A&P Final Exam
is composed of tubular units called osteons.
Compact bone
Within fibrous membranes.
Cranial bones develop from which of the following?
dermal papillae
Fingerprints left on things we touch are associated with our __________.
primary; no longer
Heating a protein or subjecting it to a change in pH can result in protein unfolding. This unfolding results in ______ structure and the protein is _______ functional.
graded
Local potentials are __________, meaning they vary in magnitude according to the strength of the stimulus.
peripheral proteins
Proteins that adhere to the surface of the plasma membrane, are called __________.
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann cells are functionally similar to ________.
lubricate the skin and hair
Sebaceous glands ____________.
thalamus
Second-order sensory neurons synapse with third-order neurons in the __________.
Asymmetry, border irregularity, color, and diameter
The "ABCD rule" for recognizing early signs of malignant melanoma refers to which of the following characteristics of the lesion?
Set Point
The normal level at which a physiological variable is maintained is known as its
elastic cartilage
The shape of a person's external ear is due to the presence of __________.
True
True or False: An action potential never occurs in dendrites.
Ependymal cells
What cell type produces cerebrospinal fluid?
Both are examples of carrier-mediated transport.
What do facilitated diffusion and active transport have in common?
Collagen fibers
What gives bone its flexibility?
Excitability
What property of neurons allows them to respond to changes in the environment?
Surrounding the spongy bone tissue of our flat bones.
Where can compact bone be found within the skeletal system?
The dendrites and soma
Where do most local potentials form in a neuron?
Osteoblasts
Which of the following cell types is responsible for secreting the matrix of bone?
Dendritic cells — activate the immune system
Which of the following cells and their functions are correctly matched?
It is the principal visual center of the brain.
Which of the following is correct regarding the occipital lobe?
steroids - amino acids
Which of the following is incorrectly paired?
Mass
Which of the following is not a characteristic of life?
Branched cells
Which of the following is not a feature of skeletal muscle cells?
Protect neurons in both the ascending and descending tracts
Which of the following is not a function associated with the spinal cord?
Provide the immune defense for the CNS
Which of the following is not a function of astrocytes?
Lower blood calcium
Which of the following is not a function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Initiation of some nerve impulses
Which of the following is not a function of the CSF?
Nutrition source for the epidermis
Which of the following is not a function of the hypodermis?
Storage of minerals
Which of the following is not a function of the muscle tissue?
Conversion of chemical energy into mechanical energy
Which of the following is not a function of the nervous system ?
Communication
Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?
Storage of red blood cells
Which of the following is not a function of the skeleton?
Spinal cord
Which of the following is not a part of the peripheral nervous system ?
Cholesterol
Which of the following is not a type of membrane protein?
They are mitotic.
Which of the following is not characteristic of neurons?
Fibroblasts
Which of the following is not found in the epidermis?
Heat production
Which of the following is not one of the functions of the skeletal system?
Gives the body its overall shape, loss of this function can be seen with the drooping of skin with age.
Which of the following is not one of the functions of the skin?
Hypodermis
Which of the following is not part of the skin?
Neurons have at least one and may have many axons.
Which of the following is not true of neurons?
The thick filament
Which of the following is predominately made up of myosin?
Epiphyseal plate
Which of the following is the area where longitudinal growth of the bone takes place?
Calcium ions
Which of the following is the final chemical messenger for skeletal muscle contraction, which binds to troponin?
Keratinocytes
Which of the following is the most abundant cell of the epidermis?
phospholipids
Which of the following is the most abundant component of cell membranes?
Acetylcholine
Which of the following is the neurotransmitter that is released at the synaptic cleft by the axon terminals in skeletal muscles ?
The major part of its makeup is adipose, which serves as an effective shock absorber.
Which of the following is the primary reason why the hypodermis acts as a shock absorber?
Dense irregular connective tissues have dense collagen fibers arranged in many directions while the dense regular connective tissues have collagen fibers arranged into parallel bundles.
Which of the following is the primary structural difference between dense irregular and dense regular connective tissues?
Keratin
Which of the following is the protein found in the epidermis that is responsible for toughening the skin?
Transport of Na + from a place of low concentration to a place of higher concentration
Which of these is an example of active transport?
Fat
Which of these is hydrophobic?
Cerumen
__________ is formed partly from the secretions of glands in the external ear canal.
Maintaining appropriate levels of fluidity in the phospholipid bilayer
A cell lacking cholesterol as a component of the plasma membrane would likely be impaired in which function?
Cell-cell recognition
A cell lacking glycolipids on the plasma membrane would likely be impaired in which function?
Hypertonic
A cell whose cytoplasm has a concentration of 0.02M glucose is placed in a test tube containing a solution of 0.05M glucose. Assuming the glucose is not actively transported into the cell, which of the following terms best describes the external solution relative to the cell's cytoplasm?
eccrine sweat gland
A cutaneous gland that secretes 99% water, NaCl, metabolic waste and dermcidin is a(n):
False
A dark band formed by parallel thick filaments that partly overlap the thin filaments is known as an H band.
less negative than
A depolarization event is when the inside of a neuron becomes ________ the resting membrane potential.
