A&P I Final Exam Study Guide

The polar portion of a cholesterol molecule, which forms hydrogen bonds with the polar heads of neighboring phospholipids and glycolipids, consists of a A. -OH group B. None of these choices C. -COOH group D. -CH4 group E. -CH3 group

A. -OH group

Medullary nuclei are 1. masses of gray matter in the medulla oblongata. 2. masses of white matter in the medulla oblongata. 3. decussations of the pyramids. A) 1 only. B) 2 only. C) 3 only. D) Both 1 and 2. E) None of these choices.

A. 1 only

In skeletal muscles, the combined amounts of creatine phosphate and ATP provide enough energy for the muscle to contract maximally for approximately

A. 15 seconds

Which of the following is a proton donor? A. Acid B. Base C. Salt D. Organic compound E. Colloid

A. Acid

Which of the following is an abnormal joining of tissues resulting from the formation of scar tissue at a previous site of inflammation or surgical repair? A. Adhesions B. Articulations C. Cysts D. Osteophytes E. Granulomas

A. Adhesions

Characteristics of thick skin include: A. All of these choices B. Contain epidermal ridges C. Found in palms, soles of feet, and fingertips D. Does not contain hair follicles E. Contains more sweat glands

A. All of these choices

Which of the following does NOT influence the rate of diffusion of a chemical across a plasma membrane? A. Amount of ATP availed B. Temperature C. Distance that the chemical has to diffuse D. Mass of the diffusing chemical E. Concentration gradient of the chemical across the membrane

A. Amount of ATP available

Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol A. At the beginning of a contraction B. In response to acetylcholine binding to Ca2+ release channels C. After the contraction ends D. All of these

A. At the beginning of a contraction

This is the thick edge of the scapula that is closer to the arm A. Axillary border B. Medial border C. Infraspinous fossa D. Coracoid process E. Acromion

A. Axillary border

A condition NOT regulated by a negative feedback loop would be: A. Childbirth B. Body temperature C. Blood pressure D. Heart rate E. Blood sugar

A. Childbirth

This type of protein is involved with shortening of muscle cells to produce movement A. Contractile B. Structural C. Regulatory D. Catalytic E. Transport

A. Contractile

This type of chemical bond involves the sharing of valence electrons between two atoms. A. Covalent B. Ionic C. Hydrogen D. Atomic E. Electronic

A. Covalent

The brain is located in the A. Cranial cavity B. Vertebral cavity C. Abdominal cavity D. Pericardial cavity E. Pleural cavity

A. Cranial cavity

A prominent ridge or elongated projection on a bone is called a A. Crest B. Trochanter C. Sulcus D. Fossa E. Tubercle

A. Crest

This group of proteins is used to switch on and off the kinases that control the progression of somatic cell division from one stage of the cell cycle to the next A. Cyclins B. Histones C. Kinetochores D. Tetrads E. Telomeres

A. Cyclins

This is the shaft of a long bone A. Diaphysis B. Epiphysis C. Metaphysis D. Periosteum E. Marrow

A. Diaphysis

Motion will occur in a muscle when the ______ supplied exceeds the ______

A. Effort, load

Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the study of the chemical regulators in the blood? A. Endocrinology B. Cardiovascular physiology C. Neurophysiology D. Immunology E. Pathophysiology

A. Endocrinology

Which event does not occur during the onset of rigor mortis? A. Enzymes from lysosomes digest crossbridges B. Cellular membranes become leaky C. Myosin heads bind to actin

A. Enzymes from lysosomes digest crossbridges

This layer of the skin is composed of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium A. Epidermis B. Subcutaneous layer C. Hypodermis D. Dermis

A. Epidermis

Which of the following is NOT a connective tissue? A. Epidermis B. Bone C. Cartilage D. Blood E. Tendons

A. Epidermis

In this type of transport process a solute Bonds to a specific carrier proteins on one side of the membrane. This finding induces a con formational change in the carrier protein that results in the solute moving down its concentration gradient to the other side of the membrane A. Facilitated diffusion B. Secondary active transport C. Active transport D. Osmosis

A. Facilitated diffusion

This is a type of movement where there is a decrease in the angle between articulating bones A. Flexion B. Extension C. Gliding D. Circumduction E. Rotation

A. Flexion

This plane divides the body into anterior and posterior portions A. Frontal B. Sagittal C. Transverse D. Oblique E. Midsagittal

A. Frontal

Which of the following is a monosaccharide that is used by cells to produce energy? A. Glucose B. Sucrose C. Lactose D. Glycogen E. Maltose

A. Glocose

Which condition is the protrusion of the nucleus posteriorly or into one of adjacent vertebral column? A. Herniated disc B. Scoliosis C. Kyphosis D. Lordosis E. Spina bifida

A. Herniated disc

During this phase of the cell cycle, organelles duplicate in centrosome replication begins. A. Interphase B. Prophase C. Anaphase D. Telophase E. Metaphase

A. Interphase

This portion of a DNA segment does not code for a protein A. Introns B. Ribosomes C. Polyribosome D. RNA E. Exons

A. Introns

Keratin A. Is a protein B. Is secreted by plasma cells to help protect the body from viruses C. Is made by melanocytes only D. All of these choices E. Is both a protein and made by melanocytes only

