, the hallux, which has only TWO PHALANGES.
WHICH IS NOT TRUE: The Appendicular Skeleton Throughout Life a. At birth, the UL ratio is about 1.7 to 1. b. The lower limbs grow faster than the trunk from this time on, however, and by age 10, the UL ratio is about 2 to 1. c. During puberty, the female pelvis broadens in preparation for childbearing. d. Upon middle age, the skeleton loses mass, and osteoporosis and limb fractures become more common.
b. - The lower limbs grow faster than the trunk from this time on, however, and by age 10, the UL ratio is about 1 to 1.
WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Humerus a. the largest and longest bone in the upper limb b. articulates with the clavicle at the shoulder c. articulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow d. proximal end fits into the glenoid cavity
b. - articulates with the SCAPULA at the shoulder
WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Pectoral Girdle a. also known as the shoulder girdle b. consists of the scapula anteriorly and clavicle posteriorly c. form the shoulders together with its associated muscles d. medial end of each clavicle joins the sternum and first rib, while its lateral ends join the scapulae at the shoulder
b. - consists of the CLAVICLE anteriorly and SCAPULA posteriorly
WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Femur a. the largest, longest, strongest bone in the body b. courses laterally as it descends toward the knee c. course places knee joints closer to the body's center of gravity in the midline and thus provides for better balance d. course of the femur is more pronounced in women because of their wider pelvis
b. - courses MEDIALLY as it descends toward the knee
WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Clavicle and its Functions a. act as braces that hold the scapulae and arms out laterally from the thorax b. fracture of the clavicle causes the shoulder region to collapse laterally c. transmit compression forces from the upper limbs to the axial skeleton d. clavicles are not very strong and they fracture oftenly
b. - fracture of the clavicle causes the shoulder region to collapse MEDIALLY
WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Metatarsus a. corresponds to the metacarpus of the hand b. metatarsals are numbered I to V beginning on the lateral side of the foot c. the big toe plays an important role in supporting the weight of the body d. more nearly parallel to one another than the metacarpals
b. - metatarsals are numbered I to V beginning on the MEDIAL side of the foot
WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Carpal Tunnel a. The arrangement of carpal bones makes the carpus concave anteriorly. b. A ligamentous band covers this concavity superficially, forming the carpal tunnel. c. The ulnar nerve crowds in the carpal tunnel, innervating the lateral half of the hand and the muscles of the thumb. d. Inflammation of any element in the carpal tunnel, such as tendons swollen from overuse can cause carpal tunnel syndrome.
c. - The MEDIAN nerve crowds in the carpal tunnel, innervating the lateral half of the hand and the muscles of the thumb.
WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Clavicles a. The sternal end attaches to the manubrium medially. b. The acromial end articulates with the scapula laterally. c. The lateral third of the clavicle is convex anteriorly, while the medial two-thirds are concave anteriorly. d. The superior surface is smooth, and the inferior surface is ridged and grooved for ligaments and muscles.
c. - The lateral third of the clavicle is CONCAVE anteriorly, while the medial two-thirds are CONVEX anteriorly.
WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Leg Bones a. The tibia is located medially and is more massive than the fibula. b. The tibia and fibula articulate with each other superiorly and inferiorly. c. The tibiofibular joints allow a wide range of movement. d. The tibia articulates with the femur to form the knee joint, and with the talus bone of the foot at the ankle joint.
c. - The tibiofibular joints allow ALMOST NO movement.
WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Pelvic Girdle a. full weight of the upper body passes through this girdle to the lower limbs b. attaches to the axial skeleton by some of the strongest ligaments in the body c. corresponding socket of the glenoid cavity in the pelvic girdle is a deep cup that firmly secures the head of the tibia d. lower limbs have less freedom of movement than the upper limbs but are much more stable
c. - corresponding socket of the glenoid cavity in the pelvic girdle is a deep cup that firmly secures the head of the FEMUR
WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Carpal Tunnel Syndrome a. affects many workers who repeatedly flex their wrists and fingers b. skin of the lateral part of the hand tingles or becomes numb, and movements of the thumb weaken c. pain is greatest midday d. can be treated by resting the hand in a splint during sleep, by anti-inflammatory drugs, or by surgery
c. - pain is greatest AT NIGHT
WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Bones of the Forearm a. articulate with the humerus proximally and the bones of the wrist distally b. articulate with each other both proximally and distally at the small radioulnar joints c. radius lies medially and the ulna laterally in anatomical position d. when the palm faces posteriorly, the distal end of the radius crosses over the ulna, and the two bones form an X
c. - radius lies LATERALLY and the ulna MEDIALLY in anatomical position
WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Pectoral Girdle a. light and allows the upper limbs to be quite mobile b. the glenoid cavity is shallow, allowing for movement of the humerus c. socket arrangement is good for flexibility and is good for stability d. scapula can move quite freely across the thorax as only the clavicle is attached to the axial skeleton
c. - socket arrangement is good for flexibility and is BAD for stability
WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Pelvic Outlet a. inferior margin of the true pelvis b. both the coccyx and ischial spines protrude into the outlet c. the largest dimension is the lateral diameter d. infant's head passes through the pelvic inlet, it rotates so that the forehead faces posteriorly and the back of its head faces anteriorly
c. - the largest dimension is the ANTEROPOSTERIOR diameter
TARSUS: part of the calcaneus that touches the ground
calcaneal tuberosity
TARSUS: forms the heel of the foot
calcaneus
refers to the true wrist; the proximal region of the hand distal to the wrist joint
carpus
slender S-shaped bones that extend horizontally across the superior thorax on the anterior surface
clavicles
condition wherein the soles of the feet turn medially and the toes point inferiorly
clubfoot
projects anteriorly from the lateral part of the superior scapular border
coracoid process
a ligament that connects the clavicle to the first rib
costoclavicular ligament
WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Congenital Dislocation of the Hip a. affects females more than males b. can be due to malformation of the acetabulum or loose ligaments of the hip joint c. early diagnosis and treatment are essential to avoid permanent crippling d. treatment involves using a splint or a harness of straps to hold the tibia in its proper position
d. - treatment involves using a splint or a harness of straps to hold the FEMUR in its proper position
WHICH IS NOT TRUE: Clubfoot a. occurs in about 1 of every 700 births b. may be genetically induced or may result from the abnormal positioning of the feet during fetal development c. treated by applying one cast after another, or by surgery d. none of the above
d. none of the above
PARTS OF THE HUMERUS: V-shaped roughened area; attachment for the deltoid muscle of the shoulder
deltoid tuberosity
number of bones that compose the carpus
eight carpals
two parts that the bony pelvis is divided into
false (greater) pelvis; true (lesser pelvis)
single bone of the thigh
femur
located lateral to the tibia; a long bone with two expanded ends
fibula
PARTS OF THE TIBIA: found on the lateral side of the distal tibia to articulate with the fibula
fibular notch
PARTS OF THE FEMUR: small central pit in the ball-like head
fovea capitis
part of the scapula that serves as the socket of the shoulder joint
glenoid cavity
shallow fossa of the scapula that articulates with the humerus to form the shoulder joint
glenoid cavity
PARTS OF THE ILIUM: broad posterolateral surface of the ilium
gluteal surface
PARTS OF THE FEMUR: structure found inferior to the intertrochanteric crest on the posterior surface of the shaft
gluteal tuberosity
PARTS OF THE ILIUM: deep indentation found posteriorly; just inferior to the posterior inferior iliac spine
greater sciatic notch
muscles that attach to the ischial tuberosity
hamstring muscles
PARTS OF THE HUMERUS: hemispherical proximal end which fits into the glenoid cavity of the scapula
head
PARTS OF THE ULNA: distal narrowing and ending of the shaft of the ulna that articulates with the radius
head
refers to the condition of having a tendency of the femur to slip out of its socket
hip dysplasia (congenital dislocation of the hip)
the only bone of the arm
humerus
PARTS OF THE ILIUM: thickened superior margin of the ala
iliac crest
PARTS OF THE ILIUM: broad concavity of the internal surface of the iliac ala
iliac fossa
a large, flaring bone that forms the superior region of the hip bone
ilium
ANGLES OF THE SCAPULA: at the junction of the medial and lateral borders
inferior angle
