A&P Exam 3: Upper limb I and II, ANS, Motor, Sensory, Spinal cord, Fundamentals

1st neuron releases neurotransmitter onto 2nd neuron that responds to it. Which one is presynaptic?

The first one

When relaxed, fingers are in slight flexion. How do the lumbricals and interossei fix this?

Their use in conjunction with extensor digitorum allows for extended digits.

What are the intrinsic muscles of the hand?

Thenar and hypothenar

The median nerve innervates what muscles in the hand

Thenar: Abductor Pollicis Brevis, Flexor Pollicis Brevis, Opponens Pollicis (not adductor pollicis) Ab Flex Lumb Opponens

Myofibrils are _____ and ______ filaments

Thick and thin

_______ are bundles of axons traveling to similar destinations

Tracts

Each white column is filled with named ___________ or ______________

Tracts or fasciculi

course of radial artery in forearm

Travels medial to brachioradialis muscle. At the wrist it lies on surface of radius before coursing into superficial and deep palmar arches

What are T-tubules?

Tunnel-like structures that run deep into the cell. The AP spreads along the membrane and into the t tubules. They allow for rapid delivery of the AP deep inside the cell to the SR.

What articulates with the humerus?

Ulna

Styloid process is where?

Ulnar head

The adductor pollicis is innervated by the _______ nerve

Ulnar nerve

Positive froment sign may indicate?

Ulnar nerve injury

What nerve injury is this: Hyperextended metacarpophalangeal joints, flexed interphalangeal joints

Ulner nerve injury.

Dermatome development: UL vs LL

Upper Limb: anterior = flexors posterior = extensors Lower limb: anterior = extensors posterior = flexors

Brachial pleuxs injuries to superior parts include what?

C5-C6

Cutaneous innervation of the upper limb: C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1

C5: upper/lateral arm C6: pollex C7: 3rd digit C8: 5th digit T1: medial aspect of elbow

Muscarine binds to? What are the signs and symptoms?

* Binds to muscarinic receptors * Targets parasympathetic neuromuscular or neuroglandular junctions * Signs & Symptoms; - Salivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, constriction of respiratory passages, low blood pressure, slow heart rate (bradycardia)

Nicotine binds to? It is a dangerous environmental toxins. What are some of the s/s if injested?

*Binds to nicotinic receptors; targets autonomic ganglia and skeletal NMJ *S/s: vomitting diarrhea, inc. BP and HR, sweating, profuse salivation, convulsions, may result in coma or death

Draw the action potential of a neuron

*Know how to draw this.

Sympathetic divison causes what specific physiologic roles?

- Heightened mental alertness - ↑ metabolic rate - ↓ digestive & urinary functions - Energy reserves activated - ↑ respiratory rate & respiratory passageways dilate - ↑ heart rate & blood pressure - Sweat glands activated

Describe temporal summation

- single synapse receives many EPSPs in short time -Increasing the frequency of nerve impulses = increases str of transmitted signals

What must membrane potential reach to trigger AP?

-55

How long may spinal shock last? What may reappear

-7-20 days or as long as 3mos -Reappearance of reflex activity, hyperreflexia, spasticity and reflex emptying of bladder

RMP mV?

-70

What is within the Dorsal root ganglia?

-Contains cell bodies of sensory neurons

Brown-Sequard Syndrome

-Dorsal column: ipsilateral tactile discrimination & position & vibration sensation -Lateral corticospinal tract: ipsilateral spastic paresis w/ pyramidal signs below lesion -Lateral spinothalamic tract: contralateral loss of pain and temp senation are one segment below the lsion -hypothalamospinal tract at T1: Ipsilateral horner syndrome -Ventral horn: ipsilateral flaccid paralysis of innervated muscles

The coronoid process

-Inferior lip of trochlear notch -fits in coronoid fossa

What is the path of the vagus nerve?

-Long cardiac branches from vagus to cardiopulm plexus conrol the heart -The vagus continues onto the surface of the esophagus and enters the abdomen.

Describe spatial summation.

-Single synapse recieves many EPSPs from many cells . Increasing signal str is transmitted by using progressively greater numbers

Slowly adapting/tonic detect what? How do they respond?

-Steady stimulus -Respond by repetitve activity to the prolonged stimulus STeady = Slow/Tonic

Regarding the structure of a long bone what is the diaphysis?

-The shaft -Heavy wall of compact bone, or dense bone -A central space => medullary(marrow) cavity

What is a dermatome?

-an area of skin supplied by a single spinal nerve or spinal cord level. -Overlap between dermatomes.

The olecranon

-superior end of ulna; fits in olecranon fossa -Point of elbow -Superior lip of trochlear notch -articulates w/ trochlea of humerus

Parasympathetic division causes what specific physiologic roles?

1 .Constricts: pupils, airways 2. Stimulates: salvation, digestion, glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis, peristalsis, urinary bladder to contract, penile or clitoral arousal 3. Slows: heartbeat.

Sympathetic division preganglionic fibers are ________ and postganglionic fibers are ____________

1 Short 2. Long

Draw the anatomy of an action potential. How many milliseconds are on the x axis? What is the frame for an AP to occur? Threshold potential?

1. 0-7 milliseconds 2. 2.5 - 4.5 miliseconds 3. 0 - 2.5

How many spinal cord injuries occur annually? What percent are men? What percent is due to MVAs?

1. 11,00 2. 78% men, mostly young adults (avg age 38) 3. 1/2 due to MVAs

How long and how thick is the spinal cord? How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

1. 18 inches 2. 1/2 inch wide 3. 31 pairs

Each sympathetic chain contains what ganaglia

1. 3 cervical 2. 10-12 thoracic 3. 4-5 lumbar 4. 4-5 sacral 5. 1 Coccygeal

Myelin is __% lipid and __% protein. What creates Myelin? What does it do?

1. 80 and 20. 2. Oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in PNS. 3. Prevents leakage of electrical current and increases the speed of impulse conduction

What are the divisions of the trunks superior, middle and inferior?

1. A P 2. AP 3. P A PAs are inferior

Myosin makes up _________ band (thick filaments). Actin make up _____bands(thin filaments)

1. A bands 2. I bands

What fibers does first pain travel down? How about second pain? Which are highest myelinated?

1. A delta - Heavily myelinated 2. C fiber

Fast sharp pain travels to what specific part of the dorsal horn? What groups? What describes the onset, offset and localization of this kind of pain?

1. A delta: synapse on I and IV (marginal zone and nucleus proprius) 2. Group II, Group III fibers 3. Rapid onset, offset and a precise location

Excitation contraction in skeletal muscle steps

1. AP potential in muscle memrane 2a: depol of T tubules 2b: opens SR Ca release channels (ryanodine receptors) 3: increase intracellular Ca concentration 4. Ca binds troponin C 5. Tropomyosin moves and allows interaction 6. Cross bridge cycling and force generation 7. Ca reaccumulated by SR leads to relaxation

What are some of the inflammatory responses to tissue damage directly at site of damage?

1. ATP 2. bradykinin 3. 5HT 4. H+ 5. Histamine 6. Prostaglandin

The dorsal interossei __________(an action) and the palmar _______(also an action). Which digits on the dorsal and palmar side?

1. Abduct(DAB)2, 3 and 4 2. Adduct(PAD)2, 4 and 5

What is the action and innervation of abductor pollicis longus?

1. Abduction of pollex and extension at CMC joint 2. Posterior interosseous nerve

The median nerve innervates what muscles in the hand?

1. Abductor pollicis brevis 2. Flexor pollicis brevis 3. Lumbrical 1st and 2nd 4. Opponens pollicis

What are the thenar muscles?

1. Abductor pollicis brevis, 2. flexor pollicis brevis, 3. opponens pollicis 4. Adductor pollicis

The radial nerve innervates what muscles in posterior forearm?

1. Abductor pollicis longus 2. Brachioradialis 3. Extensor carpi radialis brevis 4. Extensor carpi radialis longus 5. Extensor digiti minimi 6. Extensor digitorum 7. Extensor indicis 8. Extensor pollicis brevis 9. Extensor pollicis longus 10. Supinator ABEEEEEEES

What is ABL? What innervates all three?

1. Abductor pollicis longus 2. Extensor pollicis brevis 3. Extensor pollicis longus 4. Posterior interosseous nerve

Teres major action and innervation

1. Adduction internal rotation 2. Lower subscapular nerve

Where are B3 receptors? What happens when NE and E act on them?

1. Adipocytes, smooth muscle of gut/bladder 2. Lipolysis, modulation of intestinal mobility, bladder filling

How do you classify nerves by their function?

1. Afferent: sends signal to CNS 2. Efferent nerves sends signal out to the peripheral from the CNS

How is sustained tension different from max tension?

1. Allows motor units to rest in rotation and it is less than max tension

Be able to draw the pathway of the golgi tendon reflex. What motor neuron is it dealing with? What group muscle afferent fibers? How does its arrangement synapsing on the cord look?

1. Alpha motor neuron 2. Group Ib afferent 3. 3 synapses: +⇨- +⇨- +⇨+

Be able to draw the pathway of stretch reflex. What motor neuron is it dealing with? What group muscle afferent fibers? How does its arrangement synapsing on the cord look?

1. Alpha motorneuron 2. Group Ia afferent 3. 3 synapses: + + +⇨ -

Where are the corticospinal tracts located? Where do they originate? Where do they decussate?

1. Anterior and laterally within the spinal cord 2. Originate in the primary motor cortex 3. At pyramids of medulla and descend to opposite side

What are the 2 compartments of the upper limb. What do they do? What are their innervation and blood supply?