A. Is a protein

Most intravenous solutions are ________ with respect to blood cells? A. Isotonic B. Hypotonic C. Hypertonic D. Tonicity E. Osmotic

A. Isotonic

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of epithelial tissues? A. Large amount of extracellular matrix B. Contains no blood vessels C. Line the inside of blood vessels D. Cells are tightly packed together E. Found on the exposed surfaces of the body

A. Large amount of extracellular matrix

In an isometric contraction the muscle develops tension but does not

A. Lengthen

In which of the following locations would you most likely find transitional epithelial cells? A. Lining of the urinary bladder B. On the surface of the heart C. Covering skull bones D. Lining of the esophagus E. Outer layer of skin

A. Lining of the urinary bladder

This is the sum of all chemical processes that occur in the body A. Metabolism B. Anabolism C. Catabolism D. Auscultation E. Palpation

A. Metabolism

In which of the following types of membranes would you expect to find goblet cells? A. Mucous membrane B. Serous C. Plasma D. Cutaneous E. Synovial

A. Mucous membrane

The contractile organelles of a skeletal muscle fiber are thread-like structures called

A. Myofibrils

Specialized structures within a cell that have a characteristic shape and perform specific functions in cellular growth maintenance and reproduction are called A. Organelles B. Nuclei C. Cytoplasm D. Cytosol E. Cytoskeleton

A. Organelles

The general process by which bones form is called A. Ossification B. Osteomalacia C. Calcification D. Apposition E. Orthodontics

A. Ossification

Which of the following conditions is a cancer affecting osteoblasts? A. Osteogenic sarcoma B. Rickets C. Osteomalacia D. Osteoarthritis E. Osteopenia

A. Osteogenic sarcoma

Spongy bone tissue lacks A. Osteons B. Osteocytes C. Canaliculi D. Lacunae E. Lamellae

A. Osteons

Which of the following refers to paleness of the skin? A. Pallor B. Jaundice C. Hirsitism D. Androgen is alopecia

A. Pallor

In this type of synovial joint, a rounded or pointed surface on one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone and partly by a ligament A. Pivot joint B. Planar joint C. Hinge joint D. Ball-and-socket joint E. Saddle joint

A. Pivot joint

This deep fascia of the foot extends from the calcaneus to the phalanges of the toes and often becomes inflamed resulting in "painful heel syndrome"

A. Plantar aponeurosis

What type of special movement occurs in your clavicles at your acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints when you cross your arms in front of your body? A. Protraction B. Retraction C. Inversion D. Eversion E. Supination

A. Protraction

The main function of dense regular connective tissue is A. Providing strong attachment between structure like muscles and bones B. Reducing heat loss C. Forming stroma of soft organs D. Storing minerals

A. Providing strong attachment between structure like muscles and bones

The humerus is _____ to the radius A. Proximal B. Distal C. Medial D. Inferior E. Anterior

A. Proximal

The capitulum of the humerus articulates with the A. Radius B. Ulna C. Scapula D. Carpal bones E. Clavicle

A. Radius

This is the structure of a feedback system that provides input to the control center A. Receptor B. Muscle C. Response D. Effector E. Efferent pathway

A. Receptor

This is the transport process by which gases, like O2 and CO2, move through a membrane. A. Simple diffusion B. Active transport C. Endocytosis D. Osmosis E. Secondary active transport

A. Simple diffusion

Sella turcica is a bony depression found in this cranial bone A. Sphenoid B. Frontal C. Temporal D. Ethmoid E. Occipital

A. Sphenoid

This directional term is the opposite of deep A. Superficial B. Superior C. Inferior D. Distal E. Proximal

A. Superficial

The functional joint classification that a suture joint fits into is A. Synarthrosis B. Amphiarthrosis C. Diathrosis D. Synovial E. Cartilaginous

A. Synarthrosis

This is defined as a group of cells that work together to perform a particular function A. Tissue B. Organ C. Molecules D. Compounds E. Organism

A. Tissue

This is a measure of a solution's ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content A. Tonicity B. Facilitation C. Equivalency D. Filtration E. Normality

A. Tonicity

Which of the following transport processes move substances through cells using endocytosis on one side of a cell and exocytosis on the opposite side of the cell? A. Transcytosis B. Simple diffusion C. Secondary active transport D. Phagocytosis E. Osmosis

A. Transcytosis

Which of the following is a muscle whose insertion is found on the clavicle and acromion process of the scapula within the pectoral girdle? A. Trapezius B. Pectoralis major C. Latissimus dorsi D. Gracilus E. Sartorius

A. Trapezius

This is the most abundant and most important inorganic compound in the body A. Water B. Oxygen C. Carbon dioxide D. Glucose E. DNA

A. Water

In what portion of the brain does the hypoglossal nucleus originate?

A. medulla oblongata

Visceral pain results from stimulating

A. nociceptors

Which of the following is a nucleus found in the midbrain that releases dopamine?

A. substantia nigra

Which of the following disorders is characterized by the wasting away of muscles due to the progressive loss of myofibrils?

B, muscular atrophy

A typical spinal nerve has how many connections to the spinal cord?

