2.6 Controlling Speed

2.6 Controlling Speed Stopping Distance Matching Speed to the Road Surface Black ice.

Black ice. Black ice is a thin layer that is clear enough that you can see the road underneath it. It makes the road look wet. Any time the temperature is below freezing and the road looks wet, watch out for black ice.

2.6 Controlling Speed Stopping Distance Matching Speed to the Road Surface Bridges.

Bridges. When the temperature drops, bridges will freeze before the road will. Be especially careful when the temperature is close to 32 degrees Fahrenheit.

2.6 Controlling Speed

Driving too fast is a major cause of fatal crashes. You must adjust your speed depending on driving conditions. These include traction, curves, visibility, traffic and hills. Stopping Distance Perception distance. Reaction distance. Braking distance. Total stopping distance. The effect of speed on stopping distance. The effect of vehicle weight on stopping distance. Matching Speed to the Road Surface You can't steer or brake a vehicle unless you have traction. Traction is friction between the tires and the road. There are some road conditions that reduce traction and call for lower speeds. Slippery surfaces. Identifying slippery surfaces. Shaded areas. Bridges. Melting ice. Black ice. Vehicle icing. Just after rain begins. Hydroplaning. Speed and Curves Speed and Distance Ahead Speed and Traffic Flow Speed on Downgrades Roadway Work Zones

2.6 Controlling Speed Speed and Traffic Flow

Speed and Traffic Flow When you're driving in heavy traffic, the safest speed is the speed of other vehicles. Vehicles going the same direction at the same speed are not likely to run into one another. In many states, speed limits are lower for trucks and buses than for cars. It can vary as much as 15 mph. Use extra caution when you change lanes or pass on these roadways. Drive at the speed of the traffic, if you can without going at an illegal or unsafe speed. Keep a safe following distance. The main reason drivers exceed speed limits is to save time. But, anyone trying to drive faster than the speed of traffic will not be able to save much time. The risks involved are not worth it. If you go faster than the speed of other traffic, you'll have to keep passing other vehicles. This increases the chance of a crash, and it is more tiring. Fatigue increases the chance of a crash. Going with the flow of traffic is safer and easier.

2.6 Controlling Speed Speed on Downgrades

Speed on Downgrades Your vehicle's speed will increase on downgrades because of gravity. Your most important objective is to select and maintain a speed that is not too fast for the: total weight of the vehicle and cargo. length of the grade. steepness of the grade. road conditions. weather. If a speed limit is posted, or there is a sign indicating "Maximum Safe Speed," never exceed the speed shown. Also, look for and heed warning signs indicating the length and steepness of the grade. You must use the braking effect of the engine as the principal way of controlling your speed on downgrades. The braking effect of the engine is greatest when it is near the governed rpms and the transmission is in the lower gears. Save your brakes so you will be able to slow or stop as required by road and traffic conditions. Shift your transmission to a low gear before starting down the grade and use the proper braking techniques. Please read carefully the section on going down long, steep downgrades safely in "Mountain Driving."

2.6 Controlling Speed Stopping Distance Matching Speed to the Road Surface Hydroplaning.

Hydroplaning. In some weather, water or slush collects on the road. When this happens, your vehicle can hydroplane. It's like water skiing-the tires lose their contact with the road and have little or no traction. You may not be able to steer or brake. You can regain control by releasing the accelerator and pushing in the clutch. This will slow your vehicle and let the wheels turn freely. If the vehicle is hydroplaning, do not use the brakes to slow down. If the drive wheels start to skid, push in the clutch to let them turn freely. It does not take a lot of water to cause hydroplaning. Hydroplaning can occur at speeds as low as 30 mph if there is a lot of water. Hydroplaning is more likely if tire pressure is low, or the tread is worn. (The grooves in a tire carry away the water; if they aren't deep, they don't work well.) Road surfaces where water can collect can create conditions that cause a vehicle to hydroplane. Watch for clear reflections, tire splashes, and raindrops on the road. These are indications of standing water.

2.6 Controlling Speed Stopping Distance Matching Speed to the Road Surface Slippery surfaces. Identifying slippery surfaces.