1. Anterior arm compartment: -Muscles flex the shoulder or arm -Innervation: musculocutaneous nerve -Blood supply: brachial artery 2. Posterior arm compartment: -Muscles extend the elbow -Innervated by radial nerve -Blood supply: profunda brachii

What is within the 3rd part of the axillary artery?

1. Anterior circumflex humeral a.? 2. Posterior circumflex humeral a. 3. Subscapular a.

Median nerve turns into? Radial divisions and subdivisions?

1. Anterior interosseous 2. Superficial and deep -> Posterior interosseous

What innervates the deep flexors of the anterior forearm?

1. Anterior interosseous nerve( from median nerve)

_______ ________ ________ is a branch of the median nerve that supplies all the deep muscles of the anterior forearm except for the ulnar half of the flexor digitorum profundus muscle

1. Anterior interosseous nerve.

How does the smooth muscle multi unit behave? What are some examples of these?

1. As separate motor units 2. Iris, ciliary muscles of lens, vas defrens

Incomplete paralysis occurs how? What is effected?

1. At or above C6 is preserved(meaning below C6). 2. Shoulder, upper arm, & some forearm muscle control intact

Myasthenia gravis: what prevents ACh from binding? What does this result in?

1. AutoAbs against AChR 2. Increased internalization & degradation of the AChRs

Chemical synapses: Preseynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters from where? Where does the NT go?

1. Axon terminals 2. Receptors on post synaptic neurons

What two Beta receptors that initiate lipolysis? Which one does stimulating cause renin release?

1. B1 and B3 2. B1

What is involved in initiation of purposeful movement?

1. Basal nuclei pathways

Where is the absolute refractory period? Where is relative refractory period?

1. Beginning and end of action potential (2.5-4.5) 2. Follows the action potential 4.5 -6.5 seconds

What muscles surround the musculocutaneous nerve distally? Where does the musculocutaneous nerve emerge and what is it called then?

1. Biceps brachii and brachialis 2. Emerges lateral to the biceps brachii muscle as the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm.

Macrophages secrete what when exposed to inflammation?

1. Bradykinin 2. IL1B 3. NGF 4.TNF-alpha Macrophages are BINT on inflammation

Central nervous system is composed of?

1. Brain and spinal cord

What happens to the ulnar nerve in the forearm?

1. Branches to FCU and ulnar half of FDP 2. Gives off Palmar cutaneous nerve to hand 3. Gives off dorsal cutanous nerve to hand

What happens in cord contusion?

1. Brusing of neural tissue; swelling, temporary loss of cord fnxns

What type of fibers carry slow painful sensation? What kind of pain is this? How is it localized?

1. C fibers : Lamina marginalis and substantia gelatinosa. 2. Aching, burning, throbbing. 3. Poorly localized.

Where is the location of the cervical plexus? How about the brachial plexus? How about the lumbar and sacral plexus?

1. C1-C4 2. C5-T1 3. L1-L4 4. L4-S4

What is the Spinal Cord level of the cervical plexus? What does it innervate? What is the major nerve here?

1. C1-C5 2. Innervates neck, thoracic cavity and diaphragmatic muscles 3. Phrenic

Radial nerve injury is derived from? What is it known as?

1. C5 - T1 posterior cord 2. The nerve of extension

The median nerve comes from where? What does it do?

1. C6-T1 medial and lateral cords 2. Flexor forearm compartment. Thenar muscles of hand. Lumbricals 1 & 2. Cutaneous to palm, thumb and first two fingers

Brachial plexus to the inferior parts include? What are the classical symptoms present?

1. C8 - T1 2. Klumpke paralysis: Claw hand, intrinsic muscles affected

Where is the ulnar nerve derived from? What does it innervate?

1. C8-T1 medial cord 2. Interosseous muscles, hypothenar muscles. Cutaneous territory = little finger and half of ring finger

Upper motor neuron cell bodies lie where? Where do they synapse?

1. CNS 2. Lower motor neuron

What is the dorsal 1/2 of the grey matter consist of? What about the ventral 1/2?

1. Cell bodies of interneurons 2. Cell bodies of motor neurons

Describe the structure of a unipolar neuron. What is an example of what it may innervate

1. Cell body between peripheral and central process kinda like a cul de sac with the street of the cul de sac being the "short process" 2. Skin

Pathway of anterolateral column: 1st, 2nd and 3rd order neurons?

1. Cell body located in dorsal root ganglia at all levels 2. Cell body in dorsal horn then it decussates and ascends contralaterally 3. Cell body in thalamus projects to somatosensory cortex of parietal lobe of ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere

Upper motor neuron of CST project from _________ _________ to ______ ________ ________ in _________ __________of spinal cord

1. Cerebral cortex 2. Lower motor neuron 3. anterior horn

Sympathetic pathways to thoracic organs? What are the effector sites?

1. Cervical ganglion of sympathetic trunk, in neck (T1-T6) 2. Heart and lung

Splanchnic nerves synapse on _____________ which then provide postganglionic fibers where?

1. Collateral ganglia 2. Innervates visceral organs in abdominopelvic cavity.

Superficial flexor and pronator muscles arise from _______ ______ _________ on the __________ ___________ of the humerus

1. Common flexor attachment 2. Medial epicondyle

What happens in transection of spinal cord?

1. Complete vs incomplete based on tracts comprimised

What structures get messed up with hyperflexion of the neck?

1. Compressed injury to cord 2. rupture of interspinous ligament 3. disruption of disk with forward dislocation 4. stretched ligaments 5. wedge fracture 6. Fractured pedicle and disruption of IS ligament 7. Rupture of disk with forward dislocation

Tension production in whole skeletal muscle can occur because motor units in a skeletal muscle contain what? What are they controlled by?

1. Contain hundreds of muscle fibers that contract at the same time 2. controlled by a single motor neuron

____________ reflex arcs occur on side opposite to stimulus. What is an example?

1. Contralateral reflex arcs 2. Crossed extensor reflex

What is the cerebellums role?

1. Coordination and controle of posture, balance and movement, & in planning(like precentral) & initiation of movement 2. Fine tuning of motion: proprioception, visual info from eyes, vestibular sensation from ears COP BM PIMP eyes and ears.

What tract is most important descending pathway for voluntary movement of body and limbs? What kind of movement specifically is this controlling?

1. Corticospinal tract 2. Fine motor activity; discrete, skilled movements, esp. distal parts of limbs. Fingers and hands

Hair follicle sensation, adaption rate and receptive field?

1. Crude touch, movement of hairs 2. Phasic - moderate 3. small

Axial compresion can cause what kind of damage?

1. Crushed vertebral body with cord compression 2. Compression fracture without cord compression

Parasympathetic division of ANS overall physiologic roles? What division is this found in?

1. Decreases metabolic rate and promotes digestion. controls during resting conditions."rest and digest". Concerned with conserving energy 2. Craniosacral division

Most motor pathways ________ along course and consist of _____-_____ neurons. They exhibit "somatotopy". What is this?

1. Decussate 2. 2-3 neurons (upper and lower) 3. Mapping of the body

The _______ fascia continous with the antebrachial fascia of the forearm. What is the central thickening called?

1. Deep 2. Palmar aponeurosis

What happens if you have a deficit in cerebellar function?

1. Deficiency in fine motor activity, coordination, & equilibrium 2. Inability to perform movements well

Muscles of the scapulohumeral region

1. Deltoid 2. Teres major 3. Rotator cuff: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, subscapularis

Excitatory synapses: Inflow of positive ions leads to __________ of the postsynaptic membrane. Drives postsynaptic neuron toward what?

1. Depolarization 2. Impulse generation

Autonomic control of bladder function: Detruser muscles, internal sphincter, external sphnicter control mechanisms

1. Detruser contracted: PSNS 2. Internal contracted: sympathetic 3. External contracted: voluntary.cvhhg

What are the bases of classifying nerve fibers?

1. Diameter & degree of myelination

What are the two pathways the basal nuclei uses? What do lesions here produce?

1. Direct pathways: promote movement 2. Indirect pathway: inhibits movement 3. Lesions produce abnormal movement and posture

What are the 4 main ascending pathways?

1. Dorsal column 2. Spinothalamic 3. Spinocerebellar(anterior and posterior) DSTSC

Innervation of the posterior shoulder is by what?

1. Dorsal scapular nerve

What is the action and innervation of pectoralis minor

1. Draws scapula downward, causing inferior angle to move posteromedially; rotates glenoid inferiorly. 2. Medial pectoral nerve (C8 - T1)

Triceps brachii action and innervation?

1. Elbow: extension of forearm. Shoulder: long head extension resists dislocation of humerus during adduction 2. Radial nerve

Bicep brachii action and innervation

1. Elbow: supination of forearm and flexion Shoulder: flexion, stabilization of humeral head 2. Musculocutaneous nerve

What are the two functional types of synapses?

1. Electrical: current from 1st cell excites 2nd cell via gap junctions 2. Chemical: current from 1st cell causes release of NT which then excites /inhibits 2nd cell via synaptic cleft.

Third-order neurons _______ ___________ info and ascend to the __________ ___________? Where are they located?

1. Encded sensory info and ascend to cerebral cortex 2. Located in thalamus

How does the ulnar enter the hand?

1. Enters with ulnar vessels, by passing superficial to the flexor retinaculum in the ulnar canal(between pisiform and hook of hamate)

What neuroglia in the CNS line central canal of the spinal cord & ventricles of brain? What does it regulate?

1. Ependymal cells 2. Production and flow of CSF

What causes BPI? What are the two symptoms a/w it?

1. Excessive increase in angulation b/w neck and shoulder 2. Waiters tip position and erb duchenne palsy.

Alpha 1 have what effect on target cell? How about alpha 2?