B. 2

Which of the following subatomic particles are shared by two Adams to form covalent bonds? 1. Neutron 2. Electron 3. Proton A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. 2 and 3 only E. 1, 2, and 3

B. 2 only

Each lower limb has A. 30 bones in 3 locations B. 30 bones in 4 locations C. 32 bones in 3 locations D. 32 bones found in 4 locations E. 34 bones in 4 locations

B. 30 bones found in 4 locations

Electrical signals called ____ travel along the plasma membrane of a neuron in stimulate the release of chemicals called _____ that are then used to communicate with other cells A. Threshold potential; cytokines B. Action potentials; neurotransmitters C. Threshold potentials; neurotransmitters D. Action potentials; hormones

B. Action potentials; neurotransmitters

The muscle that serves as the "prime mover" during a movement is called the

B. Agonist

Which of the following anatomical terms refers to the front of the elbow? A. Olecranal B. Antecubical C. Carpal D. Digital E. Antebrachial

B. Antecubical

Choose the directional term that would make the following sentence correct. The sternum is _______ to the heart. A. Posterior B. Anterior C. Inferior D. Superior E. Lateral

B. Anterior

This ligament limits hyperextension of the knee and prevents the anterior sliding of the tibia on the femur. A. Fibular collateral ligament B. Anterior cruciate ligament C. Posterior cruciate ligament D. Patellar ligament E. Arcuate popliteal ligament

B. Anterior cruciate ligament

You stepped on a nail. List the sequential layers of the epidermis that the nail penetrated through to finally reach the dermis. A. Corneum, granulosum, lucidum, spinosum, basale B. Corneum, lucidum, granulosm, spinosum, basale C. Corneum, granulosm, spinosum, basale

B. Corneum, lucidum, granulosm, spinosum, basale

This layer of the skin is composed mainly of dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers A. Epidermis B. Dermis C. Basement membrane D. Hypodermis E. Subcutaneous layer

B. Dermis

This type of chemical reaction will absorb more energy than it releases A. Exergonic B. Endergonic C. Potential D. Kinetic E. Activation

B. Endergonic

This is the region of a long bone that articulates with other bones A. Diaphysis B. Epiphysis C. Metaphysis D. Periosteum E. Marrow

B. Epiphysis

Which of the following types of abnormal contractions of skeletal muscle is caused by a twitch of an entire motor unit is visible under the skin?

B. Fasciculation

What are the nonpolar parts of phospholipids? A. Phosphate-containing head groups B. Fatty acid tail groups C. Neither the head or tail groups D. Both the head and tail groups

B. Fatty acid tail groups

The lateral malleolus us found on the distal end of what bone? A. Tibia B. Fibula C. Talus D. Metatarsals E. Femur

B. Fibula

An opening or hole in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves and ligaments pass is called a A. Fissure B. Foramen C. Fossa D. Meatus E. Sulcus

B. Fissure

The major function of mitochondria is to A. Produce protein B. Generate ATP C. Move the cell D. Oxidize organelles

B. Generate ATP

Which of the following bone markings on the scapula is an indentation into which the head of the humerus fits? A. Coracoid process B. Glenoid cavity C. Acromion D. Scapular notch E. Supraspinous fossa

B. Glenoid cavity

A patient would be infused with a _______ solution in order to ultimately relieve excess interstitial fluid in the brain A. Hypotonic B. Hypertonic C. Tonicity D. Hemolytic E. Isotonic

B. Hypertonic

This type of protein protects against pathogens A. Contractile B. Immunological C. Regulatory D. Catalytic E. Transport

B. Immunological

All of the following are characteristics of anabolism EXCEPT: A. It involves synthesizing new biomolecules B. It primary involves endergonic reactions C. It releases large amounts of energy D. An example of anabolism is liking amino acids together to form proteins E. An example is the formation of two ammonia molecules from one nitrogen molecule and three hydrogen molecules

B. It primarily involves endergonic reactions

Most muscles cross at least one

B. Joint

In this type of scar, the scar tissue extends beyond the boundary of the injury into normal tissue. A. Granuloma B. Keloid scar C. Hypertrophic D. Inhibitory scar

B. Keloid scar

An enzyme acts to A. Raise the activation energy needed to start the reaction B. Lower the activation energy needed to start the reaction C. Convert the activation energy into potential energy D. Covert the activation energy into kinetic energy E. Stop a chemical reaction

B. Lower the activation energy needed to start the reaction

Which of the following chemicals does NOT contribute to the color of human skin? A. Pheomelanin B. Melatonin C. Carotene D. Eumelanin E. Hemoglobin

B. Melatonin

This consists of a somatic motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates

B. Motor unit

Which of the following functions as a motor protein in all three types of muscle tissue?