Hydrolysis reaction
A dipeptide can be broken into two amino acids by which type of reaction?
enhanced stimulation of the muscle due to decreased ACh breakdown.
A drug that inhibited acetylcholinesterase would result in
End-plate potential
A local change in voltage at the motor end plate, resulting from the opening of ligand-gated ion channels is called
varies in size depending on the magnitude of the stimulus (larger voltage change for stronger stimulus).
A local potential is one that
Hyaline
A malfunction in the production of which type of cartilage is likely to impact the greatest number of locations in the body?
Stratified squamous
A many-layered epithelium with cuboidal basal cells and flat cells at its surface would be classified as which of the following epithelial tissue types?
phospholipids
A myelin sheath is composed primarily of __________.
elastic filament
A myofilament that runs through the core of a thick filament and anchors it to a Z disc is called a(n) __________.
spatial summation
A neuron can receive thousands of EPSPs from different neurons at the same time, and responds by triggering or not triggering an action potential. This response to the net effect of simultaneous postsynaptic potentials is called __________.
A local potential develops
A neuron receives a stimulus. Which of the following events happens next?
Interneuron
A neuron that has as its primary function the job of connecting other neurons is called what?
Monosaccharide; phosphate group
A nucleotide consists of a(n) _____________, a(n)_____________, and a nitrogenous base.
a myosin head pulling a thin filament toward the center of the sarcomere.
A power stroke involves
higher; shrink
A red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. This means the concentration of solutes in the solution is __________ than the concentration of solutes in the intracellular fluid, and will cause the cell to ______________.
Z discs
A sarcomere is the distance between two ______.
Sulcus
A shallow groove on the surface of the cortex is called what?
Organ
A structure that is composed of two or more tissue types that work together to perform specific functions for the body is a(n) ________.
tissue
A(n) _____________ is a group of similar cells and their intercellular materials in a discrete region of an organ performing a specific function.
true
ATP is a nucleotide.
pumps
ATP is consumed when __________ transfer solutes from one side of the membrane to the other.
not peptide bonds; secondary or covalent bonds
Adjacent amino acids in a protein are held together by ___, creating the ___ structure of a protein.
Acetylcholinesterase breaks down the ACh.
After nervous stimulation stops, what prevents remaining ACh in the synaptic cleft from continuing to stimulate contraction?
pseudostratified columnar
All cells in _______ epithelium reach the basement membrane, but only cells that reach the free surface have cilia.
proteins
All enzymes are __________.
Stationary
All muscle tissues exhibit all of the following characteristics except:
excitable
All muscle types will respond to an electrical stimulus because all muscle cells are _________.
Synthesis
Amino acids joining together to make a peptide is a good example of a(n) ________ reaction.
hydrolysis
Amylase is a digestive enzyme that breaks starches down into glucose through __________ reactions.
Anaerobic fermentation
An anaerobic metabolic pathway that results in the production of two ATPs per glucose is known as which of the following?
Areolar, tendon, cartilage
An elderly patient experiences a fall in the shower. Her injuries include tearing in cartilage, areolar tissue, and a tendon. In what order would you expect these tissues to heal (fastest to slowest)?
active site
An enzyme is substrate-specific because of the shape of its ______.
simple columnar
An epithelium whose cells are tall and narrow, with each one touching the basement membrane AND reaching the apical surface, is called __________ epithelium.
Areolar; cartilage
An example of a highly vascular connective tissue is __________ tissue. An example of a connective tissue that is not highly vascular is __________.
a slight depolarization
An excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is best described as ____.
Hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane
An inhibitory local potential causes which of the following?
hydrophilic
An integral membrane protein is responsible for the transport of water. Therefore, the amino acids present in the interior channel of this protein must have _______ R-groups.
Trabeculae
An osteon contains all of the following except:
Node of Ranvier
An unmyelinated gap between two internodes is known as which of the following?
Threshold stimulus
Any stimulus at or above this level will result in an action potential.
Merocrine
Apocrine sweat glands utilize which form of secretion?
osteoblasts become osteocytes.
As the bone matrix calcifies and the secreting cells become walled in,
more efficient aerobic respiration
Athletes who train at high altitudes can increase their red blood cell (RBC) count. Increased RBC concentration in the blood results in __________.
Axon terminals
Axons terminate by branching to form small extensions with enlarged ends which are called
An individual that has a physically demanding job (e.g., construction) and also regularly lifts weights.
Based on Wolff's law, predict which person would have greatest bone density and mass.
parathyroid hormone; increased osteoclast activity
Blood Ca 2+ deficiency stimulates __________ secretion, which leads to __________.
negative feedback Done
Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of _________.
Dermis
Blood vessels in the __________ provide the epidermis with its sole source of nutrition.
osteoclasts
Bone cells called __________ break down bone by secreting hydrochloric acid and enzymes that dissolve the matrix.
cartilage growth
Bone elongation is ultimately the result of __________.
