#3

The adult vertebral column typically contains

26 vertebrae

A surgical procedure that involves replacing damaged joints with artificial joints is called __

Arthroplasty

Another name for a joint is __

Articulation

Structurally, joints are classified as synovial, fibrous, and ____

Cartilaginous

5 functions of the skeletal system.

Mineral and Triglyceride storage Hemopoiesis Assisting in movement Support Protection

The space between articulating bones in a synovial joint is called the

Synovial Cavity

The largest and strongest of the unfused vertebrae in the spinal column are the

The largest and strongest of the unfused vertebrae in the spinal column are the

The decrease of estrogen levels in females after the age of 40 increases the loss of calcium from bones.

True

The lateral movement of the arms away from the body is called

abduction.

The head of the femur fits into the ____ of the pelvis to form the hip joint.

acetabulum

medical term that means inflammation of the joints is

arthritis.

The scientific study of joints is called

arthrology

The thin layer of surface cartilage on the bone located where the bone engages with another bone is called __________ cartilage.

articular

A thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the region of the epiphyses that is involved in forming a joint with another bone is called the

articular cartilage

The shoulder joint is an example of a

ball-and-socket joint

sac-like structures that are strategically located to reduce friction between skin and underlying bones during synovial joint movements are called

bursae.

The secretion of _________, made in the thyroid, promotes bone formation and decreases blood calcium.

calcitonin

Bones are the storage place for 99% of the total _______ in the body

calcium

The minerals responsible for the hardening of bone matrix are ____ and ____.

calcium and phosphorus

Which of the following curves in the vertebral column would one find in the neck of an adult?

cervical curve

The human pectoral girdle consists of the

clavicle and scapula.

The strongest form of bone, found deep to the periosteum and making up the bulk of the diaphyses in long bones is _________ bone.

compact

Osteoclasts are a type of bone cell that

destroy bone matrix. are formed from white blood cells.

Osteogenic cells

develop into osteoblasts.

The shaft of a long bone is called the

diaphysis

The shaft or body of a long bone is called the ___

diaphysis

Freely moveable joints are classified as

diarthroses.

Bending the foot upward, as when standing on your heel, involves

dorsiflexion

The ________ is an extension of the periosteum in the deeper part of the bone that lines the medullary cavity.

endosteum

Once a person is done growing, around 18-21 years of age, the cartilage of the epiphyseal (growth) plate is replaced by bone and becomes known as the __________ line.

epiphyseal

The site where bone lengthening occurs in a long bone is called the

epiphyseal plate.

The distal and proximal ends of the bone are called the ____

epiphyses

All of the following are facial bones EXCEPT the

ethmoid bone

A strain is always more serious than a sprain

false

Osteoblasts are mature bone cells.

false

The movement of a body part away from the body's midline (e.g. first arm and leg movements that occur when doing jumping jacks) is called adduction.

false

The pelvic (hip) girdle is formed by fusion of six separate bones.

false

Towards the end of a pregnancy, the hormone inhibin stimulates the loosening of the pubic symphysis and the ligaments between the sacrum and pelvis in order to increase the size of the pelvic outlet.

false

types of structural joints

fibrous synovial cartilaginous

The medulla oblongata passes through the _ of the occipital bone and connects with the spinal cord.

foramen magnum

Which of the following joints is classified as a synarthrotic joint?

gomphosis

The articulation between the root of a tooth and an alveolus in the mandible is a example of a

gomphosis.

In a growing human, the area between the metaphysis and the epiphysis is made of hyaline cartilage and allows for the bone to grow in length and is called the ________ plate.

growth, epiphyseal

Which strikes the ground first when walking normally?

heel

The joint between the trochlea of the humerus and the trochlear notch of the ulna at the elbow is an example of a

hinge joint.

The single bone that makes up the upper arm is called the

humerus

The bone in the axial skeleton that does not articulate with any other bone is the

hyoid bone.

The secretion of PTH ___________ the level of calcium in the blood, and works via a negative feedback system.

increases

The spinal nerves leave the vertebral column through the

intervertebral foramen

Osteocytes are found in small fluid filled openings in compact bone called ____.

lacunae

Which of the following describes the endosteum of a long bone?

lines the medullary cavity

Which of the following is a movable bone of the skull?

mandible

The ________ cavity is the space in the diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow in adults.

medullary

The _________ is a region of mature bone where the epiphysis meats the diaphysis.

metaphysis

The name for the process by which bone is formed is called _____

ossification

"Bone-building" cells are called ______

osteoblasts

Which of the following types of bone cells is considered the primary bone-building cell?

osteoblasts

The cells that are in charge of the breakdown of the extracellular bone matrix, a process called resorption, are _______

osteoclasts

Mature bone cells are called _______

osteocytes

_______ cells are the unspecialized cells that are the starting point for almost all connective tissue.

osteogenic

The exchange of calcium in the body is regulated by hormones. __________ _______ is secreted by the parathyroid glands.

parathyroid hormone

The hormones responsible for maintaining homeostasis relative to blood calcium levels are

parathyroid hormone and calcitonin.

The correct anatomical term for kneecap is ___

patella

The ________ is the surface layer of bone where tendons and ligaments connect and osteoblasts live.

periosteum

The tough, white, fibrous membrane around the surface of a bone is called ____.

periosteum

The bones of the fingers are called ____.

phalanges

The joints between the carpal bones in the wrist are examples of

planar joints

Which of the following are types of synovial joints

planar joints

Movement of the forearm from a palm forward (or up) to a palm backward (or down) position is called

pronation

A forward movement of the mandible would be called

protraction

The hipbones are united to each other by a joint called the

pubic symphysis

Hemopoiesis occurs in ____ bone marrow.

red

_____ bone marrow is found mostly within spongy bone and produces red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.

red

An autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the cartilage and lining of the joints is

rheumatoid arthritis.

The primary movement of a pivot joint like the atlantoaxial joint is

rotation

Bone that consists of lamellae in an irregular lattice of columns termed trabecular is called _______ bone.

spongey

Which of the following is a type of cartilaginous joint?

syndesmosis

A fluid-filled cavity found between articulating bones is a distinguishing characteristic of

synovial joints.

Slightly movable joints are classified as

synovial joints.

Another term for the dislocation of a bone from a joint with tearing of ligaments, tendons, and articular capsules is

synovitis.

Which of the following vertebrae articulate with the ribs?

thoracic vertebrae

The anatomical term for shinbone is

tibia.

Extension is when a body part is moved

to increase the angle between that part and another.

Adduction is when a body part is moved

towards the body's midline.

Abduction refers to movement of a body part away from the midline.

true

Bone formation is called ossification

true

Both rickets and osteomalacia involve a failure of bone calcification, however, rickets affects adults and osteomalacia affects children.

true

Pronation is a movement of the forearm so that the palm faces backward.

true

The sutures found between the cranial bones of a newborn's skull are fibrous joints.

true

bone continuously replaces itself throughout adult life.

true

The shock-absorbing structures found between adjacent vertebrae are ____.

vertebral discs

Which of the following is a cranial bone?

vomer bone

Elderly people can strengthen their bones by doing ____ exercise.

weight bearing

_____ bone marrow is found within the medullary cavity of long bones, is made of mainly adipose cells, and is the location of storage of triglycerides.

yellow

Within the skeletal system, fat is commonly stored in the

yellow bone marrow.