1. Excitatory 2. Inhibitory

What is the result from Na flowing into the cell? What are some of the excitatory NT?

1. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials 2. Glutamate and aspartate. Ach and NE may excite or inhibit depending on cell

5 steps of the contraction cycle

1. Exposure of active sites 2. Formation of cross-bridges 3. Pivoting of myosin heads 4. Detachment of cross-bridges 5. Reactivation of myosin

Where do denticulate ligaments extend from and to? What do they do?

1. Extend from pia mater to dura mater 2. Stabilize side to side movement

What is the action and innervation of Extensor Carpi ulnaris?

1. Extension and adduction of hand at carpal joint

What is the action and innervation of Extensor digiti minimi?

1. Extension of 5th digit primarly at MCP, secondarily at IP 2. Deep branch of radial nerve

What is the action and innervation of the extensor indicis?

1. Extension of digit 2; helps extend hand at wrist 2. Posterior interosseous nerve

What is the action and innervation of extensor pollicis longus?

1. Extension of distal phalanx of pollex at DIP and MCP and CMC joints 2. Posterior interosseous nerve

What is the action and innervation of the extensor digitorum?

1. Extension of medial 4 digits primarily at MCP secondarily at IPs 2. Deep branch of radial nerve

What is the action and innervation of extensor pollicis brevis?

1. Extension of proximal phalanx of pollex at MCP joint; extension at CMC joint 2. Posterior interosseous nerve

What in the posterior compartment of the forearm are considered superficial extensors of the forearm

1. Extensor carpi radialis longus 2. Extensor carpi radialis brevis 3. Extensor carpi ulnaris 4. Extensor digitorum 5. Extensor digiti minimi.

What in the posterior compartment of the forearm are considered deep extensors of the forearm?

1. Extensor indicis 2. Abductor pollicis longus 3. Extensor pollicis brevis 4. Extensor pollicis longus 5. Supinator

____________ are sensitive to stimuli arising from outside the body. What are the other two types and what do they do?

1. Exteroreceptors 2. Interoceptors: recv stim from internal viscera( GI, Resp, etc). Internal senses(taste, deep pressure pain) 3. Proprioceptors: monitor degree of stretch

Krause bulbs sensation, adaption rate and receptive field?

1. Fast vibration 2. Phasic - fast 3. Small

The velocity with which an action potental propagates along a membrane depends upon?

1. Fiber diameter and whether or not the fiber is myelinated.

Merkel discs sensation, adaption rate and receptive field?

1. Fine touch and pressure 2. Tonic 3. Small

Meissner corpuscle sensation, adaption rate and receptive field?

1. Fine touch, pressure, slow vibration 2. Phasic - moderate 3. Small

What is the action and innervation of the flexor carpi radialis?

1. Flexion and abduction of hand 2. median nerve

What is the action and innervation of flexor carpi ulnaris?

1. Flexion and adduction of hand(carpal joint) 2. Ulnar nerve

What is the action and innervation of the flexor digitorum profundus?

1. Flexion of distal phlanges of digits 4 & 5 at DIP Flexion of distal phlanges of digits 2 & 3 at DIPs Anterior interosseous nerve( from median nerve)

What is the action and innervation of flexor pollicis longus?

1. Flexion of phlanges of pollex 2. Anterior interosseous nerve (from median nerve)

The ulnar nerve supplies what muscles? What muscles does it travel through?

1. Flexor carpi ulnaris 2. FCU and FDP with the ulnar artery

What muscles of the anterior forearm are innervated by the ulnar nerve?

1. Flexor carpi ulnaris 2. Flexor digitorum profundus

What are the 3 muscles in the anterior forearm compartment that are innervated by the anterior interosseous nerve?

1. Flexor digitorum profunda 2. Flexor pollicis longus 3. Pronator quadratum

What in the anterior compartment of the forearm are considered deep flexors of the forearm?

1. Flexor digitorum profundus 2. Flexor pollicis longus 3. Pronator quadratus

The median nerve innervates what muscles in the anterior forearm?

1. Flexor digitorum profundus( AION) 2. Flexor pollicis longus (AION) 3. Pronator quadratum (AION) 4. Flexor carpi radialis 5. Flexor digitorum superficialis 6. Pronator teres 7. Palmaris longus

What in the anterior compartment of the forearm are considered intermediate flexors of the forearm?

1. Flexor digitorum superficialas

What is the only muscle in the intermediate muscle group of the anterior compartment of the forearm?

1. Flexor digitorum superficialis

What else is within the central compartment along with the lumbricals?

1. Flexor tendons and their synovial sheaths 2. Superficial palmar arterial arch 3. Digital vessels and nerves

Receptors a/w anterolateral column?

1. Free nerve endings 2. Fast (A-delta) & slow conducting pain

Information is conveyed by both the ________ and _________ of resulting signals

1. Frequency 2. Amplitude

What are the three pairs of columns or ___________ within the white column? Wher

1. Funiculi. Dorsal Lateral and anterior columns

Electrical synapses: Pre and post synaptic cells are connected by? How is second cell excited?

1. Gap junctions 2. CurrentC

Ascending pathways conduct what kind of impulses? What are the chains of neurons composed of?

1. General somatic sensory impulses 2. Chains of neurons composed of 1st 2nd 3rd and 4th order neurons

Actin looks like little pearls called _____ actin and a "string of pearls" is called ___________ actin

1. Globular 2. Filamentous

What are some excitatory neurotransmitter? What do they stimulate?

1. Glutamate & asparate 2. EPSPs

What are some inhibitory NT? What do they stimulate?

1. Glycine and GABA

Local potentials differ from AP's because they are(4). What is an example of two?

1. Graded 2. Decremental 3. Reversible 4. Excitatory or inhibitory -SA node reaching threshold by itself. Synaptic potentials (EPSPs and IPSPs)

Be able to draw the pathway of the flexor withdrawal. What group muscle afferent fibers? How does its arrangement synapsing on the cord look?

1. Groups II, III, IV fibers. 2. 3 synapses, 1 further synapsing to two seperate synapses. a) +⇨- b) +⇨+ c) +⇨+ ⇉ +⇨+ & +⇨-

What is the function of the fibrous digital sheath?

1. Hold tendons against the phalanges to prevent them from bowing during finger flexion.

The ulnar nerve innervates what muscles of the hand

1. Hypothenar muscles: Opponens digiti minimi, flexor digiti minimi brevis, Abductor digiti minimi 2. Thenar: Adductor pollicis 3. Other: Dorsal interosseus m. Lumbrical 3rd and 4th. Palmar interosseus m. Palmaris brevis

How does sarcomere length effect active tension?

1. If it is stretched it can then contract more

Where do the lower motor neuron cell bodies lie? Where do they synapse?

1. In a nucleus of the brain stem or spinal cord & axon extends outside of CNS 2. Innervates a single motor unit in a skeletal muscle causing muscle contraction.

Tension production in whole skeletal muscles use recruitment. Describe this.

1. In a whole muscle or group of muscles, smooth motion and increasing tension are produced by slsowly increasing the size or number of motor units stimulated.

____________ in the number of APs = _____________ increase perception of strength

1. Increase 2. Increase

Sympathetic division of ANS overall physiologic roles? What division is this found in?

1. Increased alertness, metabolic rate, and muscular abilities. "fight or flight". Kicks in only during exertion, stress, or emergency 2. Thoracodorsal region

Where does the brachial artery begin?

1. Inferior border of teres major as the distal continuation of the axillary artery

Postganglionic fibers provide sympathetic innervation to portions of large intestine, kidney, urinary bladder and sex organs. Where is it located?

1. Inferior mesenteric ganglion 2. T10-L2

What is result of Cl flowing into the cell or K leaving the cell? What are some inhibitory NT?

1. Inhibitor postsynaptic potentials 2. Glycine & GABA. ACh and norepinephrine may excite or inhibit depending upon cell.

Complete paralysis occurs how?

1. Injury above C6. All UL function is lost.

Cholinergic sympathetic terminals innervate what? what does this do?

1. Innervate sweat glands of skin and blood vessels of skeletal muscles and brain 2. stimulate sweat gland secretion and dilate blood vessels

What does the median nerve innervate?

1. Innervates all superficial and intermediate muscles o the anterior compartment of the forearm except for flexor carpi ulnaris

Levator scapulae innervation and actions?

1. Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve 2. Actions elevate scapula rotate scapula glenoid down

Group B nerve fibers are _________ diameter; _____________ myelinated and transmit _____________m/s. What is an example of this?

1. Intermediate, lightly, 15 2. Preganglionic fibers of ANS

Tension production in whole skeletal muscles depends on?(3)

1. Internal tension produced by muscle fibers 2. External tension exerted by muscle fibers on elastic extracellular fibers 3. total number of muscle fibers stimulated

The Dorsal ramus recieves input from ________ and ____________ of the back. What are each sensation associated with

1. Interoreceptors: 2. Exteroceptors: somatic. Proprioception 3. Interoceptors = Visceral and Exteroceptors = somatic

What is Horners syndrome? How does it present?

1. Interruption of sympathetic innervation to the eye 2. Ptosis, miosis, enopthalamos, decreased sweating PMEDS

In the palm of the hand, the ulnar nerve innervates all the ________ muscles of the hand not inervated by the median nerve. Its ___________ branch is cutaneous to the palmar surfaces of the medial _____ digits

1. Intrinsic 2. superficial 3. 1.5

Free nerve endings sensation, adaption rate and receptive field?

1. Itch, tickle, pain 2. Tonic or phasic 3. Large or small

Membrane is very permeable to what? Much less permeable to what? How does it compensate for this?

1. K+ 2. Na+ 3. Na/K ATPase

What is the Spinal Cord level of the lumbar plexus? What are the major nerve here?