Osteoclasts
Bones are constantly undergoing resorption (breaking bone down) for various reasons. Which of the following cells accomplishes this process?
Osteogenic cells
Bones are covered and lined by a two-layer protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of which of the following?
False
Bones grow in diameter by interstitial growth.
DNA synthesis
Calcium plays an essential role in all of the following except __________.
active
Cells in the stomach move H+ ions from their own cytosol out into the stomach lumen where the concentration of H+ is many times greater than in the cytosol. This type of membrane transport must be:
arachnoid mater and pia mater
Cerebrospinal fluid fills the space between the __________.
lateral, third, and fourth; dural venous sinus
Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted by choroid plexuses in the __________ ventricles and reabsorbed by arachnoid villi in the __________.
cell proliferation
Chondrocytes multiply in the zone of __________ of the epiphysial plate.
False
Dendritic cells are stationary immune cells of the stratum spinosum.
False
Desmosomes are more effective than tight junctions in preventing substances from passing between cells.
the two layers of the dura separate to form large, blood-filled spaces.
Dural venous sinuses are areas where
negative feedback
During exercise, one generates excess heat and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of__________.
Actin
During muscle contraction, myosin heads attach to active sites on which of the following?
No stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential.
During the absolute refractory period which of the following is true?
Nutrients cannot diffuse to the chondrocytes through the calcified matrix.
During the process of endochondral ossification, chondrocytes in the cartilage model die. Why does this occur?
the voltage-gated potassium ion channels remain open long enough to hyperpolarize the axon membrane
During the relative refractory period of an action potential, a larger than normal stimulus is needed to cause another action potential. This is due to the fact that ________.
Depolarization
During which of the following does the interior of the cell become less negative due to an influx of sodium ions?
Desmosomes
Epithelial cells would tend to separate laterally from their neighbors without which of the following cell junctions?
Polarity
Epithelial tissues always exhibit ______; that is, they have a free apical surface and an attached basal surface.
True
Extensibility refers to the ability of a muscle to stretch.
Long hydrocarbon chains
Fatty acid molecules are hydrophobic because they consist primarily of:
the phosphagen system and glycolysis.
For a sprint lasting 60 seconds, ATP is supplied primarily by
Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
From superficial to deep, the meninges occur in which order?
Axon terminal
From which region of a neuron are neurotransmitters released?
to maintain homeostasis
Generally, what is the result of the negative feedback process?
A monosaccharide
Glucose is an example of which of the following?
Carbohydrate
Glycogen is a(n)
the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite a changing external environment.
Homeostasis is best described as
Unsaturated fatty acids contain a cis double bond so pack less tightly together, making the membrane more fluid
How does the structure of phospholipid tails impact membrane fluidity?
Simple diffusion
How would testosterone (a steroid) move across the cell membrane?
Hyperpolarization of the membrane
In an action potential, which event directly follows repolarization?
False
Identify if the following statement is true or false: A somatic motor neuron and all of the muscle cells that it stimulates are referred to as a motor end plate.
False
Identify if the following statement is true or false: All bone growth stops by the end of adolescence.
True
Identify if the following statement is true or false: Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid space.
False
Identify if the following statement is true or false: Commissural fibers connect the cerebrum to the diencephalon.
True
Identify if the following statement is true or false: Compared to a very low concentration of calcium ions, a very high concentration of calcium ions in the sarcoplasm will allow for more cross-bridge formations.
True
Identify if the following statement is true or false: In myelinated axons, the voltage-gated sodium channels are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier.
True
Identify if the following statement is true or false: Most of the ascending and descending pathways to and from the brain decussate from one side of the body to the other.
False
Identify if the following statement is true or false: Projection fibers in the brain mainly connect the right and left hemispheres.
False
Identify if the following statement is true or false: Tendons and ligaments are composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue.
True
Identify if the following statement is true or false: The shock-absorbing pads between the vertebrae are formed by fibrocartilage.
True
Identify if the following statement is true or false: The skin cancer most likely to metastasize (spread) is cancer of the melanocytes.
True
Identify if the following statement is true or false: When a muscle fiber contracts the H bands disappear, and the A bands do not diminish in length.
Secretion
If a neuron is prevented from sending a neurotransmitter across a synapse to another cell, which neuron property is being inhibited?
an elevated level of osteoblast activity
If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect ___________.
False
If someone is engaged in six minutes of vigorous exercise, nearly all of the ATP used is generated by the phosphagen system.
Projection
If the cerebrum was no longer able to communicate with the cerebellum, what type of tract would you suspect has been damaged?
Your RBCs would crenate.
Imagine that you run a marathon on a hot and humid day in August. During the race you become so dehydrated that your family rushes you to the emergency room where you are given IV (intravenous) fluids. What would happen to your red blood cells (RBCs) if those fluids were hypertonic to the RBCs?
Voltage-gated potassium channels
Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which of the following channels will open?
