A&P Midterm 1

Arrange the following structures in the correct order starting with the simplest level or organization and ending with the most complex. 1. Cell membrane 2. Epithelial cell 3. Human 4. Digestive system 5. Phospholipid 6. Small intestine

5, 1, 2, 6, 4, 3

Bone tissue (or osseous tissue) is composed of extracellular collage (a large protein), mineral (calcium salts and other minerals) and bone cells (i.e. osteocytes). Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI, aka brittle bone disease) is a congenital bone disorder in which a mutation in the DNA results in a change in one monomer of collagen. Improper formation of collagen fibers leads to an irregular arrangement of osseous tissue. This results in brittle, easily broken bones. To help treat OI, patients are prescribed dietary supplements with high concentrations of vitamin D, a fat-soluble vitamin. How will the vitamin D cross into the cells lining the GI tract to be absorbed into the body? 1. Using a transport protein 2. osmosis 3. Directly through the phospolipid bilayer 4. hydrolysis

Directly through the phospolipid bilayer

All organisms must breathe oxygen in order to survive. T/F

False

Bone mass must be maintained to ensure sufficient structural support. Certain bone cells can build and break down bone in response to hormonal changes, but there is no receptor for bone mass. Bone mass is homeostatically regulated. T/F

False

Bones like the femur are only composed of connective tissue. T/F

False

Flagella are used to move fluids across the surface of the cell. T/F

False

Meiosis produces gametes that are genetically identical to the parent cell and are used in reproduction. T/F

False

Small, fat-soluble molecules require transport proteins to cross the cell membrane. T/F

False. Small uncharged molecules, gasses and fat-soluble molecules can pass through the cell membrane without a protein as long as they are traveling DOWN their concentration gradient

The enzyme pepsin is responsible for catalyzing the digestion of food proteins in the stomach. Which of the following conclusions would be most logical? 1. Food proteins are unable to cross the membranes of digestive cells unless digested. 2. Pepsin is destroyed in the process of digesting food proteins. 3. Pepsin will continue digesting proteins as they move through the small intestine and large intestine. 4. Pepsin is also able to digest cellulose.

Food proteins are unable to cross the membranes of digestive cells unless digested.

Where do you find the cells that act to remodel or maintain bone? 1. In osteon lacunae 2. In the periosteum found covering bones 3. In the endosteum found lining the medullary cavity 4. Lining the central canal of the osteon 5. In all of the listed structures

In all of the listed structures

The condition Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects proper production of the extra-cellular matrix protein fibrillin-1. Fibrillin-1 is necessary for proper production of elastic tissue fibers in the extracellular matrix, though other matrix fibers of these tissues are not affected. When elastic fibers are not properly formed, certain organs are severely affected. In extreme cases, the most affected organs include the large blood vessels near the heart which become weak, inelastic and can tear open (this is very bad and can cause immediate death). Marfan syndrome is an inherited autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by a mutation of the FBN1 gene. Where will you find the mutated FBN1 gene? 1. In all elastic fiber producing cells, but not in any other types of cells 2. In all organs that contain elastic fiber producing cells, but not in any other types of cells 3. In all somatic, nucleated cells in the body 4. In all connective tissue cells, but not in any other types of cells

In all somatic, nucleated cells in the body

Oxygen is essential for cellular respiration and therefore must cross the cell membrane. Which of the following would increase O2 transport into a cell? 1. Increasing surface area of the cell's membrane 2. Increasing the concentration of O2 inside of the cell 3. Increasing the number of membrane transport proteins for O2

Increasing surface area of the cell's membrane

why are men less likely to suffer osteoporosis than women? 1. Men's adult sustained levels of sex hormone continue to stimulate osteoblasts preventing osteoporosis 2. In women, estrogen stimulates osteoclasts, but testosterone does not, so the male skeleton has less bone removal 3. In later adulthood, the high peak of female sex hormone produces more remodeling of bone, which weakens the skeleton in women

Men's adult sustained levels of sex hormone continue to stimulate osteoblasts preventing osteoporosis

