9th EME Unit 5 Review, History Unit 5

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Qizilbash

Nomadic Sufi tribesmen who were loyal to and supportive of the early Safavid state.

Conquistador

Spanish for "conqueror"; a Spanish soldier-explorer, such as Hernen Cortes or Francisco Pizarro, who sought to conquer the New World for the Spanish crown

What was a conquistador?

Spanish soldiers who helped conquer the new world

How did the reconquista encourage European interest in exploration and expansion?

The Spanish victory over the Moors (e.g. Muslims) encouraged religious fervor (e.g. the desire to spread Christianity)

Safavid

The dynasty that encompassed all of Persia and other regions; it's state religion was Shi'ism.

Sepoys

The native Indian troops who were trained as infantrymen.

Anatolia

The region of modern turkey.

Inca Empire

The vast and sophisticated Peruvian empire centered at the capital city of Cuzco that was at its peak in the 15th century

What was the reconquista?

When the Spanish reclaimed the Iberian Peninsula from the Moors after 700 years of battle

Ptolemy's Geography

a 2nd century work that synthesized the classical knowledge of geography and introduced the concepts of longitude and latitude. Reintroduced to Europeans in 1410 by Arab scholars, its ideas allowed cartographers to create more accurate maps

Valladolid debate

a debate organized by Spanish kind Charles V in 1550 in the city of Valladolid that pitted defenders of Spanish conquests and forcible conversion against critics of these practices

What was the "Valladolid debate" (483)? Why was it significant?

A debate that took place in Spain over the treatment of native indigenous (e.g. "Indian") people in the New World

Sultan

An Arabic word originally used by the Seljuk Turks to mean authority of dominion. Used by the ottomans to connate political and military supremacy.

4 Categories of things involved in the Columbian Exchange

Animals, Plants, Disease, People

Viziers

Chief assistants to caliphs.

Reasons for the Importance of the Silk Road

Economic opportunities, exchange of commodities, ideas, between different nations and civilizations

Name the three (3) primary causes of European expansion and exploration

Economics, Religion (Spread of Christianity), Renaissance Spirit (e.g. Humanism, intellectual curiosity, etc.)

3 Groups of People Involved in Voyages of Exploration

Financiers,Sailors, Local Traders

Where was Christopher Columbus from?

Genoa (Italy)

Who financed Christopher Columbus' voyages of exploration to the New World?

King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella (Spain)

Name (3) reasons why voyages of European exploration and expansion were so harsh for sailors?

Low pay, Unbalanced diet, Scurvy, Disease,

Reasons why disease was so devastating to indigenous populations in the New World

Lowered metabolism due to slavery, Hand to hand combat due to war, Transfer of peoples through different nations with disease

Where was the Aztec Empire located (e.g. what modern day nation is located there now)?

Mexico

3 Reasons for Cortès's Victory over the Aztecs

Military Efficiency, Funding from the Crown, Persuasion of other rulers (e.g. used internal divisions within the Aztec Empire)

Columbian Exchange

Movement of different things from the New world to the Old and vice versa

Captaincies

a system established by the Portuguese in Brazil in the 1530s, whereby hereditary grants of land were given to nobles and loyal officials who bore the costs of settling and administering their territories

Encomienda System

a system whereby the Spanish crown granted that conquerors the right to forcibly employ groups of Indians; it was a disguised form of slavery

Aztec Empire

also known as the Mexican Empire, a large and complex Native American civilization in modern Mexico and Central America that possessed advanced math, astronomy and engineering technology

Bride Wealth

in early modern SE Asia a sum of money the groom paid the bride or her family at the time of marriage. This practice contrasted with the dowry in China, India, and Europe, which the husband contolled

Treaty of Tordesillas

the 1494 agreement giving Spain everything west of an imaginary line drawn down the Atlantic and giving Portugal everything to the east

Columbian Exchange `

the exchange of animals, plants, and diseases between the Old and the New worlds

viceroyalties

the name for the 4 administrative units of Spanish possessions in the Americas: New Spain, Peru, New Granada, La Plata

Black Legend

the notion that the Spanish were uniquely brutal and cruel in their conquest and settlement of the Americans, an idea propagated by rival European powers

Three Reasons For Exploration

1. Wealth 2. Religion 3. Renaissance Spirit

According to your text, the transatlantic slave trade began in 1518. It lasted for several centuries. Roughly how many Africans were forcibly transported from Africa to colonies in the Americas (478)?

12 million

Jizya

A poll tax on non Muslims.

What was a caravel?

A ship that was extremely fast that allowed the Portuguese to travel to the new world

Caravel

A small, maneuverable, three-mast sailing ship developed by the Portuguese in the 15th century that gave the Portuguese a distinct advantage in exploration and trade

What was the "encomienda system" (474)?

A system of reward for conquistadors who were given land in the New World

Mughal

A term meaning "Mongol" used to refer to the Muslim empire of India. Although its founders were primarily Turks, afghans, and Persians.

Factory Forts

A term used by the British for their trading post at the Surat that was later applied to all European walled settlements in India.

Concubine

A woman who is a recognized spouse but of lower statues than the wife.

Akbar

City builder, suspended jizya tax and was open to Hinduism and Islam.

List three (3) three important agricultural products native to the New World brought to Europe through the "Columbian Exchange" (476).

Corn, Potatoes, Tomatoes, Tobacco, Beans, Peppers

The primary cause of death for indigenous people in the New World after contact with Europeans

Disease

Which Spanish conquistador conquered the Aztec Empire?

Hernan Cortes

What animal did Spanish conquistadors bring with them to the New World that gave them an advantage in subjugating indigenous peoples?

Horse

Shah

Persian word for "King"

Where was the Inca Empire located (e.g. what modern day nation is located there now)?

Peru

Which three European nations built "commercial empires" through exploration and expansion that formed the basis of the new "global economy" (478)?

Portugal, Spain, Netherlands

Name (3) reasons why spices were important to Europeans

Preserve food, Religious Ceremonies, Perfumes, Medicinal Purposes

Devshirme

Process whereby the sultans agents swept the provinces for Christian youths to be trained as soldiers or civil servants.

Ulama

Religious scholars whom Sunnis trust to interpret the Qur'an and the Sunna, the deeds and sayings of Muhammed.

Ottomans

Ruling house of the Turkish empire that lasted from 1299-1922.

What valuable commodity did the Spanish discover in the Inca Empire (482-483)?

Silver

According to your text, "Two crucial and interrelated elements of the Columbian exchange were the transatlantic trade in ____" (477). What?

Sugar and slaves

Name (3) reasons why Portugal led early European expansion and exploration

Support of royalty/rulers (e.g. Prince Harry's interests in exploration, geography (e.g. optimal wind conditions), technological innovations (e.g. boat and map making

Name two (2) reasons why port cities were important to European expansion and exploration

Trade Hubs, Easy access to waters for exploration

Janissaries

Turkish for "recruits" they formed the elite army corps.


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