B. Myosin

Cross bridges are formed during muscle contractions when _____ on the thick filaments binds to _____ on the thin filaments A. Myosin, troposin B. Myosin, actin C. Actin, myosin D. Actin, tropomyosin

B. Myosin, actin

This is the study of the functions of the body structures A. Anatomy B. Physiology C. Endocrinology D. Histology E. Immunology

B. Physiology

The hormone relaxin stimulates changes that lead to increased range of motion in the A. Shoulder joint B. Pubic symphysis C. Temporomandibular joint D. Knee joint E. Coronal suture

B. Pubic symphysis

Which of the following types of tissues is made up of small spindle-shaped cells and is commonly found in the walls of hollow organs? A. Skeletal B. Smooth C. Cardiac D. Areolar E. Transitional epithelium

B. Smooth muscle

To stimulate skeletal muscle contraction, acetylcholine must cross the __________ of the neuromuscular junction and bind to receptors on the motor endplate A. Node of ranvier B. Synaptic cleft C. Sarcolemma D. Synaptic end bulb

B. Synaptic cleft

The medial and lateral epicondyles are found on the distal end of the humerus and are used for A. Formation of the elbow joint B. Tendon attachment C. Passage of nerves and blood vessels through the bone into the marrow cavity D. Both formation of the elbow joint and tendon attachment E. All of these

B. Tendon attachment

Which of the following statements best describes the structure of the blood brain barrier that provides its functional characteristics?

B. Tight junctions tightly seal endothelial cells of capillaries in the brain.

This type of lipid is used by the body for insulation A. Phospholipids B. Triglycerides C. Bile salts D. Sex hormones E. Carotenes

B. Triglycerides

This type of descending motor pathway conveys nerve impulses that originate in the cerebral cortex and are destined to cause precise, voluntary movements of skeletal muscles.

B. direct pathway

The chemical bonds formed between the atoms in a water molecule are called A. Nonpolar covalent bonds B. Polar covalent bonds C. Hydrogen bonds D. Ionic bonds E. Atomic bonds

B. polar covalent bonds

Which of the following types of neurons conduct sensory impulses from the brain stem and spinal cord to the thalamus?

B. second order neuron

This structure binds to an amino acid and holds it in place as a ribosome until it is incorporated into a polypeptide chain during translation. A. mRNA B. tRNA C. DNA D. cDNA E. mRNA

B. tRNA

What regulatory proteins can be found in the thin filaments of skeletal muscle fibers?

B. tropomyosin and troponin

The human body contains approximately ________ cells, which can be classified into about _______ different cell types A. 1 trillion; 4 B. 1 billion; 200 C. 100 trillion; 200 D. 100 trillion; 4 E. 1 trillion; 200

C. 100 trillion; 200

Which of the following is a type of fibrous joint composed of a thin layer of dense irregular fibrous connective tissue found between the bones of the skull? 1. Syndesmoses 2. Gomphosis 3. Suture A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. Both 1 and 2 E. None of these

C. 3 only

How much of the total body weight of an averages adult is muscle tissue?

C. 40-50%

The primary structure of a protein consist of A. Beta-pleated sheets B. Three dimensional folded conformation C. A sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds D. The overall folded conformation of the protein's subunits

C. A sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

A solution with a pH value less than 7 is A. Basic B. Neutral C. Acidic D. Alkaline E. Concentrated

C. Acidic

Hyperplasia is A. An increase in the size of muscle fibers B. A decrease in the size C. An increase in the number of muscle fibers D. A decease in the number E. None of these

C. An increase in the number of muscle fibers

This refers to a weighted average of the atomic weights of all naturally occurring isotopes of an element. A. Mass number B. Atomic number C. Atomic mass D. Ionic mass E. Covalent mass

C. Atomic mass

Which of the following organs contains the control center for feedback system that regulates blood pressure? A. Skin B. Arteries C. Brain D. Heart E. Pituitary gland

C. Brain

What are the four major elements found in the chemicals that comprise the human body? A. Nitrogen, oxygen, calcium, sodium B. Hydrogen, carbon, phosphorus, calcium C. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen D. Oxygen, nitrogen, potassium, calcium

C. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

This process is division of the cytoplasm. A. Meiosis B. Mitosis C. Cytokinesis D. Cytosol E. Centrioles

C. Cytokinesis

Why does a fracture of the clavicle usually occur in the mid-region of the bone? A. Due to the medial pressure from the inflated lungs B. Due to the ligament reinforced strength of the acromial joint C. Due to weakness at the junction of the two curves clavicle D. Due to position of the clavicle relative to the humerus

C. Due to weakness at the junction of the two curves clavicle

Which of the primary germ layers of the embryo does the epidermis of the skin develop from? A. Both endoderm and ectoderm B. Endoderm C. Ectoderm D. Mesoderm E. All choices are correct

C. Ectoderm

This is the property of muscle that gives it the ability to stretch without damage. A. Electrical excitability B. Elasticity C. Extensibility

C. Extensibility

The pubic symphysis and intervertebral discs are composed of this type of connective tissue A. Adipose tissue B. Dense irregular connective tissue C. Fibrocartilage D. Reticular connective tissue E. Elastic cartilage

C. Fibrocartilage

Which of the following muscles is used ti flex and abduct the hand at the wrist joint?