Control Center
In a homeostatic control mechanism, the receptor detects changes in the environment and relays that information to the ____________.
depolarization of the plasma membrane
In a neuron, the opening of sodium gates typically leads to __________.
canaliculi
In compact bone, ___________ connect adjacent lacunae, thereby providing pathways for nutrients and other materials to pass between osteocytes.
hyaline cartilage
In endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is __________, which is replaced by bone.
can be reduced by limiting exposure to the sun
In general, skin cancers ___________.
Vitamin D synthesis
In humans, exposure of the skin to sunlight is required for __________.
Gap junctions
In muscle tissue, ________ make it possible for cells to contract in near unison.
The sarcolemma
In skeletal muscle, an action potential moves across
striations
In skeletal muscle, the term that describes the alternating light and dark bands is ___________.
False
In the brain, neurons are more abundant than neuroglia.
tight junctions
In the intestine, __________ ensure(s) that most digested nutrients & digestive juices do not pass between the epithelial cells.
False
In the plasma membrane, glycolipids and glycoproteins face toward the cytoplasm, while peripheral proteins always face toward the extracellular fluid.
"Cocking" of the myosin head into an extended, high-energy position
In the sliding filament model of skeletal muscle, the hydrolyzation of ATP to ADP + Pi causes
Hypodermis
In which of the following skin layers would a subcutaneous injection be administered?
Trigger zone
In which region of a neuron is the first action potential generated?
Hyperpolarization of the cell membrane
Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) are associated with which of the following?
neurons have stable, relatively unchanging internal environments
Like all cells, the neurons' internal organization dictates its function. Neurons have relatively many mitochondria, an extensive network of rough endoplasmic reticulum and many clusters of ribosomes. These cellular features indicate all of the following except ________.
e, c, d, a, b
List these events in the correct order for CSF flow in the CNS.a: CSF flows into the arachnoid villib: CSF enters the bloodc: CSF flows through the cerebral aqueduct to the 4th ventricled: CSF flows into the subarachnoid spacee: CSF is produced by the choroid plexus
False
Living keratinocytes exfoliate from the epidermis as tiny specks called dander.
Inability to destroy and remove acetylcholine from the synaptic cleft.
Loss of function in the enzyme acetylcholinesterase would result in which of the following?
atrophy
Loss of muscle mass from lack of activity is called __________.
disaccharide, two glucose monomers
Maltose is a ____________ made of ___________.
sudoriferous
Mammary glands are modified __________ glands that develop within the female breasts during pregnancy & lactation.
True
Melanin forms a shield from UV rays that covers the apical portion of the nucleus.
Facing the extracellular fluid; intercellular communication
Membrane carbohydrates are only found ____________ because one function of the glycocalyx is _______________.
receptors
Membrane proteins that bind to signals by which cells communicate are called __________.
True
Most blood cells are produced in the red marrow of bones.
simple cuboidal
Most kidney tubules are made of __________ epithelial tissue, which is specialized for absorption and secretion.
False
Most of the bones of the upper and lower limbs are formed by intramembranous ossification.
fascicles
Muscle fibers are arranged in bundles called ___________.
False
Muscles that are used for precisely controlled movements generally contain large motor units.
Oxygen
Myoglobin is a molecule within muscle cells that can bind
False
Negative feedback is a self-amplifying chain of events that tends to produce rapid change in the body.
homeostatic mechanisms
Negative feedback loops are __________.
Somatic motor
Nerve impulses leading from the brain and spinal cord to the skeletal muscle carry information to direct movement. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?
Somatic sensory
Nerve impulses leading to the brain carry information about cool temperatures on the skin. The nerve fibers sending these signals will most likely belong to which division of the nervous system?
organs
Nerves are __________ of the nervous system.
True
Neurons are long-lived cells, living as long as 100 years.
polymers; nucleotides
Nucleic acids are __________ of __________.
sensing changes in the environment and then reacting or responding to them
One of the functional characteristics of life is excitability or responsiveness. This refers to ________.
Hemoglobin
One of the functions of the integumentary system is protection. Which of the following does not directly contribute to that function?
Sebaceous glands
One of the functions of the integumentary system is thermoregulation. Which of the following does not directly contribute to that function?
Is produced by secondary ossification centers
Ossification of the ends of long bones ______.
estrogen; osteoclast activity
Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women because of the lack of ___________, which would otherwise inhibit ____________.
Movement of a substance down its concentration gradient.
Passive membrane transport includes which of the following?
They have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions
Phospholipids are considered amphipathic because
Kinase
Phosphorylation is the addition of a phosphate group to an organic molecule and is carried out by a(n) _______________ enzyme.
2-1-3-5-4
Place the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex: 1. Mitochondria 2. Sodium ion 3. Smooth muscle cell 4. Person 5. Digestive system
Cerebrum
Planning, motivation, and social judgment are associated with which part of the brain?
positive feedback tends to enhance the triggering stimulus while negative feedback tends to return the body to a homeostatic balance or "ideal" level
Positive feedback differs from negative feedback because ________.
False
Positive feedback helps to restore normal function when one of the body's physiological variables gets out of balance.
link the cerebral cortex to the caudal brain regions and the spinal cord.