Identifying slippery surfaces. Sometimes it's hard to know if the road is slippery. Here are some signs of slippery roads: Shaded areas. Bridges. Melting ice. Black ice. Vehicle icing. Just after rain begins. Hydroplaning.

2.6 Controlling Speed Stopping Distance Matching Speed to the Road Surface Just after rain begins.

Just after rain begins. Right after it starts to rain, the water mixes with oil left on the road by vehicles. This makes the road very slippery. If the rain continues, it will wash the oil away.

2.6 Controlling Speed Stopping Distance Matching Speed to the Road Surface

Matching Speed to the Road Surface You can't steer or brake a vehicle unless you have traction. Traction is friction between the tires and the road. There are some road conditions that reduce traction and call for lower speeds. Slippery surfaces. Identifying slippery surfaces. Shaded areas. Bridges. Melting ice. Black ice. Vehicle icing. Just after rain begins. Hydroplaning.

2.6 Controlling Speed Stopping Distance Matching Speed to the Road Surface Melting ice.

Melting ice. Slight melting will make ice wet. Wet ice is much more slippery than ice that is not wet.

2.6 Controlling Speed Roadway Work Zones

Roadway Work Zones Speeding traffic is the number one cause of injury and death in roadway work zones. Observe the posted speed limits at all times when approaching and driving through a work zone. Watch your speedometer, and don't allow your speed to creep up as you drive through long sections of road construction. Decrease your speed for adverse weather or road conditions. Decrease your speed even further when a worker is close to the roadway.

2.6 Controlling Speed Stopping Distance Matching Speed to the Road Surface Shaded areas.

Shaded areas. Shady parts of the road will remain icy and slippery long after open areas have melted.

2.6 Controlling Speed Stopping Distance Matching Speed to the Road Surface Slippery surfaces.

Slippery surfaces. It will take longer to stop, and it will be harder to turn without skidding, when the road is slippery. Wet roads can double stopping distance. You must drive slower to be able to stop in the same distance as on a dry road. Reduce speed by about one- third (e.g., slow from 55 to about 35 mph) on a wet road. On packed snow, reduce speed by a half, or more. If the surface is icy, reduce speed to a crawl and stop driving as soon as you can safely do so.

2.6 Controlling Speed Speed and Curves

Speed and Curves Drivers must adjust their speed for curves in the road. If you take a curve too fast, two things can happen. The tires can lose their traction and continue straight ahead, so you skid off the road. Or, the tires may keep their traction and the vehicle rolls over. Tests have shown that trucks with a high center of gravity can roll over at the posted speed limit for a curve. Slow to a safe speed before you enter a curve. Braking in a curve is dangerous because it is easier to lock the wheels and cause a skid. Slow down as needed. Don't ever exceed the posted speed limit for the curve. Be in a gear that will let you accelerate slightly in the curve. This will help you keep control.

2.6 Controlling Speed Speed and Distance Ahead

Speed and Distance Ahead You should always be able to stop within the distance you can see ahead. Fog, rain, or other conditions may require that you slow down to be able to stop in the distance you can see. At night, you can't see as far with low beams as you can with high beams. When you must use low beams, slow down.

2.6 Controlling Speed Speed on Downgrades most important objective

Your most important objective is to select and maintain a speed that is not too fast for the: total weight of the vehicle and cargo. length of the grade. steepness of the grade. road conditions. weather.

2.6 Controlling Speed Stopping Distance

Stopping Distance Perception Distance + Reaction Distance + Braking Distance = Total Stopping Distance Perception distance. The distance your vehicle travels, in ideal conditions; from the time your eyes see a hazard until your brain recognizes it. Keep in mind certain mental and physical conditions can affect your perception distance. It can be affected greatly depending on visibility and the hazard itself. The average perception time for an alert driver is about 1 3/4 seconds. At 55 mph, this accounts for 142 feet traveled. Reaction distance. The distance you will continue to travel, in ideal conditions; before you physically hit the brakes, in response to a hazard seen ahead. The average driver has a reaction time of 3/4 second to 1 second. At 55 mph this accounts for 61 feet traveled. Braking distance. The distance your vehicle will travel, in ideal conditions; while you are braking. At 55 mph on dry pavement with good brakes, it can take about 216 feet. Total stopping distance. The total minimum distance your vehicle has traveled, in ideal conditions; with everything considered, including perception distance, reaction distance and braking distance, until you can bring your vehicle to a complete stop. At 55 mph, your vehicle will travel a minimum of 419 feet. See Figure 2-11. The effect of speed on stopping distance. The effect of vehicle weight on stopping distance.