1. L1 - L4 2. Femoral nerve and obturator nerve *draw this as well

What is the Spinal Cord level of the sacral plexus? What are the major nerve here?

1. L4-S4 2. Pudendal nerve and sciatic nerve -->Branches of sciatic nerve are fibular and tibial nerve *draw this too

The _________ the fiber diameter the faster the AP propagates. Why is this?

1. Larger 2.Because large fibers offer less resistance to local current

What are the three phases of tension production graphed out?

1. Latent period: before contraction but after stimulus: AP through SL. Ca released 2. Contraction phase: Ca ions bind, tension builds to peak 3. Relaxation phase: Ca levels fall, active sites are ccovered, tension falls to resting levels

(brachial plexus) The superior trunk becomes the _________ cord as the middle trunk becomes the ________ cord and the inferior trunk becomes the ___________ cord

1. Lateral 2. Posterior 3. Medial

Where doe s the musculocutaneous nerve come from? What does it do?

1. Lateral cord. (C5-C7) 2. Provides cutaneous distribution on lateral forearm.

What is the common extensor orgin? What is found here?

1. Lateral epicondyle of humerus 2. Extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris

What nerves are associated with the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?

1. Lateral pectoral nerve

Describe the arachnoid mater

1. Layer of simple squamous epithelium lining dura mater and loose mesh of fibers filled with CSF

Receptor potentials are ______ _________ & are ____________. _________Stimulus intensity = _________ receptor potential

1. Local potentials 2. Graded 3. Increase 4. Increase

What happens in an upper trunk injury?

1. Loss of most shoulder muscles and flexors of anterior compartment of arm.

Whhat is characteristic of parkinsons? When does it occur?

1. Loss of motor function, degeneration of dopamine releasing neurons. Involuntary muscle contractions. Pill rolling, facial rigidity, slurred speech, illegible handwriting, slow gait 2. 50s-60s

Lower trunk injury presents as?

1. Loss of some wrist flexors and all intrinsic hand muscles

Facillulus Gracillus picks up fibers from the? What about facicullus cuneatous?

1. Lower limb 2. Upper limb

Serratus anterior action and innervation

1. Lowers raised arm, draws scapula laterally forward; elevates ribs when shoulder is fixed 2. Long thoracic nerve C5-C7

Local electrical currents at nerve endings: How may receptor potentials be generated?

1. Mechanical deformation: of receptor opens ion channels 2. Chemical interaction: w/ membrane opens ion channels 3. Temperature change: alters permeability of membrane 4. Effects: of electromagnetic radiation 5. Depolarization: decreases potential across cell membrane due to opening of gated Na channels*** WTF?

What are 5 types os somatosensory receptors

1. Mechanoreceptors 2. Thermoreceptors 3. Nociceptors 4. Electromagnetic receptors 5. Chemoreceptors

Pectoralis major innervation and action?

1. Medial and lateral pectoral nerve (C5-T1) 2. Adduction, internal rotation; clavicular and sternocostal part: flexion; assist in respiration when shoulder fixed

The palmar aponeurosis has both a _______ __________ __________ ________ and a _______ __________ __________ ________ that extend deeply and function as what?

1. Medial fibrous intermuscular septum 2. Lateral fibrous intermuscular septum 3. Creates compartments of the palm

What nerves are associated with the medial cord?

1. Medial pectoral nerve 2. Medial cutaneous nerve of arm 3. Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm

Which nerve arises via contributions from both the lateral and medial cords?

1. Median nerve

Lumbricals 1 & 2 are innervated by the ___________ nerve. How about lumbricals 3 & 4? What do these muscles do?

1. Median nerve 2. Ulnar nerve 3. Flex MCP joint and extend IP joints

What is the Lateral CST function. What happens if it is "transected" above decussation? What about in the spinal cord?

1. Mediates voluntary skilled motor activity, mostly UL. Inhibits Babinski reflex 2. Contralateral spastic paresis & Babinskis sign 3. Ipsilateral spastic paresis and babinski sign

Astrocytes are ________ __________ neuroglia in CNS. They consist of proesses and tight junctions. What do they do? Where are they found? What other roles may they have?

1. Most abundant 2. Maintain appropriate chemical environment for neuronal signaling. 3. Found on BBB 4. Neural growth and memory maybe

Smooth muscle single unit is _______ common. It is ________ active. What are some examples?

1. Most common 2. Spontaneously 3. Bladder, GI, uterus, ureter

Filum terminale is what? What does it do?

1. Most inferior meningeal fiber, 2. Anchors spinal cord inferiorly to coccyx

Proximal branches of ventral root are the ________ __________ of spinal cord. Distal to that is the ventral ramus which innervates what?

1. Motor output of spinal cord 2. Ventral skin and muscles and limbs

What are the receptors called at cholinergic neuromuscular or glandular junctions(parasympathetic). What is the odd exception?

1. Muscarinic 2. Few cholinergic junctions are sympathetic(sweat)

4 things Lewis says is occurring during tetany

1. Muscle stimulated repeatedly 2. More Ca released from SR 3. Cumulative increase 4. Time for cross bridge cycling is extended

Patterns caused by lesions: Lower motor neuron

1. Muscle weakness 2. Atrophy 3. Fasciculations 4. Decreased reflexes 5. Decreased tone Remember this one and the UMN is the oppisite( with exception of muscle weakness ,posturing and + signs)

Myasthenia gravis signs and symptoms

1. Muscular weakness: worsen w/ exercise, better w/ rest. 2. Fatigue 3. Small ocular & facial muscles affected, proximal upper extremity sometimes 4. Disease spreads to upper extremities 5. Death via paralysis of resp muscles My Fat Face Spreads Death

Brachialis innervation and action

1. Musculocutaneous nerve 2. Flexion of forearm

Coracobrachialis innervation and action

1. Musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6, C7) 2. flexion, adduction of arm

________ _____ innervates all muscles of anterior arm. It is considered a terminal branch of what cord? What muscle does it pierce?

1. Musculocutaneous nerve(C5-C7) 2. Terminal branch of Lateral cord 3. Pierces the corachobrachialis

Thick filaments are composed of? How many heads are there? How many polypeptide chains are there?How do you distinguish between the types of chains?

1. Myosin 2. 2 heads 3. 6 polypeptide chains 4. 1 pair of heavy chains, 2 pairs of light chains

Thick filaments are ________ and thin filaments are __________

1. Myosin 2. Actin

Grey matter is primarily composed of what? What does the grey matter surround?

1. Neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons. 2. surrounds white matter of CNS in cerebellum and cortex

Sympathetic stimulation of nitroxidergic synapses innervates what? What is the neurotransmitter? What is the clinical effect?

1. Neurons innervate smooth muscles in walls of blood vessels in skeletal muscles and the brain 2. NO 3. Produce vasodilation and increase blood flow

Radial nerve supplies _____ muscles in the hand. What supplies skin on the lateral side of the dorsum of the hand and a small portion of the thenar eminence?

1. No muscles of the hand 2. Superficial radial

What kind of receptors do sympathetic poststynaptic nerve endings act on? What about parasympathetic?

1. Noradrenergic and some muscarinergic 2. Muscarinergic

What is muscle tone defined as? Increasing muscle tone increases what?

1. Normal tension and firmness of a muscle at rest 2. Increases metabolic energy used, even at rest

What make the myelin sheath in the CNS? How about the PNS? What is made up of myelin

1. Oligodendrocytes 2. Schwann cells in PNS 3. 20% & 80% lipid

What neuroglia in the CNS produces myelin sheaths?

1. Oligodendrocytes.

Somatic nervous system operates under __________ _____________. How does it affect long term survival? What does it control

1. Operates under concious control 2. Seldom affects long term survival 3. Controls skeletal muscles

What are the hypothenar muscles?

1. Opponens digiti 2. Abductor digiti minimi 3. Flexor digiti minimi brevis

Receptors of dorsal column?

1. Pacinian and meissners tactile corpuscles 2. Joint receptors 3. muscle spindles 4. golgi tendon organs

Function of antereolateral(spinothalamic) column? What receptors are associated with spinothalamic tract?

1. Pain and temperature and light touch 2. Free nerve endings, A delta fibers and C fibers. SPTLT

The ________ ______________ continues with the flexor retinaculum and if present, the tendon of palmaris longus muscle

1. Palmar aponeurosis

Prior to entering the carpal tunnel the median nerve gives off what branch? What does this innervate? Once it is in the palm what does the median nerve do?

1. Palmar cutaneous branch 2. Innervates skin of the center of palm 3. Gives off recurrent branch which supplies the thenar eminence muscles(except adductor pollicis). Branches to first 2 lumbricals. Cutanous branches to the skin on the palmar surfaces of the first 3.5 digits

How may autonomic hyperreflexia(dysreflexia) present?

1. Paroxysmal HTN ( up to 300mmHg) pounding headache, blurred vision, sweating above level of lesion, nasal congestion, nausea, piloerection/pilomotor spasm, bradycardia

Describe the course of the ulnar nerve

1. Passes posterior to the medial epicondyle of the humerus and enters the forearm by passing through the cubital tunnel 2. Between the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle and the flexor digitorum profunda

What are the muscles of the anterior thoracoappendicular?

1. Pectoralis major 2. Pectoralis minor 3. Subclavius 4. Serratus anterior

Lower motor neurons project via __________ ___________ to _________ __________

1. Peripheral nerves 2. Skeletal muscle

What happens in laceration of spinal cord?

1. Permanent loss if spinal tracts disrupted

Sarcoleme is the ________ __________ around the muscle cells

1. Plasma membrane

Primary somatosensory cortex is located where?What is it involved in?