Projection tracts:
True
Relaxation of a muscle contraction is an energetically active process (e.g., requires ATP).
Acid Mantle
Secretions from sweat glands contribute to the ________ that inhibit(s) bacterial growth on the skin.
Osteoporosis
Select the bone disorder in which bone resorption outpaces bone deposit, leaving the person with thin and often very fragile bones.
Functions include heat production and nutrient storage.
Select the correct statement regarding adipose tissue.
Physiology
Select whether the following statement relates more to anatomy or to physiology. Increased levels of the hormone prolactin promote milk formation in the mammary glands.
Physiology
Select whether the following statement relates more to anatomy or to physiology. The enzyme amylase, found in saliva, aids in hydrolysis of starch.
Anatomy
Select whether the following statement relates more to anatomy or to physiology. The three layers of the heart wall are the epicardium, the myocardium, and endocardium.
Anatomy
Select whether the following statement relates more to anatomy or to physiology. The tympanic membrane (or eardrum) is found in the middle ear.
Hypothalamus
Sex drive, body temperature, and food and water intake are regulated by which part of the brain?
voluntary
Skeletal muscle is called ___________, because it is usually subject to conscious control.
symport; cotransport
Sodium and glucose are transported together from the intestinal lumen into an intestinal cell. The carrier protein is a(n) __________ and the process is called ____________.
Receptor
Some of the nerve endings in the skin are sensitive to changes in temperature. They are part of a negative feedback mechanism regulating body temperature. These nerve endings represent a(n) ________ in the negative feedback mechanism.
goblet
Some simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia have _________ cells, which produce a protective mucous coating over the mucous membranes.
forms diploe in the cranial bones.
Spongy bone
Keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum
Squamous cell carcinomas are the second most common of the skin cancers and are capable of metastasizing if not treated. This cancer affects which cells?
Eccrine and apocrine
Sudoriferous glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands?
calcitriol
Synthesized by the combined action of the skin, kidneys and liver, _________ is important to bone homeostasis.
corpus callosum
The ____ is a bundle of nerve fibers that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres.
visceral motor
The __________ division carries signals to the smooth muscle in the large intestine.
sympathetic
The __________ division tends to prepare the body for action.
stratum lucidum
The __________ is absent from most epidermis.
femur; spongy
The ___________ is an example of bone as an organ; ___________ bone is an example of bone as a tissue.
secondary
The amino acids of the protein keratin are arranged predominantly in an alpha-helix. An alpha-helix is an example of ____________ structure.
Epiphyseal line
The appearance of which structure signals the end of bone elongation?
Within the papillary layer of the dermis.
The areolar connective tissue portion of the skin is found in which region of the skin?
The neuromuscular junction of a skeletal muscle
The axon terminal releases acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft, which is received by receptors on the motor end plate. Which structure does this describe?
epithelium; connective tissue
The basement membrane is found between __________ and __________.
glycogen
The body stores carbohydrates in the liver and muscles in the form of _____.
Midbrain, medulla, and pons
The brain stem consists of the ________.
Aquaporins
The channels through which water cross the plasma membrane are called _______________.
epithelial
The covering of body surfaces and the lining of body cavities is composed of __________ tissue.
Within the reticular layer of the dermis.
The dense fibrous connective tissue portion of the skin is found in which region of the skin?
Fibers and ground substance
The extracellular matrix of connective tissues is composed of which of the following?
stratum basale
The fastest rate of mitosis happens in the __________.
collagen
The fiber type that gives connective tissue great tensile strength is ________.
cerebellum
The following are all major components of the brainstem except the _________.
fibrous
The four primary tissue types found in adult organs include all of the following except _________ tissue .
Sarcomere
The functional contractile unit of a skeletal muscle fiber is called a _______________.
primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary structure
The globular protein hemoglobin is composed of four polypeptide subunits. Which level(s) of structure(s) must the hemoglobin protein have?
cortex; basal nuclei
The gray matter of the cerebrum forms a surface layer called the __________ and deeper masses called __________ surrounded by white matter.
Commissural
The great majority of which tracts pass through the corpus callosum?
Appositional growth
The growth pattern of bone in which matrix is laid down on the surface of existing bone is what type of growth?
Adipose tissue
The hypodermis is characterized by an abundance of which tissue?
Lamellae
The layers of bony matrix are known as which of the following?
arachnoid mater
The middle layer of the meninges is called the __________.
nucleotides.
The monomers of nucleic acids are:
carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion
The movement of water across the plasma membrane can be described by all of the following except ________.
A band
The myosin filaments are located in the ______.
sebaceous
The oil of your scalp is secreted by __________ glands associated with the hair follicles.
chloride; IPSP
The opening of __________ gates produces an __________.
True
The opposite of a dehydration synthesis reaction is a hydrolysis reaction.
Dura mater
The outer-most connective tissue membrane surrounding the spinal cord is which of the following?
Connective tissue
The papillary and reticular layers of the dermis are composed mainly of ________.