C. Flexor carpi radialis

Which of the following describes a major significance of the element carbon in the human body? A. Ionized form makes body fluids acidic B. Constituent of water C. Forms backbone of all organic molecules D. Requires to harden the structure of bones and teeth E. Ionized form is the part of hemoglobin that carries oxygen

C. Forms backbone of all organic compounds

This type of motion results from relatively flat bone surfaces moving back and forth and from side to side with respect to one another A. Flexion B. Extension C. Gliding D. Circumduction E. Hyperexension

C. Gliding

Which of the following carbohydrates is a polysaccharide? A. Ribose B. Lactose C. Glycogen D. Maltose E. Galactose

C. Glycogen

What is the major function of histones? A. Needed for helix formation of the DNA B. Catalyze methylation of the DNA C. Help organize coiling and folding the DNA D. Degrade faulty proteins in the nucleus

C. Help organize coiling and folding of the DNA

This is the condition of equilibrium in the body's internal environment A. Palpation B. Metabolism C. Homeostasis D. Autopsy E. Differentiation

C. Homeostasis

Which of the following is a polysaccharide commonly found in the ground substance of connective tissue? A. Starch B. Cholesterol C. Hyaluronic acid D. Glycogen E. Melatonin

C. Hyaluronic acid

This relatively weak type of bond helps stabilize the three dimensional structure of large molecules like proteins and DNA? A. Nonpolar covalent B. Polar covalent C. Hydrogen D. Ionic E. Atomic

C. Hydrogen

Surface tension of an aqueous solution is generated by the presence of _________ between water molecules. A. Covalent bonds B. Ionic bonds C. Hydrogen bonds D. Ester links E. None of these choices

C. Hydrogen bonds

If the solute concentration is greater inside of the cell than outside the cell, water will move by osmosis A. All answer choices B. Out of the cell C. Into the cell D. None of the answer choices E. Into and out of the cell at the same rate

C. Into the cell

This type of membrane protein anchors cells to neighboring cells and to protein filaments found outside or inside the cell. A. Transporters B. Ligand C. Linkers D. Receptors E. Ion channels

C. Linkers

Which of the following membrane enclosed organelles can engulf a worn out organelle digest chemical components and recycle those digested components? A. Mitochondria B. Ribosomes C. Lysosomes D. Proteasome E. Peroxisomes

C. Lysosomes

During embryonic and fetal develop, most skeletal tissues arise from A. The neurocranium B. The notochord C. Mesenchymal cells D. Endoderm E. None of thesde

C. Mesenchymal cells

Which of the following substances is normally across the plasma membrane by exocytosis? A. Fat-soluble vitamins B. Bacteria C. Neurotransmitters D. Carbon dioxide gas E. Ions

C. Neutransmitters

The attachment of a muscles tendon to the stationary bone is called the ____; the attachment of the muscles other tendon to the moveable bone is called the ______

C. Origin, insertion

What is the name of the outer layer of the serous membrane that surrounds the heart? A. Diaphragm B. Visceral pleura C. Parietal pericardium D. Visceral pericardium E. Mediastinum

C. Parietal pericardium

Which subspecialty of physiology deals with the sturdy of functional changes associated with disease and aging? A. Exercise physiology B. Renal physiology C. Pathophysiology D. Cardiovascular physiology E. Immunology

C. Pathophysiology

What are the three main parts of a eukaryotic cell? A. Plasma membrane cytoplasm and organelles B. Plasma membrane organelles and nucleus C. Plasma membrane cytoplasm and nucleus D. Plasma membrane organelles and cytoplasm

C. Plasma membrane cytoplasm and nucleus

This type of fatty acid contains more than one double bond in its hydrocarbon chain. A. Saturated B. Monosaturated C. Polyunsaturated D. Volatile E. Short chain

C. Polyunsaturated

What transport process uses energy stored in a Na+ or H+ concentration gradient to drive other substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradient? A. Primary active transport B. Osmosis C. Secondary active transport D. Passive diffusion

C. Secondary active transport

The junction between the manubrium and the body of the sternum forms the A. Suprasternal notch B. Xiphoid process C. Sternal angle D. Sternoclavicular joint E. Mandibular joint

C. Sternal angle

This layer of epidermis is composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes A. Stratum corneum B. Stratum lucidum C. Stratum basale D. Stratum granulosum E. Stratum spinosum

C. Stratum basale

A transverse plane will cut a body or organ into A. Anterior and posterior portions B. Left and right portions C. Superior and inferior portions D. Portions separated at an angle to its longitudinal axis E. Unequal left and right portions

C. Superior and inferior portions

In neuromuscular junctions, synaptic vesicles containing acetylcholine are found in suspended in the cytosol of A. Myelin bulbs B. Neuromuscular bulbs C. Synaptic end bulbs

C. Synaptic end bulbs

Which of the following is a common function of RNA? A. Procure electrical impulses B. Storage of energy C. Transfer information for protein synthesis D. Long-term storage of information for protein synthesis E. Transport of fluids

C. Transfer information for protein synthesis

Which of the following is a common function of RNA? A. Produce electrical impulses B. Storage of energy C. Transfer information for protein synthesis D. Long-term storage of information for protein synthesis E. Transport of fluids

C. Transfer information for protein synthesis

Which of the following types of abnormal contractions of skeletal muscle is a rhythmic, involuntary, purposeless quivering or shaking movement?

