A&P Ch 1 SG (8 Questions)

1. Define the terms anatomy and physiology.

a. Anatomy studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another. Ex. What it looks like (observational science) b. Physiology concerns the function of the body. Ex. How it works (experimental)

11. List the parameters of standard anatomical position.

a. Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs point away from body.

5. Arrange the six levels of structural complexity in the correct order. Recall an item (e.g., atoms, molecules) associated with each level. Fig 1.1

a. Chemical (atoms combine to form molecules), cellular (cells are made up of molecules. organelle, smooth muscle tissue), tissue (tissues consist of similar types of cells. smooth muscle tissues), organ (organs are made up of different types of tissues. Blood vessel, smooth muscle tissue, connective tissue, epithelial tissue), organ system (cosist of different organs that work together closely. Cardiovascular system: heart and blood vessels), organismal (human is made up of many organ systems).

3. Distinguish between the types of structures examined in performing cytology and histology.

a. Cytology: cell structure, function, and chemistry b. Histology: tissue and their distinctive organization (architecture)

13. Label regional terms.

a. Designate specific areas within body regions.

15. Describe and identify body cavities, including major divisions and subdivisions.

a. Dorsal Cavity: protects the nervous system (includes cranial and vertebral cavity) b. Ventricle Cavity: houses and protects internal organs (thoracic and abdomniopelvic)

4. Explain the concept of Complementarity of Structure and Function.

a. Function always reflects structure. What a structure can do depends on its specific form, physiological function is dependent on structural anatomy, and structural changes will result in functional degradation (loss of function). Ex: bones support and protect organs because they contain hard materials.

2. Differentiate between Gross, Microscopic, Developmental, and Specialized Anatomy.

a. Gross: the study of large body structures to the naked eye. Ex: regional, systemic, surface b. Microscopic: the study of small structures using a microscope. Ex: cytology/histology c. Developmental: structural changes throughout the lifespan and Embryology: developmental changes before birth. d. Specialized: pathological, radiographic, (less important) molecular biology.

12. Define directional terms.

a. Location of one body part relative to another.

9. Define homeostasis.

a. Maintaining a relatively stable internal environment regardless of a changing external environment.

6. Associate given characteristics with each necessary life function.

a. Maintaining boundaries (cellular-plasma, organismal-skin), movement (locomotion, propulsion, contractility, molecular transport), responsiveness (sense environmental changes and respond), digestion (breaking down of food), metabolism (sum of all chemical reactions), excretion (removing waste), reproduction (producing more cells, cellular or organismal), growth (increase in size of body part or organism)

10. Differentiate between negative and positive feedback mechanisms.

a. Negative feedback terminates or reduces intensity of the original stimulus. Ex. Blood volume decreases and ADH causes kidneys to absorb more water and increase volume. b. Positive feedback enhances or multiplies intensity of the original stimulus. Ex. Childbirth hormone oxytocin to induce stronger contractions.

7. Recall five types of survival needs and describe associated features.

a. Nutrients (used for energy and cell building), oxygen (required for reactions that release energy), water (reaction environment and medium for movement), normal body temperature (reactions at expected rate), appropriate atmospheric pressure (gas exchange)

14. Describe anatomical planes and sections.

a. Planes are created when dividing the body into flat surfaces. Sections are named for the body plane from which they are cut.

17. Identify abdominopelvic quadrants. Describe abdominopelvic regions. Relate their locations to each other using directional terms

a. Quadrants: RUQ (), RLQ (), LUQ (), LLQ () b. Regions: umbilical (centermost, landmark, belly button), epigastric (superior to umbilical), hypogastric or pubic (inferior to umbilical), R/L hypochondriac (lateral to epigastric), R/L lumbar (lateral to umbilical), R/L iliac (lateral to hypogastric)

16. Explain components and functions of serous membranes.

a. Serous membranes: moist, thin, double-layered found in closed ventricle body cavities. It separates or connects regions, structures, or organs. Components are: visceral (covers internal organs), serous (contains a lubricating fluid), and parietal (lines cavity walls).

8. Recognize features and/or components with each body organ system.

Fig 1.3