Stratum basale
The papillary layer of the dermis is most closely associated with which layer of the epidermis?
Effector
The part of the homeostatic control mechanism that directly brings about change is the
Perforating fibers
The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by which of the following?
Energy-storage in animals
The primary function of glycogen is
resorption
The process of dissolving bone and returning its minerals to the bloodstream is known as _________.
Conductivity
The property of muscle tissue that allows an impulse to travel down the entire length of the cell membrane is
Stretch and recoil
The property that gives elastic fibers their particular function is the ability to:
troponin
The protein associated with the thin filaments that acts as a calcium receptor in skeletal muscle is __________.
Collagen fibers
The reason that intervertebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength, which allows them absorb shock, is because they contain which of the following components?
Primarily genetics but can be influenced by training
The relative amount of muscle fiber types found in a muscle result from
rickets; osteomalacia
The result of blood calcium and phosphate levels being too low for normal deposition is a softness of the bones called __________ in children and __________ in adults.
Actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlapping.
The sliding filament model of contraction involves which of the following changes?
Primary active transport
The sodium-potassium ATPase is an example of...
Compact bone
The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand torsion stresses?
physiology
The study of how the body functions is called __________.
anatomy
The study of normal body structures is called __________.
Arachnoid and pia
The subarachnoid space lies between which two layers of meninges?
selectively permeable
The term _____________ refers to a membrane that allows some things to pass through it, but not others.
Brain and spinal cord
The term central nervous system refers to which of the following?
Pia mater
The thin membrane that consists of delicate collagenous and elastic fibers and tightly binds to the surface of the spinal cord is which of the following?
Actin
The thinner filaments are the ______ filaments.
Endosteum
The tissue that lines the marrow cavity is known as which of the following?
Along the lines of stress.
The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented in which direction?
increase the average number of myofibrils per muscle fiber
The training regimen of a competitive weight lifter is designed partly to __________.
creatine kinase
The transfer of phosphate from creatine phosphate to ADP is catalyzed by __________.
two terminal cisterns and one T tubule
The triads of a skeletal muscle fiber consist of __________.
precentral gyrus of the cerebrum
The upper motor neurons that control skeletal muscles begin with a neurosoma in the __________.
A stratum lucidum.
Thick skin exhibits which of the following that cannot be found in thin skin?
Spongy bone
This kind of tissue has many small spaces, is found mainly in the epiphysis, and is arranged into trabeculae:
stimulus; receptor; integrating (control) center
Three common components of a feedback loop are _________, __________, and __________.
Cells and extracellular matrix
Tissues are composed of _______________.
synaptic vesicles
To stimulate skeletal muscle contraction, acetylcholine is released from the ___________ into the synaptic cleft.
glycerol; fatty acids
Triglycerides consist of a 3-carbon compound called __________ bound to three __________.
False
True or False: Facilitated diffusion requires energy and can transport molecules against a concentration gradient.
False
True or False: Mitochondria are required for proper function of the phosphagen system.
False
True or False: The epidural space is filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
True
True or False: The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium out of the cell three ions at a time and returns potassium ions into the cell two ions at a time.
quaternary
Two or more polypeptide chains interacting together to form a single functional protein (like hemoglobin) is an example of the ____ structure of the protein.
water will pass down its concentration gradient from solution B to A
Two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. If solution A has a higher concentration of a nonpermeating solute than solution B, then __________.
vitamin D; calcium
UV radiation stimulates the synthesis of ___ which is necessary for the absorption of ___.
anterior horn
Voluntary motor impulses leave the spinal cord via the _________ of gray matter.
homeostasis
We live in an ever-changing environment outside of our body, yet our internal conditions remain relatively stable. This is called __________.
Hydroxyapatite
What helps bone resist compression?
To transmit an action potential toward the interior of the cell.
What is the functional role of the T tubules in skeletal muscles?
Corpus callosum
What is the large commissure that connects the right and left sides of the brain called?
γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)
What is the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain?
To prevent sudden severe changes within the body.
What is the primary action of any negative feedback system within the body?
Catastrophic fluid loss
What is the primary threat to life following a massive third-degree burn?
The triad allows for Ca 2+ release when a muscle fiber is excited.
What is the purpose of the triad in skeletal muscle?
Tropomyosin serves as a contraction inhibitor by blocking the myosin binding sites on the actin molecules.
What is the role of tropomyosin in skeletal muscles?
ATP
What molecule(s) must bind to the myosin head to initiate the contraction stage of the skeletal muscle contraction-relaxation cycle?
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
What structure in skeletal muscle cells functions in calcium storage?
Ependymal cells
What type of cells line the ventricles of the brain?
Stratified squamous epithelium
What type of tissue is found in the most superficial layer of skin?
The cell would swell and burst.
What would happen to a red blood cell if it was placed in a hypotonic solution of pure water?
Positive feedback
When a baby suckles at its mother's breast the stimulus at the breast is sent to the mother's brain (a region called the hypothalamus). The brain responds by releasing hormones to stimulate the production and the ejection of milk from the breast. This helps the newborn to receive nourishment and encourages more suckling. This example is best described as which type of mechanism?