C. Tremor

Which of the following structures on the ulna receives the trochlea of the humerus? A. Olecranon fossa B. Coronoid process C. Trochlear notch D. Radial notch E. Capitulum

C. Trochlear notch

The infraspinatus muscle is a muscle that moves the

C. Upper arm

IPSP stands for

C. inhibitory postsynaptic potential

Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disorder that targets the ACh receptors at the NMJ and ultimately reduces the number of available receptors. Predict what happens if you treat the patient with a drug that inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterase

C. normal contraction

Release of calcium from these structures triggers skeletal muscle contraction

C. terminal cisterns of sarcoplasmic reticulum

The energy stored in the bonds of the molecules in the foods that humans eat is 1. A form of kinetic energy 2. A form of potential energy 3. Referred to as chemical energy A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. 2 and 3 E. All of these choices

D. 2 and 3

What energizes the myosin head?

D. ATP hydrolysis reaction

Which of the are commonly used to produce ATP during skeletal muscle contraction? A. Creatine phosphate B. Anaerobic cellular respiration C. Aerobic cellular respiration D. All of these E. None of these

D. All of these

_______ is the loss of tissue differentiation and function that is characteristic of most malignancies A. Hypertrophy B. Atrophy C. Hyperplasia D. Anaplasia E. Dysplasia

D. Anaplasia

This is the name given to a negatively charged atom. A. Superoxide B. Isotope C. Catalyst D. Anion E. Cation

D. Anion

What is the function of the pelvic girdle? A. Support for vertebral column B. Attachment site for lower limbs C. Attachment site for large pectoral muscles D. Attachment site for lower limbs and for large pectoral muscles E. All of these

D. Attachment site for lower limbs and for large pectoral muscles

Chromatolysis refers to

D. Break up of Nissil bodies after neural injury

Which of the following bones is NOT part of the axial skeleton? A. Hyoid B. Ribs C. Vertebrae D. Carpals E. Sternum

D. Carpals

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the spinothalamic tract?

D. Carries motor information down the cord

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the cytosol? A. Often contains aggregates of triglycerides that form liquid droplets B. Primarily consists of water C. Site of many important chemical reactions D. Cation of electron transport chain carrier proteins E. Contains the enzymes of glycolysis

D. Cation of electron transport chain carrier proteins

These gene-containing structures consist of highly coiled and folded DNA along protein molecules. There are 46 of these structures in most cells in the human body, A. Chromatids B. Centrosome C. Histones D. Chromosomes E. Centrosomes

D. Chromosomes

Which of the following is a condition where the foot is twisted inferiorly and medically, and the angle of the arch is increased? A. Bunions B. Flatfoot C. Clawfoot D. Clubfoot

D. Clubfoot

Like other _________, bone tissue contains an abundant extracellular matrix that surrounds widely spread cells A. Epithelial tissues B. Muscular tissue C. Nervous tissue D. Connective tissue E. Facial tissues

D. Connective tissues

This is the structure of a feedback system that receives output from the control center A. Receptor B. Stimulus C. Response D. Effector E. Efferent pathway

D. Effector

A chemical that can conduct electrical current when dissolves in water is called a(n) A. Isotope B. Isomer C. Compound D. Electrolyte E. Valence molecule

D. Electrolyte

This is the outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle.

D. Epimysium

After the fusion of myoblasts, the muscle fiber loses its ability to do what?

D. Go through cell division

This type of fracture is considered a partial fracture and is only seen in children A. Open B. Comminuted C. Impacted D. Greenstick E. Stress

D. Greenstick

Which of the following microscopic structures is only found in the cardiac muscle tissue? A. Myosin B. Tropomyosin C. Sarcomeres D. Intercalated discs

D. Intercalated discs

Which of the following are proprioceptors found in the articular capsules of synovial joints?

D. Kinesthetic receptors

Which of the following structures contain osteocytes? A. Haversian canal B. Volkman's canal C. Concentric lamellae D. Lacunae E. Canaliculi

D. Lacunae

This epidermal cell has a role in immunity and disease resistance A. Melanocytes B. Keratinocytes C. Merkel cells D. Langerhans cells E. Podocyes

D. Langerhans cells

Which of the following bones CANNOT be elevated or depressed? A. Hyoid B. Clavicle C. Ribs D. Maxilla E. Mandible

D. Maxilla

This facial bone articulates with teeth. A. Lacrimal B. Palatine C. Vomer D. Maxillae E. Nasal

D. Maxillae

This pigment secreted by specialized cells in the skin is capable of absorbing ultraviolet light. A. Melatonin B. Carotene C. Collagen D. Melanin E. Keratin

D. Melanin

An EEG measures brain waves primary generated by

D. Neurons in the cerebral cortex

These are considered bone-building cells. A. Fibroblasts B. Osteoclasts C. Osteocytes D. Osteoblasts E. All of the choices

D. Osteoblasts

Which of the following anatomical terms refers to the body region between the anus and the external genitals? A. Gluteal B. Crural C. Lumbar D. Perineal E. Inguinal

D. Perineal

Cellulose is a A. Protein B. Lipid C. Monosaccharide D. Polysaccharide E. Nucleic acid

D. Polysaccharide

Which of the following is a common characteristic of thin skin? A. High density of sensory receptors B. Hairless C. Contains epidermal ridges D. Presence of sebaceous glands E. Contains a stratum lucidum

