476 Chapter 2

the process of attachment typically begins between ___ of age

6 to 12 months

Infants that explore the environment with little affective interaction with the caregiver are likely to have a(n) ______ attachment pattern. A. Secure B. Anxious-avoidant C. Anxious-resistant D. Disorganized

anxious-avoidant

which part of the brain is implicated in disorders affecting motor behavior

basal ganglia

ABA involves the examination of ____.

behavior; antecedents; and consequences

what is the inhibitory neurotransmitter that reduces overall arousal and levels of anger

benzodiazepine - GABA

similar difficulties that may have been inherited from a parent is an example of...

biological influences

behavioral geneticists have concluded that

both genetic and environmental influences affect behavior

statement about neural development that is false

brain connections are relatively pre-determined and cannot be changed by the environment

Isabella is 3 years old, and frequently demands attention, overreacts, and refuses to go to bed. these behaviors are considered ____.

common because of her age

the problem with family aggregation studies is that they

do not control for environmental variables

brain maturity occurs in an ____ fashion.

organized and hierarchical

the windows of time during which environmental influences on development are enhanced are called

sensitive periods

the NT implicated in regulatory problems, such as eating and sleeping disorders, is ___.

serotonin

temperament ___.

shapes a child's approach to the environment and vice versa

today's research and thinking accepts the notion that many childhood disorders;

share many clinical features and causes

___ explains the acquisition of problem behavior on the basis of paired associations between previously neutral stimuli (homework), and unconditioned stimuli (parental anger)

Classical conditioning models

___ acts as a "switch" in the brain, turning on various circuits associated with certain types of behavior

Dopamine

____ has been implicated in several psychological disorders, esp ones connected to stress and ability to regulate emotions

The HPA axis (hypothalamic pituitary adrenal)

what is an underlying assumption with regard to abnormal child behavior?

abnormal development involves continuities and discontinuities

the failure to master or progress in accomplishing developmental milestones is referred to as

adaptation failure

the ___ glands produce epi in response to stress

adrenal

which attachment pattern has been linked to conduct problems and aggressive behavior

anxious-avoidant

infants that are wary of new situations and strangers and who often cannot be comforted by the caregiver are likely to have a(n) ___ attachment pattern

anxious-resistant

which attachment pattern has been linked to phobias and anxiety problems

anxious-resistant

etiology refers to the ___ of childhood disorders.

causation

the ____ gives us the distinct qualities that make us human and allows us to think about the future, to be creative, and to be playful

cerebral cortex

Bronfenbrenner's (1977) model includes a consideration of the ___.

child, family members, and society in which the child lives

an organizational view of development implies a(n) ____ process

dynamic

___ models portray the child's environment as a series of nested and interconnected structures

ecological

children's early care-taking experiences play an important role in designing parts of the brain that involve...

emotion, personality, and behavior

____ serve(s) as a filter for organizing large amounts of new information and avoiding

emotions

the glands located on top of the kidneys are important because they produce hormones that ____.

energize us and prepare for possible threats to the environment

attachment theory considers crying (in an infant) to be a behavior that ___.

enhances the relationships with the care giver

___ theorist argue that a child's behavior can only be understood in terms of relationships with others

family systems

which phrase describes the "slow-to-warm-up child", who is cautious in approaching novel or challenging situations?

fearful or inhibited

the ___ lobes contain the functions underlying much if our thinking and reasoning

frontal

which statement about genetic makeup is false

genes determine behavior

the ___ view of child development recognizes the importance of balancing the abilities of individuals with the challenges and risks of their environment

health promotion

a child's problems must be considered in relation ti the influence of the ____

individual, family, and the community/culture

which theoretical orientation best explains the various behaviors or disorders in childhood

intergrative

which term describes a child's model of relationships in terms of what the child expects from others and how the child relates to others

internal working model

Which part of the brain is moat responsible for regulating our emotional experiences, expressions, and impulses

limbic system

James often appears to be in a bad mood and is easily frustrated when given challenging tasks. His temperament would be considered

negative affect or irritability

most often, adaptation failure is due to a(n)

ongoing interaction between the individual and the environment

Because development is ____, sensitive periods play a meaningful role in any discussion of normal and abnormal behavior

organized

children's development occurs in a(n) ____ manner

organized and hierarchical

the ___ gland oversees the body's regulatory functions by producing several hormones

pituitary

the developmental psychopathology approach to study childhood disorders emphasizes the importance of developmental ____.

processes and tasks

individual differences in emotion ___ account for differing responses to stressful environment

reactivity

a child who cannot control his temper has problems in emotion

regulation

___ problems refer to weak or absent control structures, whereas ___ problems indicate that existing control structures operate in a maladaptive way

regulation; dysregulation

___ relates to how children think about themselves and others, resulting in mental representations of themselves, relationships, and their social world

social cognition

____ theorists emphasize attributional biases, modeling, and cognitions in their explanation of abnormal behavior

social learning

which is true

the prefrontal cortex and cerebellum are not wired until a person is 5 to 7 years old

the ___ gland plays a role in energy metabolism and growth, and is implicated in certain eating disorders

thyroid

the dynamic interaction of child and environment is referred to as

transaction

A central tenet of developmental psychopathology is that to understand maladaptive behavior, we must consider ____.

what is normative for a given period of development