1. Postcentral gyrus 2. Conscious awareness of general somatic senses and spatial discrimination

What is the primary source of blood for the posterior forearm?

1. Posterior interosseous artery

Sympathetic _________ neurons that release NE are called? What if they release ACh?

1. Postganglionic 2. Adrenergic 3. Cholinergic

How do we get postsynaptic sympathetic axons to the rami of spinal nerves superior to T1 and inferior to L2?

1. Postsynaptic sympathetic axons travel with dorsal and ventral rami of spinal nerves in order to reach their targets in the body wall (glands, arrector pili muscles, smooth muscles in vessels)

How are the descending, sigmoid and rectum innervated?

1. Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons 2. Travel with spinal nerves from S2-S4 and pass through the pelvic plexus to reach target organs

In the pelvis _______ ______________ neurons are located in the lateral horn of the spinal cord. Where do their axons travel with spinal nerves?

1. Preganglionic parasympathetic neurons 2. Travel with spinal nerves from S2-S4 and pass through the pelvic plexus to reach target organs

Somatic Motor control: intention to contract a muscle and planning of movements begins where?

1. Premotor(association ) cortex of frontal lobes

What are first order neurons? Where are their cell bodies?

1. Primary afferent neurons that receive the transduced signal and send info to CNS 2. Cell bodies in DRG

2 types of active transport

1. Primary: energy derived from breakdown of ATP 2. Secondary: co transport or counter transport

What does the brachial artery give off?

1. Profunda brachii a. (deep artery of the arm), which supplies the posterior arm w/ radial nerve 2. Collateral branches that surround elbow 3. Brachial artery continues distally, traveling through the cubital foss and terminates at the level of the radial head, where it bifuractes into the radial and ulnar arteries.

What is the action and innervation of the pronator teres?

1. Pronation and flexion of forearm 2. Median nerve

What is the action and innervation of the pronator quadratus?

1. Pronation of forearm; deep fibers bind radius and ulna together 2. Anterior interosseous nerve(from median nerve)

What in the anterior compartment of the forearm are considered superficial flexors of the forearm

1. Pronator teres 2. Flexor carpi radialis 3. Palmaris longus 4. Flexor carpi ulnaris

All muscles in the superficial muscle group are innervated by ________ except what? What is the exception innervated by?

1. Pronator teres, flexor carpi radialis, palmaris longus are all innervated by the median nerve 2. Flexor carpi ulnaris is innervated by the ulnar nerve

What is the function of spinal meninges?

1. Protect spinal cord 2. carry blood supply 3. Continous with cranial meninges.

Precentral gyrus relays signals to spinal cord and _________ __________ called upper motor neurons. These supply muscles on the ___________ side.

1. Pyramidal cells 2. Contralateral side

Know the ionic basis of action potential. When does the AP resting membrane potential and nadir? When does it peak? How do potassium and sodium line up against the AP?

1. RMP is -70mV. Nadir is ~ 2.0 milliseconds nadir @ - 85mV 2. ~1.0 milliseconds peak @ ~ +30mV 3. Na peaks ~10mV @ 0.8 sec and RMP @ 1.2, K starts when Na Peaks and then peaks when sodium is at RMP. K is at RMP a littl ebit before AP is repolarized.

Aconeus innervation and action?

1. Radial nerve 2. Extends the forearm and stabilizes the joint

Which is lateral in the anatomical position: radius or ulna?

1. Radius.

Tension production in whole skeletal muscles can reach maximum tension. When is this reached? How long does it last?

1. Reached when all motor units are reach tetanus 2. Very short time

An area of the body that when stimulated changes the firing rate of a sensory neuron? What kinds are there?

1. Receptive field 2. Excitatory and Inhibitory

What factors affect perception?

1. Receptor adaption and afferent processing 2. Emotions and experiences 3. Not all stimuli give rise to a conscious sensation 4. Lack of receptors for certain stimuli 5. Damaged neural pathways 6. drugs 7. Mental illness

What are the components of the somatosensory system?(4)

1. Receptors 2. Fiber type (axons) 3. receptive field 4. Ascending tracts: dorsal and antereolateral

The thenar muscles are supplied by what branch of the median nerve?

1. Recurrent branch of median nerve.

What are second order neurons? Where are they located? What is something special about these bad boys?

1. Recv info from one or more primary afferent neurons in relay nuclei and transmit to thalamus 2. Located in spinal cord or brain stem 3. They may cross midline before ascending to thalamus

What is peripheral neuropathy? What are some causes and s/s?

1. Regional loss of sensory or motor function 2. Pain, numbness in hands and feet, tingling or burning 3. Caused by trauma, compression, infection, metabolic problems and expsure to toxins

Describe the 4 steps as to how a action potential travels down the axon (not between synapses)

1. Resting membrane 2. Depolarization and generation of the nerve impulse 3. Propagation of the nerve impulse 4. Repolarization

Describe the propagation of action potential

1. Resting membrane 2. Depolarization and generation of nerve impulses 3. Propagation of the nerve fibers 4. Repolarized

Rhomboideus minor actions and innervations?

1. Retracts scapula, rotates scapula glenoid down, hold scapula to thoracic wall 2. Innervation: dorsal scapular nerve.

Ipsilateral reflex arcs occur on _______ _______. What are some examples?

1. Same Side. 2. Stretch, tendon and withdrawal reflex

Proximal carpal bones

1. Scaphoid: near styloid process 2. Lunate: medial to scaphoid 3. Triquetrum: medial to lunate bone 4. Pisiform: anterior to triqutrum

What neuroglia in the PNS produce myelin?

1. Schwann cells

Structure of sensory neuron vs motor neuron

1. Sensory = Unipolar 2. Motor = Multipolar

2 types of diffusion transport

1. Simple: kinetic movement of molecules/ions occurs through membrane opening or via intermolecular spaces w/o interaction w/ carrier proteins in membrane 2. Facilitated: requires interaction of carrier protein to facilitate diffusion of substance to other side.

What does a sensory unit consist of?

1. Single afferent neuron: neuron with all its receptor endings 2. Receptive field: area of body that leads to activity in particular afferent neuron when stimulated.

What is Temporal summation? How does it compare to spatial summation?

1. Single synapse receives many EPSPs in short time 2. Single synapse recieves many EPSPs from many cells

__________ receptive fields permit high resolution of spatial detail. What enhances discrimination?

1. Small 2. Lateral innhibition

What is a graded potential? What are some examples of graded potentials?

1. Small changes in membrane potential that are confined to a relatively small region of the plasma membrane 2. Receptor, synaptic or pacemaker potential.

Microglia are the __________ & _______ _________. They are the specialized what of the CNS?

1. Smallest and least abundant. 2. Specialized macrophage of the CNS

Group C nerve fibers are ____________ diameter. Regarding myelin, they have ____________. Regarding their rate of transmission, it is ___________. What are some examples?

1. Smallest, none, slow 2. Pain, temperature, touch, itch (contrasts chart, writen in ppt. #42)

The dorsal ramus contains ________ & _________ ______ __________that innervate the back. The ventral ramus innervates what?

1. Somactic and visceral motor fibers that innervate the back 2. Innervates venterolateral structures and limbs

How does the ANS differ from the somatic motor system?

1. Somatic motor system: one motor neuron extends from the CNS to skeletal muscle. axons are well myelinated, conduct impulses rapidly 2. Autonomic nervous system: chain of two motor neurons. Pre and post ganglionic. Conduction is slower d/t thin myelinated or unmylinated axons.

What are the areas the somatosensory area I control and the somatosensory area II control?

1. Somatosensory I: Thigh, intraabdominal, thorax, shoulder, neck, hand, fingers, tongue, 2. Somatosensory II: Leg, arm, face

Trapezius action and innervation?

1. Spinal accessory 2. Elevates, retracts depresses scapula, rotates scapula glenoid up

What do the basal nuclei receive input from? What is its role in motor control?

1. Spinal cord 2. Regulates motor activity to produce smooth movement and maintain posture

What kind of structures are messed up in hyperextension injuries?

1. Spinal cord compression 2. IV discs disruption 3. Ligament compression

What is the action and innervation of pectoralis minor?

1. Steadies the clavicle in the sternoclavicular joint 2. Medial pectoral nerve

Ruffini endings sensation, adaption rate and receptive field?

1. Stretching of skin, deep pressure 2. Tonic 3. Large

What is horners syndrome a symptom of?

1. Stroke 2. Tumor 3. SCI

Steps of vasoconstriction?

1. Strong sympathetic tone 2. Smooth muscle contraction 3. Vasoconstriction

Mast cells secrete histamine when stimulated by what?

1. Substance P

The __________ fascia consists primarily of fat containing _________ vessels and _______ nerve. What part of the hypothenar eminence does it contain?

1. Superficial 2. Superficial vessels 3. Cutaneous nerve 4. Palmaris brevis

Sympathetic pathways to the head? What is its effector site?

1. Superior cervical ganglion in neck(T1-T4) 2. Salivary gland in mouth

Postganglionic fibers innervate small intestine and proximal 2/3 of large intestine. Where is it located

1. Superior mesenteric ganglion 2. T5-L2 3. inhibits activity of muscles and glands in visceral organs

What nerves are associated with the posterior cord?

1. Superior subscapular N. 2. Thoracodorsal n. 3. Inferior subscapular nerve.

What is within the 1st part of the axillary artery?

1. Superior thoracic artery

What is the action and innervation of the supinator?

1. Supination of forearm; rotation of radius to turn palm anteriorly or superiorly 2. Deep radial nerve

The deep radial nerve pierces what muscle? What does it emerge distally as?