D. Presence of sebaceous glands

The extracellular matrix of connective tissue consists of A. Enzymes and membranous organelles B. Plasma membranes and ground substance C. Keratinized cells and protein fibers D. Protein fibers and ground substance

D. Protein fibers and ground substances

A cell lacking ribosomes will be unable to make the following compounds A. Phospholipids B. Lipids C. Nucleotides D. Proteins E. Carbohydrates

D. Proteins

Which of the following membrane-enclosed organelles in the site of syntheses of membrane proteins and secretory proteins? A. Nucleus B. Centrosome C. Smooth ER D. Rough ER E. Golgi complex

D. Rough ER

This type of exocrine gland is a simple, branched acinar gland connected to a hair follicle. A. None of these B. Both sebaceous and sudoriferous glands C. Sudoriferous gland D. Sebaceous gland

D. Sebaceous gland

This organelle is responsible for synthesis of steroids phospholipids and functions as a reservoir for Ca+? A. Rough ER B. Lysosome C. Mitochondrion D. Smooth ER E. Secretory vesicle

D. Smooth ER

The insertion of all the following muscles is the hyoid bone EXCEPT the

D. Sternothryoid

A brief contraction of all muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single action potential moving down the somatic motor neuron is known as A. Isometric contraction B. Isotonic contraction C. Refractory period D. Twitch period

D. Twitch period

A patient in their twenties having the inherited disease __________ presents the following symptoms: rapid acceleration of aging evidenced by wrinkling of the skin, muscular atrophy and baldness. A. Tay-Sachs disease B. Leukemia C. Lymphoma D. Werner syndrome E. Progeria

D. Werner syndrome

This projection extends superiorly and laterally along the superior ramus of the pubis eventually merging with the arcuate line of the ilium. A. Pectineal line B. Ischial tuberosity C. Anterior gluteal line D. Inferior gluteal line E. Greater sciatic notch

D. inferior gluteal line

Which of the following structures is used to reduce friction in joints? 1. Bursae 2. Synovial fluid 3. Accessory ligaments 4. Elastic fibers A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. 4 only E. 1 and 2

E. 1 and 2

These types of cell junctions anchor adjacent cells together and resist their separation during contractile activities A. Gap junctions and tight junctions B. Desmosomes and gap junctions C. Tight junctions and hemidesmosomes D. Hemidesmosomes and tight junctions E. Adherens junction and desmosomes

E. Adherens junctions and desmosomes

Which of the following is NOT a function if the nervous system?

E. All of the above Sensory function, integrative function, motor function

Bursae are saclike structures that are commonly found between bone and A. Skin B. Muscle C. Ligaments D. Tendons E. All the other answer selections

E. All of the answers

The different types of muscle tissue differ from each other by A. Microscopic anatomy B. Location C. Type of control D. Both microscopic anatomy and location E. All of these

E. All of these

Which of the following can lower the amount of free radicals in the body? A. X-rays B. UV rays C. Oxygen D. Carbon tetrachloride E. Antioxidants

E. Antioxidants

Calcium is involved in all of the following important bodily functions EXCEPT A. Blood clotting B. Nervous system communication C. Muscle contraction D. Acting as a cofactor in some enzymatic reactions E. Being the primary cation that regulates osmotic balance in cells

E. Being the primary cation that regulates osmotic balance in cells.

A wart is an example of which type of neoplasm? A. Melanoma B. Sarcoma C. Progeria D. Malignant tumor E. Benign tumor

E. Benign tumor

Which of the following does NOT contribute to the longer lasting and more widespread effects observed with sympathetic activation versus parasympathetic activation?

E. Blood flow to the hypothalamus is decreased when sympathetic activation occurs.

A chemical compound that helps control the pH of a solution by adding or removing hydrogen ions is a(n) A. electrolyte B. Salt C. Cation D. Colloid E. Buffer

E. Buffer

The sarcoplasmic reticulum in skeletal muscle fibers is used for storing

E. Ca2+

Which of the following bones is NOT a tarsal bone? A. Talus B. Calcaneus C. Navicular D. Cuneiform E. Capitate

E. Capitate

The process of keratinization involves A. Synthesizing new pigment in the skin B. Changes occuring in thin skin only C. None of these choices D. Both synthesizing new pigment in the skin and cells E. Cells accumulating a tough fibrous protein that helps protect the skin

E. Cells accumulating a tough fibrous protein that helps protect the skin

The difference in concentration of a specific chemical, like Na+, on the inside and outside of a plasma is referred as a(n) A. Biological capacitance B. Electrochemical potential C. Membrane potential D. Electrical gradient E. Concentration gradient

E. Concentration gradient

Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules are all components of a cell's A. Nucleus B. Ribosome C. Plasma membrane D. Flagella E. Cytoskeleton

E. Cytoskeleton

A major function of proteasomes is to A. Perform extracellular digestion of proteins B. Degrade excess ATP C. Perform autophagy D. Digest dietary proteins for use of other organelles E. Degrade unneeded, damaged or faulty cellular proteins

E. Degrade unneeded, damaged or faulty cellular proteins

An embryonic stem cell undergoes _____ to become a neuron. A. Catabolism B. Growth C. Reproduction D. Anabolism E. Differentiation