Tissue damage that extends completely through the epidermis and dermis.
When a patient is said to have "third-degree burns," this indicates that the patient has burns that exhibit which of the following?
True
When a skeletal muscle fiber is at rest, there is more sodium outside the cell as compared to the sarcoplasm.
relaxes
When acetylcholinesterase outlasts the release of acetylcholine from the synaptic vesicles, the skeletal muscle __________.
enters the terminal through voltage-gated channels and triggers the release of neurotransmitter.
When an impulse arrives at the axon terminal of the motor neuron, calcium
Osteocyte
When an osteoblast becomes completely surrounded by its own matrix secretions, it is referred to as which of the following?
mesenchyme tissue
When bone forms by intramembranous ossification, the ossification centers are within
Ricket's
When calcium salts are not correctly deposited within the bones of a young child, what bone disorder would this child develop?
Temporal summation
When numerous nerve impulses arrive at a synapse at closely timed intervals to exert a cumulative effect, it is known as which of the following?
repolarizing
When the voltage of a plasma membrane shifts from ~+35 mV towards 0 mV, the cell is __________.
Oligodendrocytes
Which cells form myelin in the spinal cord?
Myofilament - Myofibril - Muscle Fiber - Fascicle - Muscle Organ
Which choice below correctly places components of muscle tissue in size order (smallest to largest) ?
Nucleic Acids
Which class of macromolecule is not a component of the plasma membrane?
Fascia
Which connective tissue sheath separates neighboring muscles from one another?
Endomysium
Which connective tissue surrounds the individual muscle fibers within a muscle?
Perimysium
Which connective tissue wraps around multiple muscle fibers to create fascicles?
Eccrine sweat glands
Which cutaneous glands are concerned with cooling the body?
Aerobic respiration
Which energy system would primarily be used during a marathon?
The phosphagen system
Which energy system would primarily be used while weight lifting?
Schwann cells
Which glial cell is found wrapped around nerve fibers in the peripheral nervous system?
Parathyroid hormone
Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream?
Voltage-gated channel
Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane electrical potential and participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials?
small and hydrophobic
Which kinds of molecules will pass through a cell membrane most easily (unassisted)?
Stratum corneum
Which layer of the epidermis consists of up to 30 layers of dead cells?
Papillary and reticular dermis
Which layer(s) of the skin contain(s) nerves, blood vessels, and connective tissue?
Connective
Which of the 4 primary tissue types does blood belong to ?
Connetive
Which of the 4 primary tissue types does bone belong to ?
Motor neurons that conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Which of the choices below describes the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?
Dura Mater
Which of the cranial meninges consists of dense irregular connective tissue in two layers (the periosteal layer and the meningeal layer)?
measuring changes in blood sugar levels after a meal
Which of the following activities would represent a physiological study?
Tactile cells
Which of the following are associated with the sense of touch?
Dendritic Cells
Which of the following are cells of the epidermis that help to activate the immune system?
Glands
Which of the following are effectors?
K+ leak channels
Which of the following are found in all regions of a neuron's plasma membrane?
Chondrocytes
Which of the following are the cells responsible for the earliest stages of endochondral ossification?
Ground substance, fibers, and cells.
Which of the following are the three main components of connective tissue?
Stimulus, receptor, control center, effector
Which of the following choices places the components of a homeostatic control system in proper order?
the reticular layer
Which of the following constitutes 80% (4/5) of the thickness of the dermis?
Aerobic (oxidative) respiration
Which of the following creates the largest amount of ATP?
Troponin changes conformation and unblocks the active sites on the thin filaments.
Which of the following does NOT occur during relaxation of skeletal muscle?
Simple squamous
Which of the following epithelia forms the walls of the air sacs across which gas exchange occurs in the lungs?
Calcitonin
Which of the following hormones primarily functions to decrease the blood calcium levels?
Calcitriol
Which of the following hormones primarily functions to raise the blood calcium levels?
A 22-year-old long distance swimmer
Which of the following individuals would have more mitochondria in her skeletal muscle?
A 28-year-old marathon runner
Which of the following individuals would have more myoglobin in his skeletal muscle?
Potassium
Which of the following ions has the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential?
Secretion
Which of the following is NOT a function of the muscular system?
Glucose
Which of the following is NOT a polymer?
Tightly packed cells
Which of the following is NOT associated with most connective tissue?
NOT pentose sugar or glycerol
Which of the following is NOT part of a nucleotide?
Epidermis
Which of the following is NOT primarily composed of connective tissue?
It is entirely hydrophilic, containing multiple phosphate groups.
Which of the following is NOT true of cholesterol?
They provide the activation energy needed to get a reaction started.
Which of the following is NOT true of enzymes?
Regulation of blood glucose
Which of the following is a function of muscle tissue?
Microvilli
Which of the following is a modification of the simple columnar epithelium that increases surface area along portions of the digestive tract?
Acetylcholine
Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle?
Hypodermis
Which of the following is composed of loose connective tissue?