Mature osseous connective tissue (bone) is composed of collagen fibers and mineralized matrix. When osseous CT is first made, the osteoblasts secrete osteoid onto which calcium salt then precipitates. What is osteoid? hyaline cartilage Mostly collagen or collagen pre-cursors Mesenchyme

Mostly collagen or collagen pre-cursors

Neurons are specialized for communication. They are capable of sending electrical signals due to the presence of many ion channels and pumps on the cell membrane that they constantly maintain or replace as needed. Which of the following would be NOT consistent with this information? 1. Neurons are anucleate (they do not have nuclei) 2. Neurons are very permeable to certain ions 3. Neurons have many rough ER 4. Neurons have a high ATP demand

Neurons are anucleate (they do not have nuclei)

Your heart rate (the rate at which it pumps blood) varies depending on your degree of physical activity or neural/hormonal activity. With exercise or fear, heart rate increases to pump more blood to an active body. Yet after exercise, heart rate decreases to a resting level. There are several nerves and hormones that stimulate heart rate to increase as needed, or decrease when needed, but there is no receptor that monitors heart rate. Is heart rate homeostatically regulated?

No, homeostatic regulation requires 3 components: receptor, control center, effector.

Tendons have many collagen fibers. Which of the following best describes where these fibers are located? 1. In the ground substance that is within the fibroblasts 2. Outside the fibroblasts, in the extracellular matrix 3. In the ground substance that is within the chondrocytes 4. Outside the chondrocytes, in the extracellular matrix

Outside the chondrocytes, in the extracellular matrix

Sodium is more concentrated outside of cells than inside cells. What would happen if the cell membrane permeability to sodium suddenly changed? 1. Sodium rushes into the cell passively (net inward movement) 2. Sodium rushes out of the cell passively (net movement outward) 3. Nothing - sodium still does not cross the cell membrane

Sodium rushes into the cell passively (net inward movement)

What is the difference between spongy and compact bone? 1. Spongy bone and compact bone are microscopically arranged differently 2. Spongy bone and compact bone are made of different matrix material 3. Spongy bone and compact bone contain different cellular populations 4. Spongy bone and compact bone are not both found in long bones

Spongy bone and compact bone are microscopically arranged differently

In the normal 30 year old skeleton, osteoclast activity is matched by osteoblast activity. What would happen if osteoclast activity was greater than osteoblast activity? 1. The bones would become weaker 2. The bones would become stronger 3. There would be no effect on the skeleton

The bones would become weaker

Suppose you are a cytologist and you are examining an cell under the microscope. You observe that inside the cell there are many flattened, sac-like structures, many of them with small round granules. Based on this information, which of the following conclusions would be most logical? 1. The cell produces many proteins for export. 2. The cell is incapable of cellular division 3. The cell lacks a cell membrane 4. The cell is capable of motion.

The cell produces many proteins for export.

Which of the following would be most likely found in a cell that is subjected to significant mechanical strain (such as a cell in the outer skin)? 1. The cell would have many cytoskeletal elements 2. The cell would have many smooth ER 3. The cell would have many golgi apparatuses 4. The cell would lack phospholipids in its cell membrane

The cell would have many cytoskeletal elements

Apocrine sweat glands, like those in the armpit, produce a watery secretion rich with pheromone oils. Which of the following best describes the cells of these glands that export these secretions? 1. The cells contain smooth ER and golgi apparatus 2. The cells contain ribosomes and nuclei 3. The cells have golgi apparatus and many lysosomes 4. The cells have many cytoskeletal elements

The cells contain smooth ER and golgi apparatus

In which of the following would you expect to find osteons? 1. The diaphyseal cortex of the humerus 2. The medullary (marrow) cavity of the femur 3. The trabeculae of the humeral distal epiphysis 4. The ligaments connecting adjacent vertebrae 5. The epithelium of the oral cavity

The diaphyseal cortex of the humerus

When you swim in a pool, your body gains water. When you swim in the ocean you lose water. What most likely explains these observations?

