A&P Chapter 2 questions

Electron shells

1st shell: 2 electrons 2nd shell: 8 electrons 3rd shell: 18 electrons

Synthesis reaction

A + B --> AB smaller particles are bonded together to form larger, more complex molecules. Atoms or molecules combine and energy is absorbed for bond to form. ANABOLIC REACTION

on acidic scale 0-6 colored RED on scale is

ACIDIC

absence of which of the following nitrogen- containing bases would prevent protein synthesis a) adenine b) cytosine c) guanine d) thymine e) uracil

ALL of them

What is the name of the high energy compound the body uses to do work?

ATP

pH scale is based on the number of H ions in a solution Acidic has more _____ Bases "alkaline" has more _____

Acidic has more _H____ Bases "alkaline" has more _OH____

If the DNA molecule resembles a twisted ladder, which chemical units form the sides of the ladder?

Alternating deoxyribose sugar and phosphate groups

Biomolecules

Any organic molecule produced by a living organism such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids

Atoms

Atoms are the building blocks of matter and are electrically neutral. Atoms of the same element have the same chemical properties/characteristics. Atoms of DIFFERENT elements have different chemical properties. Those that are different vary in size weight and ways they interact with other atoms.

Isotopes

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

Ionic Bonds

Bonds between atoms. Forms when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another.

Chemistry (what is it?)

Chemistry deals with the composition of substances and how they change. It is used to understand physiology

Atomic Weight

Close to mass number of most abundant isotope, reflects natural isotope variation

Glycogen → glucose is an example of which pattern of a chemical reaction?

Decomposition reaction

What are elements and the four that make up 96% of the body?

Elements are the fundamental units of matter. The body is made up of.. Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen and Nitrogen

What is energy and what are the two types?

Energy is the ability to work, having no mass and does not take up space. 1. Kinetic energy- energy doing work 2. Potential energy- stored energy. This energy is stored in chemical bonds

Chemical energy

Energy stored in chemical bonds. Chemical energy fo food is transferred to ATP which is the source of all chemical reactions.

Atomic Number

Equal to the protons the atom contains and determines the element. It inversely tells the number of electrons in an atom

Chemical Bond

Invisible force of attraction between 2 atoms

Which of the following statements regarding isotopes is TRUE? a) Isotopes have the same number of protons and neutrons, but vary in the number of electrons they contain. b) Isotopes of an element have the same atomic number, but have different atomic masses. c)The chemical properties of ALL of an element's isotopes are EXACTLY the same. d)The atomic weight of any element is approximately equal to the mass number of its most abundant isotope. e)The second, third, and fourth answers are correct. f)All of the statements are true regarding isotopes.

Isotopes of an element have the same atomic number but have different atomic masses. The chemical properties of ALL of an element's isotopes are EXACTLY the same. The atomic weight of any element is approximately equal to the mass number of its most abundant isotope.

The nucleus of an atom is the location of which kinds of subatomic particles?

Neutrons and protons

What bonds are formed when electrons are shared equally?

Nonpolar covalent bonds

Chemically reactive elements

Outermost energy level (valence shell) incomplete

_______ changes do not alter the basic nature of a substance.

Physical

Matter can be changed in what 2 ways?

Physically- changes do not alter the basic nature of a substance Chemically- Changes DO alter the chemical component of a substance

Double covalent bonds

Shares two pairs of electrons

Matter may exist as 3 three states..

Solid- Definite shape and volume Liquid- definite volume; shape of container Gaseous: neither a definite shape nor volume

Molecular formula

Tells us what elements/ atoms are IN a molecule

Structural formula

Tells us what elements/ how many atoms and how they are arranged in space

Hydrogen bonds

Weak chemical bonds. Slightly positive hydrogen is attracted to the negative portion of a polar molecule. 1. provides attraction between molecules 2. responsible for the surface tension of water 3. contributes to the 3-D shape of DNA and proteins

Nucleotides, the building blocks of nucleic acids, are made up of _______.

a nitrogen-containing base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group

how can you indicate that a chemical reactions is reversible

a reversible reaction is shown by double reaction arrows

Which of the following is NOT true about matter? a) Liquids have neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. b)Gases have neither a definite shape nor a definite volume. c)Solids have a definite shape and volume. d)Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass (weight). e) Matter exists in solid, liquid, and gaseous states

a) Liquids have neither a definite shape nor a definite volume.

Which of the following is NOT true about proteins? a) Proteins account for about 10 percent of the organic matter in the body. b)Globular proteins that play crucial roles in virtually all biological processes are also called functional proteins. c)The building blocks of proteins are amino acids. d)Amino acid chains containing fewer than 50 amino acids are called polypeptides. e)Fibrous proteins are also called structural proteins and appear most often in body structures.

a) Proteins account for about 10 percent of the organic matter in the body.

Solution A has a pH of 4. Solution B has a pH of 13. Identify the correct statement.

a) Solution A is more acidic than solution B (Solution A has more hydrogen ions).