1. Supinator 2. Posterior interosseous nerve.

All of the muscles of the rotator cuff are innervated by the ___________ _________ except which 2? What is it innervated by?

1. Suprascapular nerve 2. Teres Minor and Subscapularis 3. Axillary nerve and subscpular nerve

What are the muscles of the rotator cuff? What are they innervated by?

1. Supraspinatus: suprascapular nerve 2. Infraspinatus: suprascapular nerve 3. Teres Minor: Axillary nerve 4. Subscapularis: subscapular nerve

What is the receptor field size where 2 point discrimination is lost for the tongue, lips back of hands and feet, and the general body surface?

1. Surface of tongue: 1mm 2. 2-3mm 3. Back of hands and feet 3-5mm 4. General body surface: 4-7

Autonomic control of sexual function in the human male

1. Sympathetic comes from inferior mesenteric and pelvic ganglia 2. Parasympathetic from sacral spinal cord

What secretes synovial fluid? What is nourished by synovial fluid? When is this useful?

1. Synovium 2. Hyaline cartilage is nourished by it 3. During momentarily compresseion and release during joint movement

Autonomic hyperreflexia(dysreflexia) most likely affects lesion at what level of cord? What may it cause above injury? Below injury?

1. T6 or above 2. Vasodilation above injury 3. Vasoconstriction below injury.

Funciton of dorsal column?

1. Tactile discrimination(touch, vibration, pressure) 2. Form recognition 3. Joint/muscle sensation(conscious proprioception)

What is the medullary cone? Where is the cauda equinae located?

1. Tapered tip of cord 2. L2-S5 nerve roots resemble horses tail "Cauda" = 2 syllables Cauda equina = 5 syllables L2-S5

Where does the special sense of taste project to? What about smell? Vision? Hearing? equilibrium?

1. Taste: Lower end of postcentral gyrus "Taste this postcentral gyrus" 2. Smell: Medial temporal lobe & inferior frontal lobe "Smell the medium rare tempe in front of the lobe" 3. Vision: Occipital lobe 4. Hearing: superior temporal lobe "Supersonic waves are temporarily heard" 5. Equilibrium: Cerebellum & lateral & central sulcus(via thalmus)

What happens in cord concussion?

1. Temporary disruption of cord mediated functions

The radial nerve is a _____________ ____________ off the posterior cord. How does it enter the posterior arm?

1. Terminal branch 2. Passes through the triangular interval(inferior to teres major; lateral to the logn head of triceps) with the profunda brachii vessels (deep artery and vein of the arm). This neurovascular bundle lies directly on the humeral shaft and spirals around the bone to reach the groove between brachialis and brachioradialis where it will divide into deep and superficial radial nerves.

What is contained within the carpal tunnel?

1. The median nerve 2. Tendon flexor pollicis longus 3. Superficial and deep flexors of the digits.

Tension of a single muscle fiber depends on

1. The number of pivoting cross-bridges 2. The fiber's resting length at the time of stimulation 3. The frequency of stimulation

What is within the 2nd part of the axillary artery?

1. Thoracoacromial 2. Lateral thoracic

Latissimus dorsi innervation and actions

1. Thoracodorsal nerve 2. Extends, adducts & medially rotates humerus at glenohumeral joint

Describe the dura mater

1. Tough collagenous membrane surrounded by epidural space filled with fat and blood vessels.

What are the two thickenings of the antebrachial fascia at the wrist?

1. Transverse palmar ligament and more distal is the flexor retinaculum.

Distal carpal bones

1. Trapezium: lateral 2. Trapezoid: medial to trapezium 3. Capitate: largest 4. Hamate: medial, distal

What are the muscles of the posterior thoracoappendicular

1. Trapezius 2. Latissimus dorsi 3. Rhomboideus major 4. Rhomboideus minor

What are the posterior thoracoappendicular muscles?

1. Trapezius 2. Levator Scapulae 3. Latissimus dorsi 4. Rhomboideus minor 5. Rhomboideus Major

Describe the course of the median nerve.

1. Travels through the arm with the brachial artery and enters the cubital fossa on its medial side. It exits the cubital fossa by passing between the two heads of the pronator teres muscle and travels in the forearm between intermediate and deep muscle layers.

How does the ulnar artery travel throughout the forearm?

1. Travels with the median nerve between the 2 heads of the FDS muscle then moves medially to travel with the ulnar nerve. 2. Travels with the ulnar nerve lateral to the tendon of the FCU 3. Runs superficial to the flexor retinaculum to reach the palmar surface of the hand 4. Branches into common interosseous artery which bifurcates to anterior and posterior interosseous.

Regarding muscle contraction, ___________ binds calcium ___________ pulls on _________exposes the __________ _____________ _________

1. Troponin C 2. Troponin T 3. Tropomyosin 4.. Active binding site

ANS has ________ motor neurons from CNS to effectors. What are they and where are they located?

1. Two 2. Presynaptic neuron in CNS. Postsynaptic neuron cell body in peripheral ganglion

What is the glenohumeral joint covered by?

1. Two layers of muscle, deltoid superficially and the rotator cuff deep to it

Important characteristics of stimuli include?(3)

1. Type 2. Location 3. Intensity

Action potential generated from a stimulus depends on what three stimulus factors?

1. Type: temperature, pressure, sound, light 2.Intensity: larger str = more frequency APs 3.Location: some areas can discriminate

The ulnar nerve enters the hand throught the ________ _________. Before it does this it gives off what two branches? What do these provide innervation to?

1. Ulnar canal 2. Palmar cutaneous branch: provides innervation to the skin of the medial side of the palm 3. Dorsal cutaneous branch which provides cutaneous innervation to the skin of the medial side of the dorsum of the hand.

The ulnar nerve innervates what muscles?

1. Ulnar half of flexor digitorum profundus 2. Flexor carpi ulnaris.

What is the terminal branch of the medial cord?

1. Ulnar nerve (C7/8 - T1)

Autonomic hyperreflexia(dysreflexia) has ___________ __________ ______________ to stimulation of the SNS

1. Uncompensated cardiovascular response

What are the two branches of the spinal nerves and does each contain?

1. Ventral root: contains axons of motor neurons 2. Dorsal root: contains axons of sensory neurons

How is is pain stimulation dissipated throughout the brain? Where do fast pain fibers travel? Where does it send slow pain fibers?

1. Via the Thalamus 2. Most go to the reticular formation(85%) and some to the somatosensory areas of brain 3. Intralaminar nuclei

Where do autonomic neurons originate and what do they become? Where do they synapse? What synapses on visceral effectors?

1. Visceral motor nuclei in hypothalamus becomes preganglionic neuron 2. Autonomic ganglia 3. Ganglionic neurons

Types of ion channels(2) and function?

1. Voltage gated: Gating responds to electrical potential across cell membrane 2. Chemical gated: - gates opened by ligand w/ protein. a. extracellular ligand gated: b. intracellular ligand gated: often activated by g protein coupled receptors

Steps of vasodilation?

1. Weaker sympathetic tone 2. Smooth muscle relaxation 3. Blood pressure dilates vessel

Regarding the structure of a long bone what is the metaphysis

1. Where diaphysis & epiphysis meet

Regarding the structure of a long bone what is the epiphysis

1. Wide part at each end 2. Articulation with other bones 3. Mostly spongy(cancellous) bone 4. Covered with compact bone

Neuronal divergence produces? How many postganglionic does 1 PSNS preganglionic neuron provide? How about SNS? What is the difference in response

1. Widespread effect on multiple organs 2. 1:10-100 3. 1:100-1000 4. PSNS is slow precise control, SNS is rapid massive coordinated

Autonomic nervous system operates ________ ______ ____________. What does it control?

1. Without conscious instruction 2. Visceral effectors

What is the interosseous membrane?

1. a fibrous sheet b/w radius and ulna. Connects lateral margin of ulnar shaft to radius.

What are some bony features of the scapula?

1. acromion 2. Suprascapular notch 3. supraspinous fossa 4. Spine 5. Infrasinous fossa 6. supraglenoid tubercle 7. glenoid fossa/cavity 8. infraglenoid tubercle 9. Coracoid process 10. subscapular fossa 11. med/lateral borders

What are the 4 different structural classification of neurons? What, if any do they function as?

1. anaxonic 2. bipolar: special senses 3. unipolar: sensory 4. multipolar: motor

White matter is composed of what?

1. axons passing between specific regions of the CNS and Myelinated axons

A nerve is composed of what?

1. bundle of many nerve fibers may or may not be covered in meylin 2. Protective CT coverings (epineurium,perineurium and endoneurium) 3. associated vasculature

What happens in cord compression?

1. causes ischemia to tissues; must decompress to prevent permanent damage

Sends postganglionic fibers that innervate stomach liver, gallbladder, pancreas and spleen. Where is it located? What is a function of this?

1. celiac ganglion 2. T5-L2 3. inhibits activity of muscles and glands in visceral organs

What are the 4 major plexuses of ventral rami?

1. cervical plexus 2. brachial plexus 3. lumbar plexus 4. sacral plexus

What are 3 kinds of synapses w/ diff. modes of action?

1. excitatory cholinergic synapse (ACh) 2. Inhibitory GABAergic synapse = GABA 3. Excitatory adrenergic synapse = NE

What is the action and innervation of the palmaris longus?

1. flexion of hand (carpal joint) and tenses palmar aponeurosis. 2. Median nerve

G proteins effects are ______________ __________ than nicotinic receptors. Are they excitatory or inhibitory? What do they effect?

