309 Block 1 Test
What is the critical list value above which evolved gas issues are prevalent?
1.5
Physiologically, supplemental oxygen should be used above what altitude?
10,000 ft.
To what altitude can humans fully physiologically acclimatize?
10,000 ft.
What altitudes apply to the physiological deficient zone?
10,000 ft.-50,000 ft.
What is the first step one should take in treating hypoxia of any type?
100% oxygen
What is the number one step in treatment of suspected DCS?
100% oxygen
How many breaths-per-minute does the average human maintain?
12-20
For part 92 flight operations, above what altitude should a pilot be using supplemental oxygen?
14,000 ft.
What is the partial pressure of atmospheric oxygen at SL?
159 mmHg
How long does a human take to fully physiologically acclimatize to a given altitude?
18.4 days per mile of altitude
Carbon monoxide has a greater affinity for hemoglobin over oxygen by how much?
250 times
How much does temperature decrease per 1,000 ft. as we ascend into the atmosphere?
3.5 degrees F
According to NASA's studies on loss of control inflight (LOC-I) accidents, what percentage occurred from the aircrew's 'inappropriate response or interaction with aircraft equipment?
46%
Where does the space equivalent zone begin?
50,000 ft.
According to FAA experts, what percentage of aviation accidents are caused by human influence?s
60-80%
When the U.S. military first invested time and resources into aviation training, what number of pilots died from 'pilot error' out of the first 100 fatalities?
90
According to the FAA, what is the time frame in which aircraft should be evacuated following an aircraft crash?
90 seconds
What medical professional should be standing by to receive DCS patients?
AME
What are the tiny air sacs in the lungs where oxygen diffuses into the blood stream called?
Alveoli
What is the basic definition of respiration?
An exchange of gases between a living organism and its environment
Where is atmospheric pressure the densest?
Below 10,000 ft.
Below what oxygen saturation level does collapse normally occur at?
Below 60%
What are the four presentations of DCS?
Bends, skin, chokes, CNS
Which gas law applies to trapped gas issues in aviators?
Boyle's Law
Proper oxygenation of what cell in the respiration process are the most important for aviators?
Brain cells/neurons
The primary control for respiration in humans is regulated by what gas?
Carbon dioxide
What is the primary gas chemically controlling human breathing rate?
Carbon dioxide
What is the most common chemical product of incomplete combustion?
Carbon monoxide
What on the aircraft is designed to filter out ozone in the atmosphere?
Catalytic ozone converter
What is the first human function lost to hypoxia?
Cognition
What type of pilot response is best used in extreme-stress events?
Conditioned or muscle-memory
What are the three types of aircraft oxygen delivery systems?
Continuous-flow, diluter-demand, pressure-demand
What is the most dangerous gas aviators could potentially be exposed to?
Cyanide
What is the best way to avoid ear and sinus blocks inflight?
Do not fly with a cold
What two areas of trapped gas are most likely to occur on descent?
Ears, sinuses
What are the common areas of trapped gas in humans?
Ears, sinuses, GI tract, teeth, lungs
What typically causes hyperventilation in pilots?
Emotional
What physiological issue does Henry's Law apply to?
Evolved Gas
What three mechanisms contribute to contaminants in aircraft?
External, internal, aircraft systems
For someone equilibrated to sea level, what altitude represents the threshold for evolved gas problems?
FL 180
True or false: a pilot may be comfortable knowing maintenance checked their oxygen mask prior to flight.
False
True or false: a smoke hood should always be used before a pilot dons an oxygen mask.
False
True or false: ear blocks are always accompanied by pain.
False
True or false: effective performance times are guaranteed times a pilot can depend on to maintain consciousness at a given altitude.
False
True or false: the loss of oxygen occurring form breathing too fast causes hyperventilation.
False- it is the loss of carbon dioxide
Which type of oxygen is typically found on commercial aircraft?