The function of ATP is to _______.

a) provide a form of chemical energy that is usable by all body cells

what lipid type is stored in fat deposits beneath the skin a) triglyceride b) steroid c) vitamin D d) phospholipid e) prostaglandin

a) triglyceride

which is a proton donator? acid or base

acid

salts are electrolytes. what does that mean?

all chemical reactions in the body take place in a water environment

Proteins are made up of many _______.

amino acid molecules

-NH2 and -COOH are base for what structure

amino acids

how is an atom related to an element

an atom is the smallest particle of an element that still retains the elements properties

What is matter

anything that occupies space and has mass (weight)

When are atoms stable

atoms are considered stable when their outermost orbital has 8 electrons. Exception is shell 1 which can only hold 2.

Covalent bonds

atoms become stable through shared electrons

How can atoms become stable

atoms can gain, lose, or share electrons to complete their outermost orbital. Bond formation produces a stable valence shell

glucose is to starch as ? a) a steroid is to a lipid b) a nucleotide is to a nucleic acid c) an amino acid is to a protein d) a polypeptide is to an amino acid

b) a nucleotide is to a nucleic acid c) an amino acid is to a protein

The four most abundant elements in all life forms on Earth are _______.

b) oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen

on acidic scale 8-14 colored BLUE on scale is

base "alkaline"

Chemicals in the body that help control the body's pH are called _______.

buffers

ATP Is not associated with a)a basic nucleotide structure b) high-energy phosphate bonds c) deoxyribose d)inorganic phosphate e) reversible reactions

c) deoxyribose

what is the primary structure of proteins

chain of amino acids

bond that occurs when electrons are shared is a _______ bond.

covalent

bond that share electrons

covalent

Which of the following is NOT true of carbohydrates? a) Glucose in an example of a carbohydrate. b) Disaccharides are a type of carbohydrate. c) An example of a polysaccharide found in plants is starch. d) A glucose molecule is a polysaccharide stored by the liver. e) Carbohydrates are the primary energy molecules for most living things.

d) A glucose molecule is a polysaccharide stored by the liver.

The four elements that make up about 96% of body matter are _______.

d) carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

is the formation of glycogen from glucose an example of hydrolysis or dehydration synthesis

dehydration synthesis

Which of the following accurately describes enzymes?

e)They are organic catalysts

what form of energy is used to transmit messages from on part of the body to another

electrical energy

polar covalent bond

electrons are not shared equally between the atoms of the molecule ex: water

nonpolar covalent bond

electrons are shared equally between the atoms of the molecules and are electrically neutral as a molecule ex: Carbon Dioxide

The term "_______" refers to a unique substance that cannot be decomposed or broken down into simpler substances.

element

Substances that cannot be broken down into smaller compounds are _______.

elements

what does it mean when we say that some energy is "lost" every time energy changes from one form to another in the body?

every time energy changes from one form to another, some head is given off to the environment and is unusable

of fibrous and globular proteins, which is more important for building body structure

fibrous proteins

what kind of bond forms between water molecules

hydrogen bond

the element essential for normal thyroid function is a) iodine b) iron c) copper d) selenium e) zinc

iodine

electron is completely transferred to another element

ionic bond

If neutral atoms become positive ions, they _______.

lose electrons

matter and energy- how are they interrelated

matter is the substance of living and nonliving objects. energy is the mover of the substance- the ability to do work.

When you ride a bike, the body converts chemical energy to _______ energy to move the limbs necessary to turn the pedals.

mechanical

Which of the following body processes utilize(s) biochemicals?

movement, thinking, digestion

Anions

negatively charged ions

The only electrons that are important when considering bonding behavior are those in the _______ shell. This shell is called the _______ shell.

outermost; valence

which type of lipid is abundant in cellular membranes

phospholipids are the most abundant lipids in cellular membranes

Protons carry a _______ charge and electrons carry a _______ charge.

positive, negative

Cations

positively charged ions

what type of energy is available when we are still? what type of energy when we are exercising?

potential energy and kinetic energy

Antibodies, enzymes, and some hormones are all examples of which class of macromolecules?

proteins

The atomic number identifies the element and refers to the number of _______.

protons

Subatomic Particles

protons- p+ neutrons- n0 Both are in the nucleus ^ electrons- e- Outside of nucleus^

what name is given to an unstable atom that has either more or fewer neutrons than its typical number

radioisotopes

Energy that is in motion is _______.

referred to as kinetic energy

Single covalent bonds

share one pair of electrons

what property of water prevents rapid changes in body temperature

the high heat capacity of water prevents rapid changes in body temperature

what are the building blocks of carb and lipids

the structural units of carbs are monosaccharaides. those of lipids are glycerol and fatty acids

Atomic mass

the sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom. the atomic mass-number= neutrons

molecules

two or more atoms combine chemicals. molecular formulas tell you whats in the element

Compound

two or more atoms of different elements combine chemically to form a molecule of a compound

All of the following are true about the importance of water, an inorganic compound, in the body EXCEPT _______. a) to digest foods or break down biological molecules, water molecules are added to the bonds of the larger molecules b) water is an important reactant in some types of chemical reactions c)water is an excellent solvent because it is nonpolar d)water absorbs and releases large amounts of heat before its temperature changes appreciably e)water serves a protective function in the body

water is an excellent solvent because it is non polar

When do chemical reactions occur

when atoms combine with or dissociate from other atoms. Atoms unite to form chemical bonds and dissociate from other atoms when chemical bonds are broken.