1. longer lasting 2. Can be both 3. Smooth muscle contraction of gut and reduction of heart

Patterns caused by lesions: Upper Motor neuron

1. muscle weakness 2. No muscle atrophy ( or mild) 3. No fasiculations 4. Combination of increased tone and hyperreflexia = spasticity 5. + babinskis 6. + hoffmans sign 7. Posturing +: babinski, Hoffman, weakness, reflex, posturing -: atrophy and fasciculations

Inhibitory synapses: The inside becomes more _________. Leads to _____________ of postsynaptic membrane. __________ ability of postsynaptic neuron to generate and action potential.

1. negative 2. Hyperpolarization 3. Reduces

Where is your axillary nerve in relation to the axillary artery?

1. posterior

Pacinian corpuscle sensation, adaption rate and receptive field?

1. pressure, fast vibration, tickling 2. Phasic - fastest 3. Large

What are the borders of the cubital fossa?

1. pronator teres(medial border) 2. brachioradialis (lateral border

Classification of pain

1. somatic 2. Superficial(cutaneous) 3. Deep (from muscles, tendons joints and fascia) 4. Visceral(arising from parietal peritoneum or viscera itself)

What are 3 spinal cord reflexes?

1. stretch reflex 2. Golgi tendon reflex 3. Withdrawal reflexes

What are the trunks of the brachial plexus?

1. superior 2. middle 3. inferior

The __________ artery enters the hand _____________ to the flexor retinaculum, just lateral to the __________ bone. What does it give off?

1. ulnar 2. Anterior 3. pisiform 4. Gives off deep palmar branches and continus on the palm as the superficial palmar arterial arch

Shingles is caused by? When does it occur?

1. varicella zoster virus 2. After age 50

Draw the AP graph that regards ion flow. Where is RMP? Where is K equilibrium? Where is abs refractory peroid.

1. ~70mV 2. ~ 85mV

Myasthenia gravis treatment

1.Anti-AchE, prednisone, plasmapheresis, thymectomy

What is electrical potential vs electrical current?

1.Potential: different concentrations of charged particles in different parts of the cell 2. Current: flow of charged particles from one point to another within the cell.

What must be reached in order to generate an AP? What pharase do we use to describe the response an action potential has? Does an AP lose energy as it propagates?

1.Threshold potential 2. All or none 3. No-Nondecremental

What are some of the functions of the upper limb vs lower limb

1.Upper: Manipulation of objects; communication 2. Lower: support, conform to uneven ground. Locomotion

Location of 1st, 2nd and 3rd order neuron of dorsal column?

1st: cell body located in dorsal root ganglia at all levels 2nd: cell body in medulla 3rd order: cell body in thalamus, projects to somatosensory cortext of parietal lobe of ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere

When the CST descends it descends to the opposite side controlling movement on the contralateral side of the body. Where does it decussate?

@ pyramidis of medulla

What is the ascending pathway?

A chain of three or more neurons that form afferent sensory transmission to the CNS

Spinal shock is a complete loss of reflex function where?

A complete loss of reflex function in skeletal muscles, bladder, bowel, sexual function and automic control below the level of the lesion

Know the major groups of types of NTs

AA: GAGG Purines: ATP Biogenic Amines: DEN --Indoleamine: serotonin --Imidazoleamine: Histamine Peptide NTs: Methionine enkephalines

During this refractory period no matter how strong the stimulus, it will not produce additional AP

Absolutev

Describe referred pain. Draw where it exists.

An example of how overlapping connections can confuse sensation interpretation.

Processing of afferent info does not end in the primary cortical receiving areas, but continues from these areas to where?

Association areas in the cerebral cortex where complex integration occurs

What Beta receptors are involved in glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis and thickened salivary secretions?

B2

Location of dorsal column?

Between dorsal median sulcus & dorsal horn

How can one determine the integrity of the musculocutaneous nerve?

Biceps reflex

What artery supplies the anterior upper arm?

Brachial artery

What is the "White column"?

Bundles of myelinated axons that carry signals up and down to and from brainstem

Spinal cord is a component of the _____ while the spinal nerves are part of the ______

CNS; PNS

Control of autonomic function communication at subconscious level?

Cerebral cortex and limbic lobe

How does an ulnar nerve injury present?

Clas hand and positive froment sign

____________ is the conversion of a stimulus into a signal that is conveyed to the CNS

Coding

From where does the posterior interosseous artery arise from?

Common interosseous artery in the anterior compartment of the forearm

If there is a lesion in the primary somatosensory cortext where is the deficit?

Contralateral

Dorsal column: Spinal cord transection above sensory decussation results in?

Contralateral loss of dorsal column modalities. In the spinal cord, loss of dorsal column modalities

Anterolateral system: spinal cord transection causes what?

Contralateral loss of pain and temp below the lesion

When the forearm is flexed what happens?

Coronoid process enters coronoid fossa

Where does the parasympathetic divison originate?

Craniosacral outflow 3, 7 9 and 10. S2 S3 S4

Common regions of referred pain?

D: C3-4 H: T1-4 S:T6-9 G: T7-8 D: T9-10 A: T10 L: T11-L2 Rec: S2-S4 Rep: T10-T12 kideny: L1-L2

How does parasympathetic effect HR?

Decreases it by releaing ACh onto postganglionic fibers

Inward current reflects what kind of receptor potential?

Depolarizing

The hand anatomy

Distal phaalanges intermediate phalanges proximal phalanges Metacarpals

What is Autonomic hyperreflexia(dysreflexia) often associated with?

Distended bladder or rectum

Superficial veins of the upper limb: trace median cubital vein to axillary vein

Doesnt really "run". Communicates basilic to cephalic vein

Draw the freaking brachial plexus

Don't skip this...fool.

Superficial veins of the upper limb: trace basilic vein to axillary vein

Dorsum of the hand⇨basilic vein⇨pierces brachial fascia⇨axillary vein

____________ serve to bring membrane potential closer to threshold for generating an AP

ESPS

What does the vagus do in the abdomen?

Enters the periaortic plexus where fibers pass through the ganglia without synapsing and reach target organs by following along the arteries.

Lateral inhibition makes ____________ __________ possible because it removes the information from the peripheral regions

Exact localization

What holds posterior compartment tendons in place?

Extensor retinaculum

Follow up w/ Lewis regarding extensor expansion. Do we need to know all the tendons? Vinculum breve, longum, etc...

F this

Most tendons are held in place by?

Fascial thickenings

Once the eight tendons of FDP and FDS reach the palmar surface they enter what sheath?

Fibrous digital sheath

Dorsal column (medial lemiscal) detects what?

Fine touch (highly localized) pressure, proprioception Finally Have Lost Pro-racist President

Dorsal column(medial Lemiscal) sensory pathway transmit what somatic signals

Fine touch(highly localized), Pressure, Proprioception FPP

Actions of lumbricals and interossei

Flexion of the MCP joints and extension of the DIP and PIP joints

What forms the carpal tunnel roof?

Flexor retinaculum

Superficial veins of the upper limb: trace cephalic vein to axillary vein

From dorsal venous arch⇨Cephalic v.⇨cubital fossa⇨deltopectoral triangle⇨axillary vein

Current flows between cells via ________ ___________

Gap junctions

Nodes of ranvier are what?

Gaps along axons

What group of nerve fibers are largest in diameter; heavily myelinated and transmit very fast?

Group A

Median nerve injury presents as?

Hand of benediction. Flexion of fourth and fifth digits

How are spinal reflexes inhibited?

Higher centers inhibit reflexes by: 1. Stimulating inhibitory neurons 2. Creating IPSPs at reflex motor neurons 3. Suppressing postsynaptic neurons

How are spinal reflexes reinforced?

Higher centers reinforce spinal reflexes by: 1. By stimulating excitatory neurons in brain stem or spinal cord 2. Creating EPSPs at reflex motor neurons 3. Facilitating postsynaptic neurons

what causes Raynauds?

Hyperactivation of sympathetic NS

_________ make cells membrane potential more negative, making it harder to generate and AP

ISPS

What compartment and function is this? What layer? 1. Flexor digitorum superficialas

In the anterior compartment of the forearm and are considered intermediate flexor of the forearm

What compartment and function is this? What layer? 1. Pronator teres 2. Flexor carpi radialis 3. Palmaris longus 4. Flexor carpi ulnaris

In the anterior compartment of the forearm are considered superficial flexors of the forearm

How does sympathetic effect HR?

Increases it. Varicosities release NE

Gray matter is the region of ____________ and command initiation

Integration

Where do the slow pain fibers travel?

Intralaminar nuclei

Location of antereolateral column?

Lateral & ventral to ventral horn

Where do presynaptic cell bodies lie on the sympathetic trunk?

Lateral horns of the T1 - L2 spinal cord segments

Info from afferent neurons whos receptors are at the edge of a stimulus is strongly inhibited compared to info from the sitmulus center. What is this referring to?

Lateral inhibition

__________________ ____________ enhances the contrast between the center and periphery of a sitmulated region, thereby increasing the brains abiity to localize a sensory input

Lateral inhibition

Local potentials vs APs

Local potentials are graded, decremental, reversible, can either be excitatory(depolarize) or inhibitory(hyperpolarize)

Development of lower limb vs upper limb

Lower limb undergoes medial internal rotation Upper limb undergoes lateral rotation

What nerve is this

Lumbosacral trunk

What nerve injury causes loss of flexion in digits 1-3?

Median nerve injury

Snesory signals can be _________ before they go up to the brain

Modified

What are some examples of proprioception in the MSK system?

Monitoring stretch: 1. Muscle spindles: measure the changing length of a muscle. embedded in perimysium b/w muscle fasicles 2. Golgi tendon organs: located near the muscle tendon junction. Monitor tension within tendons 3. Joint kinesthetic receptors: sensory nerve endings within joint capsules

Muscle fibers are ______ cells

Multinucleated cells

What happens when troponin T exposes the active binding site?