Gaseous
Which two forms of oxygen storage systems are found on civilian aircraft?
Gaseous and chemical
What do oxygen molecules bind to in the transport process?
Hemoglobin
Which law dictates the mechanism behind evolved gas disorders?
Henry's Law
Alcohol is an example of which type of hypoxia?
Histotoxic
Which type of hypoxia is caused by carbon monoxide poisoning?
Hypemic
What physiological issue does Dalton's law apply to?
Hypoxia
Which type of hypoxia relates to altitude?
Hypoxic
What are the four types of hypoxia?
Hypoxic, hypemic, histotoxic, stagnant
What is the most dangerous characteristic of hypoxia?
Insidious onset
What three steps should be taken during a lithium ion battery thermal runaway event?
Isolate, extinguish, cool
Which atmospheric gas evolves into bubbles to create evolved gas disorders?
Nitrogen
Is it always possible to descend to 10,000 ft. in emergencies?
No
Is it safe to use petroleum-based products around 100% oxygen?
No
Should vasoconstrictor sprays be used to clear normal ear blocks?
No- emergency use only
Hypercapnia is caused by low amounts of what gas in the bloodstream?
Oxygen
The secondary control for respiration in humans is regulated by what gas?
Oxygen
What is the secondary gas chemically controlling breathing rate?
Oxygen
What four elements need to be maintained in humans for homeostasis with your environment?
Oxygen, nutrition, rest, hydration
What is percentage of oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere?
Oxygen: 21%. Nitrogen: 78%.
What is the best way to clear GI gas?
Pass flatus or belch on ascent
What is the SCREAM checklist?
Preflight and inflight check of the aircraft oxygen system
What physiological issue does Charle's Law apply to?
Pressure gauge fluctuation
What aircraft system provides the best prevention measure against DCS?
Pressurization
What cell is responsible to transport oxygen in the cardiovascular system?
Red blood cell
What is a critical first step to for aviators to take in dealing with toxic fumes events?
Respect the emergency and protect your lungs
What physiological issue does Graham's Law apply to?
Respiration
What civilian aviation safety organization was the first, and when were they established?
Royal Aeronautical Society in 1866
Doing what prior to flight increases the probability of DCS exponentially?
SCUBA diving
What altitudes apply to the zone of physiologic efficiency?
SL-10,000 ft
Hyperventilation may cause what type of hypoxia?
Stagnant
What form of hypoxia is produced by hyperventilation?
Stagnant
What two areas of trapped gas are most likely to occur on ascent?
Teeth, GI tract
What pathway connects the middle ear with throat?
The Eustachian tube
Which presentation of DCS is most likely to occur in aviators?
The bends
Which presentation of DCS is the least likely to occur and also the most dangerous?
The chokes
Where does temperature stabilize in the atmosphere?
The top of the troposphere
What is the gas expansion ration at FL250?
Three times that of sea level
What is the purpose of pressure-demand regulators?
To raise oxygen partial pressure at the lung level
What physiological issue does Boyle's Law apply to?
Trapped Gas
True or false: a lack of nutrition may affect an individual's effective performance time.
True
True or false: ground crews, flight crews, and passenger may be a source of toxic fumes.
True
True or false: human respiration can be voluntarily controlled?
True
True or false: hypoxia may affect higher cognitive function at altitudes as low as 5,000 ft.
True
True or false: pilots should treat hyperventilation exactly the same as hypoxia.
True
True or false: the effects of medications may exacerbate the effects of hypoxia at altitude.
True
True or false: the subjective symptoms of hyperventilation are similar to hypoxia.
True
Which type of DCS (type 1 or type 2) is most likely to occur in aviators?
Type 1
Which type of DCS (type 1 or type 2) is most likely to be life threatening?
Type 2
What is the most effective method of clearing an ear or sinus block?
Valsalva
What are the four phases of respiration?
Ventilation, respiration, transportation, utilization