9th EME Unit 5 Review, History Unit 5
Qizilbash
Nomadic Sufi tribesmen who were loyal to and supportive of the early Safavid state.
Conquistador
Spanish for "conqueror"; a Spanish soldier-explorer, such as Hernen Cortes or Francisco Pizarro, who sought to conquer the New World for the Spanish crown
What was a conquistador?
Spanish soldiers who helped conquer the new world
How did the reconquista encourage European interest in exploration and expansion?
The Spanish victory over the Moors (e.g. Muslims) encouraged religious fervor (e.g. the desire to spread Christianity)
Safavid
The dynasty that encompassed all of Persia and other regions; it's state religion was Shi'ism.
Sepoys
The native Indian troops who were trained as infantrymen.
Anatolia
The region of modern turkey.
Inca Empire
The vast and sophisticated Peruvian empire centered at the capital city of Cuzco that was at its peak in the 15th century
What was the reconquista?
When the Spanish reclaimed the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors after 700 years of battle
Ptolemy's Geography
a 2nd century work that synthesized the classical knowledge of geography and introduced the concepts of longitude and latitude. Reintroduced to Europeans in 1410 by Arab scholars, its ideas allowed cartographers to create more accurate maps
Valladolid debate
a debate organized by Spanish kind Charles V in 1550 in the city of Valladolid that pitted defenders of Spanish conquests and forcible conversion against critics of these practices
What was the "Valladolid debate" (483)? Why was it significant?
A debate that took place in Spain over the treatment of native indigenous (e.g. "Indian") people in the New World
Sultan
An Arabic word originally used by the Seljuk Turks to mean authority of dominion. Used by the ottomans to connate political and military supremacy.
4 Categories of things involved in the Columbian Exchange
Animals, Plants, Disease, People
Viziers
Chief assistants to caliphs.
Reasons for the Importance of the Silk Road
Economic opportunities, exchange of commodities, ideas, between different nations and civilizations
Name the three (3) primary causes of European expansion and exploration
Economics, Religion (Spread of Christianity), Renaissance Spirit (e.g. Humanism, intellectual curiosity, etc.)
3 Groups of People Involved in Voyages of Exploration
Financiers,Sailors, Local Traders
Where was Christopher Columbus from?
Genoa (Italy)
Who financed Christopher Columbus' voyages of exploration to the New World?
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella (Spain)
Name (3) reasons why voyages of European exploration and expansion were so harsh for sailors?
Low pay, Unbalanced diet, Scurvy, Disease,
Reasons why disease was so devastating to indigenous populations in the New World
Lowered metabolism due to slavery, Hand to hand combat due to war, Transfer of peoples through different nations with disease
Where was the Aztec Empire located (e.g. what modern day nation is located there now)?
Mexico
3 Reasons for Cortès's Victory over the Aztecs
Military Efficiency, Funding from the Crown, Persuasion of other rulers (e.g. used internal divisions within the Aztec Empire)
Columbian Exchange
Movement of different things from the New world to the Old and vice versa
Captaincies
a system established by the Portuguese in Brazil in the 1530s, whereby hereditary grants of land were given to nobles and loyal officials who bore the costs of settling and administering their territories
Encomienda System
a system whereby the Spanish crown granted that conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slavery
Aztec Empire
also known as the Mexican Empire, a large and complex Native American civilization in modern Mexico and Central America that possessed advanced math, astronomy and engineering technology
Bride Wealth
in early modern SE Asia a sum of money the groom paid the bride or her family at the time of marriage. This practice contrasted with the dowry in China, India, and Europe, which the husband contolled
Treaty of Tordesillas
the 1494 agreement giving Spain everything west of an imaginary line drawn down the Atlantic and giving Portugal everything to the east
Columbian Exchange `
the exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the Old and the New worlds
viceroyalties
the name for the 4 administrative units of Spanish possessions in the Americas: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, La Plata
Black Legend
the notion that the Spanish were uniquely brutal and cruel in their conquest and settlement of the Americans, an idea propagated by rival European powers
Three Reasons For Exploration
1. Wealth 2. Religion 3. Renaissance Spirit
According to your text, the transatlantic slave trade began in 1518. It lasted for several centuries. Roughly how many Africans were forcibly transported from Africa to colonies in the Americas (478)?
12 million
Jizya
A poll tax on non Muslims.
What was a caravel?
A ship that was extremely fast that allowed the Portuguese to travel to the new world
Caravel
A small, maneuverable, three-mast sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the 15th century that gave the Portuguese a distinct advantage in exploration and trade
What was the "encomienda system" (474)?
A system of reward for conquistadors who were given land in the New World
Mughal
A term meaning "Mongol" used to refer to the Muslim empire of India. Although its founders were primarily Turks, afghans, and Persians.
Factory Forts
A term used by the British for their trading post at the Surat that was later applied to all European walled settlements in India.
Concubine
A woman who is a recognized spouse but of lower statues than the wife.
Akbar
City builder, suspended jizya tax and was open to Hinduism and Islam.
List three (3) three important agricultural products native to the New World brought to Europe through the "Columbian Exchange" (476).
Corn, Potatoes, Tomatoes, Tobacco, Beans, Peppers
The primary cause of death for indigenous people in the New World after contact with Europeans
Disease
Which Spanish conquistador conquered the Aztec Empire?
Hernan Cortes
What animal did Spanish conquistadors bring with them to the New World that gave them an advantage in subjugating indigenous peoples?
Horse
Shah
Persian word for "King"
Where was the Inca Empire located (e.g. what modern day nation is located there now)?
Peru
Which three European nations built "commercial empires" through exploration and expansion that formed the basis of the new "global economy" (478)?
Portugal, Spain, Netherlands
Name (3) reasons why spices were important to Europeans
Preserve food, Religious Ceremonies, Perfumes, Medicinal Purposes
Devshirme
Process whereby the sultans agents swept the provinces for Christian youths to be trained as soldiers or civil servants.
Ulama
Religious scholars whom Sunnis trust to interpret the Qur'an and the Sunna, the deeds and sayings of Muhammed.
Ottomans
Ruling house of the Turkish empire that lasted from 1299-1922.
What valuable commodity did the Spanish discover in the Inca Empire (482-483)?
Silver
According to your text, "Two crucial and interrelated elements of the Columbian exchange were the transatlantic trade in ____" (477). What?
Sugar and slaves
Name (3) reasons why Portugal led early European expansion and exploration
Support of royalty/rulers (e.g. Prince Harry's interests in exploration, geography (e.g. optimal wind conditions), technological innovations (e.g. boat and map making
Name two (2) reasons why port cities were important to European expansion and exploration
Trade Hubs, Easy access to waters for exploration
Janissaries
Turkish for "recruits" they formed the elite army corps.