Neurosomas, dendrites, and proximal parts of axons of neurons
Which of the following is contained within gray matter of the spinal cord?
Enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy.
Which of the following is true of enzymes?
Creatine phosphate
Which of the following is used to convert ADP to ATP by transfer of a high-energy phosphate group?
papillary layer
Which of the following lies immediately deep to stratum basale?
protein, mitochondrion, adipocyte (fat cell), connective tissue, stomach
Which of the following lists examples of body structures from the simplest to the most complex?
Z discs
Which of the following marks the boundaries of a sarcomere?
Transport of glucose and Na+ across the membrane. Glucose moves against its concentration gradient, while Na+ moves down its concentration gradient.
Which of the following requires a protein conformation change ?
melanocytes
Which of the following skin cell types is unique to the epidermis?
Dural sinus
Which of the following structures does not contain CSF?
The ability to transform chemical energy into mechanical energy to move the body.
Which of the following tissue characteristics is unique to muscle tissue?
Enhancement of labor contractions
Which of the following would be an example of a positive feedback mechanism?
Epidermis
Which of the integument layers below is the most superficial?
Neurosoma
Which region of a neuron contains most of the organelles?
Axon
Which region of a neuron serves to conduct a nerve signal over long distances?
Dendrites
Which region of a neuron serves to receive messages from other neurons?
Axon terminal
Which region of a neuron transmits signals to other neurons across a synapse?
Hypothalamus
Which region of the brain directs a variety of autonomic functions?
Thalamus
Which region of the brain filters information on its way to the cerebral cortex?
A band
Which region of the sarcomere consists of overlapping thin actin and thick myosin filaments?
I band
Which region of the sarcomere consists of the thin actin and elastic filaments?
H band
Which region of the sarcomere is only visible when the muscle is relaxed?
Posterior horns
Which region of the spinal cord contains sensory neurons returning from the spinal nerves?
Usually contains a large amount of matrix.
Which statement best describes connective tissues in general?
Usually contains a large amount of matrix.
Which statement does not describe epithelial tissues in general?
Tight junctions between endothelial cells that form the capillary walls
Which structures contribute to the blood brain barrier (BBB)?
Adipose
Which tissue type would likely function to support and protect the kidneys?
Osteomalacia
Which type of bone disorder does a person have when their bones are poorly mineralized and soft and they can deform upon bearing weight?
Osteoperosis
Which type of bone disorder does a person have when their bones are porous and thin, but the composition is normal?
Fibrocartilage
Which type of cartilage is characterized by the presence of thick bundles of collagen fibers?
None of the above
Which type of cartilage is highly vascular?
Squamous
Which type of cell is flattened and scale-like when mature?
Osteoblasts
Which type of cell produces new bone tissue by secreting matrix?
Gap Junctions
Which type of cellular junction allows for water and solutes to quickly pass from one cell to another?
Hemidesmosomes
Which type of cellular junction binds the basal cells of an epithelial tissue to the underlying basement membrane?
Tight junctions
Which type of cellular junction occurs near the apical surface of epithelial cells and helps to prevent leakage and invasion of bacteria?
Dense regular connective tissue
Which type of connective tissue is responsible for connecting muscle to bone?
Adipose tissue
Which type of connective tissue is responsible for supporting, protecting, and insulating against heat loss, as well as acting as an energy source?
Bone
Which type of connective tissue is responsible for supporting, protecting, and storing calcium within the body?
Ciliated pseudostratified columnar
Which type of epithelial tissue is found in airways and specializes in moving particles across its surface ?
Microglia
Which type of glial cell migrates around and phagocytizes microorganisms and cellular debris?
Slow oxidative fibers
Which type of muscle fiber depends heavily on oxygen delivery and aerobic mechanisms for its ATP supply?
Astrocytes
Which type of neuroglia found in the CNS alters the permeability of capillaries in the brain by binding to and surrounding these blood vessels?
Squamous cell carcinoma
Which type of skin cancer appears as a scaly reddened papule and tends to grow rapidly and metastasize?
Basal cell carcinoma
Which type of skin cancer arises from the proliferation of the cells within the stratum basale?
Basal cell carcinoma
Which type of skin cancer is the least life threatening but may be permanently disfiguring if left untreated?
cerebral cortex
White matter is found in all of the following locations except the ________.
Lesions are dark colored because melanoma arises from melanocyte cells, which manufacture the pigment melanin
Why are lesions (marks) resulting from melanoma typically dark in color?
they are not soluble in water
Why are steroid hormones categorized as lipids?
mechanical stress on bone remodeling
Wolff's law of bone explains the effect of __________.
Stimulus
You walk outside on a very cold day with no coat. You feel cold and soon begin to shiver. The cold air temperature would be considered a
Fructose; Lactose
________ is a monosaccharide, whereas __________ is a disaccharide.
Third-degree
__________ burns involve the epidermis, all of the dermis, and often some deeper tissue.
Areolar tissue
__________________ exhibits a lot of apparently "empty" space, and is a component of many serous membranes.