The pool water is less salty than the inside of your body (and cells); the ocean water is saltier than the inside of your body (and cells)

What characteristic unites all connective tissue? 1. They all come from a common embryonic tissue (mesenchyme) 2. They all have a rich blood supply 3. They all have osteocytes 4. They all have liquid ground substance

They all come from a common embryonic tissue (mesenchyme)

How do ions move from low concentration to high concentration?(Against a concentration gradient) 1. Using cellular energy (ATP) 2. Passively, by diffusion

Using cellular energy (ATP)

In vitamin C deficiency you cannot synthesize collagen. Which of the following would most likely occur? 1. You would not be able to replenish lost epithelial cells. 2. Your cartilage would become avascular 3. Your skeleton would become malformed 4. You would not be able to sweat.

Your skeleton would become malformed

In vitamin C deficiency you cannot synthesize collagen. Which of the following would most likely occur? 1. Your skeleton would become malformed. 2. You would not be able to replenish lost epithelial cells. 3. You would not be able to sweat 4. Your cartilage would become avascular.

Your skeleton would become malformed.

Bone tissue (or osseous tissue) is composed of extracellular collagen (a large protein), mineral (calcium salts and other minerals) and bone cells (i.e. osteocytes). Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI, aka brittle bone disease) is a congenital bone disorder in which a mutation in the DNA results in a change in one monomer of collagen. Improper formation of collagen fibers leads to an irregular arrangement of osseous tissue. This results in brittle, easily broken bones. For OI, how is collagen transported across the cell membrane? 1. exocytosis 2. facilitated diffusion 3. osmosis 4. active transport

active transport

Bone tissue (or osseous tissue) is composed of extracellular collagen (a large protein), mineral (calcium salts and other minerals) and bone cells (i.e. osteocytes). Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI, aka brittle bone disease) is a congenital bone disorder in which a mutation in the DNA results in a change in one monomer of collagen. Improper formation of collagen fibers leads to an irregular arrangement of osseous tissue. This results in brittle, easily broken bones. For OI, what type of monomer is affected? 1. amino acid/ nucleotide 2. monosaccharide 3. glycerol

amino acid/ nucleotide

Keratin is an intracellular protein. How is it made?

by a free ribosome.

The condition Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects proper production of the extra-cellular matrix protein fibrillin-1. Fibrillin-1 is necessary for proper production of elastic tissue fibers in the extracellular matrix, though other matrix fibers of these tissues are not affected. When elastic fibers are not properly formed, certain organs are severely affected. In extreme cases, the most affected organs include the large blood vessels near the heart which become weak, inelastic and can tear open (this is very bad and can cause immediate death). For Marfan syndrome, the tissue in blood vessels that is affected is most likely: muscle epithelial connective nervous

connective

Which tissue type is charaterized by cells scattered throughout an extracellular matrix of proteins? muscle epithelial connective nervous

connective

The liver is a glandular organ that functions to secrete many substances to the blood or digestive tract, detoxify chemicals and synthesize molecules utilized by all the cells of the body. What do you think is its likely histologic composition? 1. epithelial 2. cardiac 3. connective 4. neural

epithelial

During transcription, the small and large ribosomal subunits combine to read the mRNA strand and synthesize an polypeptide (amino acid chain). T/F

false

The condition Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects proper production of the extra-cellular matrix protein fibrillin-1. Fibrillin-1 is necessary for proper production of elastic tissue fibers in the extracellular matrix, though other matrix fibers of these tissues are not affected. When elastic fibers are not properly formed, certain organs are severely affected. In extreme cases, the most affected organs include the large blood vessels near the heart which become weak, inelastic and can tear open (this is very bad and can cause immediate death). True or False. For Marfan syndrome, the cells that produce fibrillin-1 divide using meiosis in a growing individual.