Myosin head binds to it and cross bridge formation occurs

Neuroglia vs neurons

Neurons: are excitable and transmit electrical signals Neuroglia: non excitable, support, protect, nourish. Outnumber neurons 10:1. Surround and wrap neurons. Can divide throughout life. Make up 1/2 the mass of the brain. v

What are on the surface of ganglion cells(sympathetic and parasympathetic)?. Exposure to _______ causes excitation of ganglionic neuron or muscle fiber.

Nicotinic receptors. ACh.

Radial nerve injury results in what defects in the forearm?

No elbow, wrist, finger and thumb extension

Gaps along axon are called?

Nodes of Ranvier

Autonomic control of CV function?

Nucleus of solitary tract

What happens with the olecranon when the forearm is extended?

Olecranon enters olecranon fossa

Pathogenesis of spinal cord trauma

PHELEM CP

What is the action of the Flexor digitorum superficialis? What is its innervation

PIPs: flexion of middle phlanges of middle 4 digits MCPs: flexion of proximal phlanges of middle 4 digits 2.Median nerve

Monitoring functions and sensation of fullness is carried by?

PSNS

What are some mechanoreceptors?

Pacinian corpuscles, joint receptors, stretch receptors in muscle, hair cells in auditory vestibular systems, baroreceptors

Anterior cord syndrome

Pain and temperature sense loss Motor loss

Nociceptors are what kind of receptors?

Pain receptors

Anterolateral system sensory pathway transmit what somatic signals?

Pain, Temperature, Light touch (crude, poorly localized) Payment Then Lets talk

Antereolateral system(spinothalamic) sends what signals to the brain?

Pain, temperature, light touch(crude, poorly localized) SPTL Tract PTLT: Pain Temp Light Touch.

The tendon of the _____ _________ runs superficial to the flexor retinaculum and often blends with the transverse palmar ligament before becoming continous with the palmar fascia

Palmaris longus

Chronic and progressive deginerative disease of brain that impairs motor control, speech and other functions

Parkinsons

What is a myotome

Portion of skeletal muscle innervated by a single spinal nerve or spinal cord level -also has overlap

_____________ ____________ supplies the posterior compartment of the arm (blood supply)

Profunda brachii

Spinocerebelar system sends what signals to the brain?

Proprioception for skeletal muscles, tendons, joints.

What is the primary source to the deep palmar arterial arch?

Radial artery

Articulations are on the ulna?

Radial notch: articulates with head of radius. Forms proximal radio-ulnar joint Ulnar head: prominent styloid process. Attaches to articular disc b/w forearm and wrist.

Sensory cells are specialized cells that generate graded potentials. What are these called?

Receptor potentials

The ______ _______limits the # of APs that can be produced in given time period

Refractory period

During this refractory period, additional AP can be produced, but only if the stimulus str is considerably greater than usual

Relative

What in the brain regulates of pupil size respiration, heart, BP , swallowing, etc

Reticular formation of brain stem

Rabies causes what along the chemical synapse?

Retrograde flow

APs jumping node to node is called?

Saltatory Conduction

APs jump node to node is known as what?

Saltatory conduction

Peripheral nervous system

Sensory division: visceral sensory division and somatic sensory division Motor division: visceral motor division(divided into sympathetic division and parasympathetic division); Somatic motor division

Where are cell bodies for the visceral motor system located? What about visceral sensory? What about Sensory somatic? What about somatic motor?

Sensory nuclei are dorsal horn: Somatic sensory and visceral sensory being dorsal horn Motor nuclei are anterior horn and lateral horn: somatic motor in anterior horn and visceral motor in lateral horn

Where is CSF located?

Subarachnoid space

Autonomic hyperreflexia(dysreflexia) is?

Sudden and dangerous increase in BP that may occur at any time after spinal shock resolves

Neuron from cortex to spinal cord what is this called?

Upper motor neuron

Posterior cord syndrome

Vibration and position sensory loss

Central Cord Syndrome

Vibration, and position sense loss Pain and temperature sense loss Motor loss

What kind of sensory information is recieved in the precentral gyrus(primary motor cortex)?

Visual, auditory and general somatic sensory

Draw the dermatome map...

YOU GOT THIS

Deltoid action and innervation

action: clavicular= internal rotation, adduction A = abduction S - extension, external rotation, adduction Innervation: axillary nerve

Spinal nerves are mixed nerves meaning, they carry both ________ and ________ fibers

afferent and efferent

The all or none principle says

as a whole, a muscle fiber is either contracted or relaxed

Primary contents of the Cubital fossa?

biceps tendon brachial artery median nerve radial nerve

What does the pectoral girdle consist of?

clavicle and scapula

Spinal meninges are continuous w/ ___________ ___________

cranial meninges

Parasympathetic is the ___________ division

craniosacral

What is receptor adaption?

decrease in receptor sensitivity. ↪⇩AP frequency despite the continous prescense of a stimulus ↪All receptors adapt ↪adaption is specific to sensory receptors

Describe the Pia mater

delicate membrane adherent to spinal cord.

In addition to motor impulses: ________, _________, & ____________ also carry sensory information

dorsal, ventral and white rami

What are the three layers of connective tissue that make up a muscle?

epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

What compartment and function are these? What layer? 1. Flexor digitorum profundus 2. Flexor pollicis longus 3. Pronator quadratus

in the anterior compartment of the forearm are considered deep flexors of the forearm

What are the cords of the brachial plexus?

lateral, posterior, medial.

What may alpha 2 inhibit?

lipolysis, contraction of smoothmuscle of blood vessels

Damage or obstruction of spinal blood supply causes?

local ischemia

Spinal cord reflexes can be ___________ or __________

monosynaptic or polysynaptic

What are the division of the brachial plexus

not named!

What is the contractile unit of muscle?

sarcomere

What is the structural unit of myofibrils

sarcomere

What is the motor homunculus proportional to?

the number of muscle motor units in a region

What covers the active site on the actin?

tropomyosin

The interossei are intervated by?

ulnar nerve

Action potentials in neurons are ___________. Rabies on the other hand is ___________

unidirectional; retrograde

Neurogenic shock results in

vasodilation, hypotension, bradycardia and hypothermia

How does a radial nerve injury present?

wrist drop due to proximal and midlevel radial nerve lesions.

Sarcomeres travel from _____ _____to ______ _______

z line to z line

Structure of a typical neuron

~specialized for rapid communication/transmission of signals

Draw the division of the PNS

▶Sensory (afferent) division: somatic sensory and visceral ▶Motor(efferent) division: Somatic motor and visceral motor ➠ Parasympathetic and sympathetic

What are some rapidly adapting/phasic receptors? How do their AP present? What do they detect? Where are they common?

➔Pacinian corpuscle; light touch ➔show a decline in AP frequency w/ time in response to a constant stimulus ➔Primarily detect onset and offset of stimulus ➔Common in areas when stimulus change quickly.

Where does axillary vein begin?

➜Inferior border of the terest major M and is a continuation of the basilic vein

Frequency of stimulation

➤A single neural stimulation produces: ➭A single contraction or twitch Which lasts about 7-100 msec. ➤Sustained muscular contractions ➭Require many repeated stimuli

What does lateral inhibition allow the brain to do?

➪Localize a stimulus site for some sensory systems

What compartment and function are these? What layer? 1. Extensor indicis 2. Abductor pollicis longus 3. Extensor pollicis brevis 4. Extensor pollicis longus 5. Supinator

Posterior comparment, deep extensors of the forearm

What compartment and function are these? What layer? 1. Extensor carpi radialis longus 2. Extensor carpi radialis brevis 3. Extensor carpi ulnaris 4. Extensor digitorum 5. Extensor digiti minimi.

Posterior compartment of the forearm are considered superficial extensors of the forearm

What nerve supplies most of the muscles in the posterior compartment?

Posterior interosseous nerve.

Sensory areas of the cortex: where is the somatosensory cortex?

Posterior to the central sulcus

Be able to distinguish a neural spike train for meissners, merkels, pacinian and ruffini receptors.

Practice drawing these

What controls voluntary actions and is dependent on sensory feedback?

Precentral gyrus

What is involved in planning of movements?

Precentral gyrus (Primary motor area)

Proximal branches of dorsal root provide __________ input to the cord. Dorsal ramus distal to spinal nerve includes ______ and ______

Sensory; Sensory and motor

Palmar cutaneous branch of median nerve innervates what?

Skin of central palm before traveling through the carpal tunnel on its way to innervate more muscles in the hand.

Acronym to keep the carpal bones straight. From proximal to distal.

Some lovers try positions that they cant handle

What is the difference between vertebral level and spinal cord level?

Spinal Cord level: level is above the corresponding vertebrae(I.e above T1 is C8 and above C1 is C1) Vertebral level: anatomic location relative to body axis

What regulates urination, defication, erection and ejaculation reflexes?

Spinal cord.

Sympathetic innervation to Effectors in body wall are provided by?

Spinal nerves

Sympathetic innervation to Effectors in Abdominal cavity are provided by?

Splanchnic nerves (celiac, superior & inferior mesenteric ganglia

What is most common brachial plexus injury?

Superior brachial plexus injury C5-C6

Sympathetic innervation to Effectors in head and thoracic cavity are provided by?

Superior ganglion in neck carrying sympathetic nerves

What nerve is this

Superior gluteal

What do satellite cells do?

Surrounds neuron cell bodies within ganglia

What is the major cause of carpal tunnel syndrome?

Swelling of synovial sheaths

Pain from viscera is carried by?

Sympathetic system

Presynaptic neurons have _________ ___________ w/ neurotransmitter and postsynaptic have receptors

Synaptic vesicles