2.6 Controlling Speed Stopping Distance Braking distance.

Stopping Distance Perception Distance + Reaction Distance + Braking Distance = Total Stopping Distance Braking distance. The distance your vehicle will travel, in ideal conditions; while you are braking. At 55 mph on dry pavement with good brakes, it can take about 216 feet.

2.6 Controlling Speed Stopping Distance Perception distance.

Stopping Distance Perception Distance + Reaction Distance + Braking Distance = Total Stopping Distance Perception distance. The distance your vehicle travels, in ideal conditions; from the time your eyes see a hazard until your brain recognizes it. Keep in mind certain mental and physical conditions can affect your perception distance. It can be affected greatly depending on visibility and the hazard itself. The average perception time for an alert driver is about 1 3/4 seconds. At 55 mph, this accounts for 142 feet traveled.

2.6 Controlling Speed Stopping Distance Reaction distance

Stopping Distance Perception Distance + Reaction Distance + Braking Distance = Total Stopping Distance Reaction distance. The distance you will continue to travel, in ideal conditions; before you physically hit the brakes, in response to a hazard seen ahead. The average driver has a reaction time of 3/4 second to 1 second. At 55 mph this accounts for 61 feet traveled.

2.6 Controlling Speed Stopping Distance Formula Total Stopping Distance

Stopping Distance Perception Distance + Reaction Distance + Braking Distance = Total Stopping Distance

2.6 Controlling Speed Test your knowledge

Test your knowledge 1. How far ahead does the manual say you should look? 2. What are two main things to look for ahead? 3. What's your most important way to see the sides and rear of your vehicle? 4. What does "communicating" mean in safe driving? 5. Where should you place reflectors when stopped on a divided highway? 6. What three things add up to total stopping distance? 7. If you go twice as fast, will your stopping distance increase by two or four times? 8. Empty trucks have the best braking. True or False? 9. What is hydroplaning? 10. What is "black ice"? These questions may be on the test. If you can't answer them all, re- read subsections 2.4, 2.5, and 2.6.

2.6 Controlling Speed Stopping Distance The effect of speed on stopping distance.

The effect of speed on stopping distance. The faster you drive, the greater the impact or striking power of your vehicle. When you double your speed from 20 to 40 mph the impact is 4 times greater. The braking distance is also four times longer. Triple the speed from 20 to 60 mph and the impact and braking distance is 9 times greater. At 60 mph, your stopping distance is greater than the length of a football field. Increase the speed to 80 mph and the impact and braking distance are 16 times greater than at 20 mph. High speeds greatly increase the severity of crashes and stopping distances. By slowing down, you can reduce braking distance.

2.6 Controlling Speed Stopping Distance The effect of vehicle weight on stopping distance.

The effect of vehicle weight on stopping distance. The heavier the vehicle, the more work the brakes must do to stop it, and the more heat they absorb. But the brakes, tires, springs, and shock absorbers on heavy vehicles are designed to work best when the ve- hicle is fully loaded. Empty trucks require greater stopping distances because an empty vehicle has less traction.

2.6 Controlling Speed Stopping Distance Total stopping distance.

Total stopping distance. The total minimum distance your vehicle has traveled, in ideal conditions; with everything considered, including perception distance, reaction distance and braking distance, until you can bring your vehicle to a complete stop. At 55 mph, your vehicle will travel a minimum of 419 feet.

2.6 Controlling Speed Stopping Distance Matching Speed to the Road Surface Vehicle icing.

Vehicle icing. An easy way to check for ice is to open the window and feel the front of the mirror, mirror support, or antenna. If there's ice on these, the road surface is probably starting to ice up.