E. Differentiation

This directional term means farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk or farther from the origination of a structure A. Deep B. Contralateral C. Lateral D. Cephalic E. Distal

E. Distal

This is defined as the capacity to do work A. Metabolism B. Electrolytes C. Chemical reaction D. Concentration E. Energy

E. Energy

This type of membrane protein enables cells to catalyze specific chemical reaction at the inner or outer surface of their plasma membrane. A. Ligand B. Cholesterol C. Phospholipids D. Receptors E. Enzymes

E. Enzymes

Which of the following is NOT a property of enzymes? A. Enzymes are catalytic proteins B. Enzymes are highly specific C. Enzymes are efficient D. Enzymes are subject to a variety of cellular controls. E. Enzymes are irreversibly changed by the reactions that they catalyze

E. Enzymes are irreversibly changed by the reactions that they catalyze

This is a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis to grow in length A. Periosteum B. Distal epiphysis C. Nutrient foramen D. Articular cartilage E. Epiphyseal plate

E. Epiphyseal plate

Which of the following is a polysaccharide that serves as a storage form of energy in muscle and liver cells? A. Cellulose B. Ribose C. Lipids D. Glucose E. Glycogen

E. Glycogen

Which of the following is a common characteristic of fast glycolytic (FG) skeletal muscle fibers?

E. High amount of glycogen in the sarcoplasm.

This directional term means farther from the midline A. Medial B. Anterior C. Proximal D. Deep E. Lateral

E. Lateral

Which of the following cranial bones are paired bones in the human skull? A. Temporal B. Parietal C. Sphenoid D. Ethmoid E. More than one selection is correct

E. More than one selection is correct

The muscular system contributes to homeostasis by _______

E. Moving substances withing the body

Which of the following is not one of the main tissue types found in the human body? A. Nervous B. Epithelial C. Connective D. Muscle E. Myocardial

E. Myocardial

Which monomer is used to build RNA and DNA? A. Fatty acid B. Amino acid C. Monosaccharide D. Glycerol E. Nucleotide

E. Nucleotide

Which of the following represents the largest and most complex level of structural organization in the human body? A. Chemical level B. Cellular level C. Tissue level D. Organ level E. Organismal level

E. Organismal level

In this transport process, the energy from hydrolysis of ATP is used to drive substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients A. Osmosis B. Facilitated diffusion C. Secondary active transport D. Passive diffusion E. Primary active transport

E. Primary active transport

Which of the following is NOT a major function of muscle tissue?

E. Production of Vitamins

A patient with normal development in their 1st year, followed by rapid aging evidenced by dry and wrinkled skin, total baldness, and birdlike facial features likely has which disease? A. Werner syndrome B. Tay-Sachs disease C. Leukemia D. Lymphoma E. Progeria

E. Progeria

During this phase of cell division, the chromatin fibers condense and shorten into chromosomes that are visible under the microscope. A. Telophase B. Anaphase C. Metaphase D. Interphase E. Prophase

E. Prophase

During phagocytosis, binding of a particle to a plasma membrane receptor triggers formation of ______, which are extensions of plasma membrane of the phagocyte that eventually surround the particle forming a phagosome. A. Exterior vesicles B. Podocytes C. Interior vesicles D. Lysosome E. Pseudopods

E. Pseudopods

Infants spend approximately 50% of their time sleeping time in

E. REM sleep

Reticular fibers in soft organs like the spleen and liver form a supporting framework called the A. Glycosaminoglycans B. Basement membrane C. Ground substance D. Matrix E. Stroma

E. Stroma

A joint in which there is a complete fusion of two separate bones into one bone is called a A. Synchondrosis B. Syndesmosis C. Symphysis D. Diarthrosis E. Synostosis

E. Synostosis

The hip joint is the joint found between A. The femur and tibia B. The pelvis and sacrum C. The pelvis and tibia D. The femur and patella E. The pelvis and femur

E. The pelvis and femur

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic commonly used to name skeletal muscles?

E. Thickness of fibers

The following is a particular sequence of base triplet on a DNA molecule: ATG. What is the corresponding codon for the mRNA? A. GUA B. TAC C. GTA D. CTA E. UAC

E. UAC

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of a negative feedback system? A. Regulated conditions in body that remain fairly stable over long periods B. Important in maintaining homeostasis C. Involves control centers in the nervous or endocrine systems D. Stimulates changes that reverse the direction of the stimulus E. Usually requires an event outside the feedback system to shut it off

E. Usually requires an event outside the feedback system to shut it off

One function of this long bone structure in the storage o energy in the form of triglycerides A. Red bone marrow B. Epiphysis C. Metaphysis D. Periosteum E. Yellow bone marrow

E. Yellow bone marrow

In comparision to the male pelvis, the female pelvis is NOT A. wider B. shallower C. larger in the pelvic inlet D. larger in the pelvis outlet E. larger in the acetabulum

E. larger in the acetabulum

The lungs are located in the A. Cranial cavity B. Vertebral cavity C. Abdominal cavity D. Pericardial cavity E. Pleural cavity

E. pleural cavity

Which of the following correctly lists the sequence of structures that action potentials must move through to excite skeletal muscle contraction?

d) axon of neuron, sarcolemma, T tubules