false

Which organ is best described as one in which there are some cells, there is more ground substance than extracellular fibers, and the ground substance is solid at maturity? femur heart liver brain

femur

The condition Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects proper production of the extra-cellular matrix protein fibrillin-1. Fibrillin-1 is necessary for proper production of elastic tissue fibers in the extracellular matrix, though other matrix fibers of these tissues are not affected. When elastic fibers are not properly formed, certain organs are severely affected. In extreme cases, the most affected organs include the large blood vessels near the heart which become weak, inelastic and can tear open (this is very bad and can cause immediate death). For Marfan syndrome, which cells produce the elastic fibers? osteocytes adipocytes myocytes fibroblasts

fibroblasts

Bone tissue (or osseous tissue) is composed of extracellular collage (a large protein), mineral (calcium salts and other minerals) and bone cells (i.e. osteocytes). Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI, aka brittle bone disease) is a congenital bone disorder in which a mutation in the DNA results in a change in one monomer of collagen. Improper formation of collagen fibers leads to an irregular arrangement of osseous tissue. This results in brittle, easily broken bones. For OI, which of the following would be at the same level of organization as collagen? 1. Liver 2. Red blood cell 3. Glycogen 4 Sodium ions

glycogen

Cells; 1. have phospholipid membranes which regulate the passage of molecule into their cytosol 2. have different organelles depending on their function, but must have a nucleus 3. spend most of their lives with their DNA organized as chromosomes 4. divide by meiosis to replace dead or damaged cells

have phospholipid membranes which regulate the passage of molecule into their cytosol

Bone tissue (or osseous tissue) is composed of extracellular collage (a large protein), mineral (calcium salts and other minerals) and bone cells (i.e. osteocytes). Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI, aka brittle bone disease) is a congenital bone disorder in which a mutation in the DNA results in a change in one monomer of collagen. Improper formation of collagen fibers leads to an irregular arrangement of osseous tissue. This results in brittle, easily broken bones. For OI, the provided evidence suggests that: 1. molecular function is affecting atomic function. 2. tissue function is affecting organismal structure 3. tissue structure is affecting cell structure 4. molecular structure is affecting organ function

molecular structure is affecting organ function

In anatomy, collateral means accessory, subordinate, secondary, serving to support or reinforce. Knowing this, where would you expect to find the tibial collateral ligament? 1. on the lateral aspect of the elbow 2. on the lateral aspect of the knee 3. on the medial aspect of the elbow 4. on the medial aspect of the knee

on the medial aspect of the knee

Which is the lowest level of organization? (lowest of the options) oxygen mitochondria muscle fiber biceps brachii

oxygen

The condition Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects proper production of the extra-cellular matrix protein fibrillin-1. Fibrillin-1 is necessary for proper production of elastic tissue fibers in the extracellular matrix, though other matrix fibers of these tissues are not affected. When elastic fibers are not properly formed, certain organs are severely affected. In extreme cases, the most affected organs include the large blood vessels near the heart which become weak, inelastic and can tear open (this is very bad and can cause immediate death). For Marfan syndrome, translation of fibrillin-1: produces an RNA copy of DNA yields two identical daughter cells results in the synthesis of a protein occurs in the nucleus of the cell

results in the synthesis of a protein

The condition Marfan syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects proper production of the extra-cellular matrix protein fibrillin-1. Fibrillin-1 is necessary for proper production of elastic tissue fibers in the extracellular matrix, though other matrix fibers of these tissues are not affected. When elastic fibers are not properly formed, certain organs are severely affected. In extreme cases, the most affected organs include the large blood vessels near the heart which become weak, inelastic and can tear open (this is very bad and can cause immediate death). For Marfan syndrome, which organelles produce fibrillin-1? 1. rough er 2. free ribosomes 3. smooth er 4. mitochondria

rough er

Cancers are more common in tissues with high rates of mitotic division. Based on this information, which of the following tissues would be most likely to develop cancerous tumors. Skin epithelium Skeletal muscle neural tissue cardiac tissue

skin epithelium

Which of the following make up spongy bone? trabeculae osteons cortical bone articular cartilage

trabeculae

_____ are useful in the skeleton because they remodel most readily in response to stress and efficiently transmit forces while remaining lightweight. trabeculae osteons cortical bone adjacent to periosteum articular cartilages

trabeculae

When you are lying prone on the beach getting a good tan while studying your anatomy textbook, which of the following anatomical structures is considered anterior? 1. your dorsal thigh 2. the calf (sura) 3. the point of the elbow (ulna) 4. your navel (umbilicus, belly button)

your navel