A&P Study Questions Chapters 1-3&22
Homeostasis body internal temperature should remain between
97 and 99 F
The plasma membrane is made up of?
A double layer of phospholipids with cholesterol and proteins embedded at various spots
Homestatis is referred to as maintaining
A dynamic equilibrium Dynamic -means active Equilibrium -means balanced
Hypertonic
A solution with a higher concentration of solutes as that inside the cell
Hypotonic
A solution with a lower concentration of solutes as that inside the cell
Isotonic
A solution with the same concentration of solutes as that inside the cell
DNA base pairing
A-T, G-C
Which body cavity contains the stomach, spleen, and liver?
Abdominal cavity (subdivision of the abdominopelvic cavity)
Which type of substance releases a hydrogen ion when dissolved in water?
Acid
The study of the structure of the body is?
Anatomy
To reproduce, viruses?
Assume a hosts DNA
Imbalances in the microbiome have been linked to which of the following disorders?
Asthma, heart disease, obesity
Microbes
Bacteria and viruses
The nucleus of the cell is called the control center because it?
Contains all the genetic material for the cell
Which cavity contains the brain?
Cranial
Chromatin is
DNA
Diseases linked to microbiome imbalance
Diabetes Heart disease Asthma Multiple sclerosis Obesity
What structure separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity?
Diaphragm
Racheal have a cut in her leg jus above her ankle. The injured area is
Distal to her knee
Midline
Divided into right side or left side
Frontal plane
Divides the body into anterior and posterior also called coronal plane
The two major body cavities
Dorsal cavity and ventral cavity
The first step in building a microbiome occurs?
During the birth process
Which of the following is a pure substance that cannot be broken down into two or more substance?
Element
A chemical compound contains at least two?
Elements
Which organ system controls hormone production?
Endocrine
Which organ system is primarily responsible for regulating muscle growth?
Endocrine system
The pancreas is both involved?
Endocrine system and digestive system
What is the term used to describe the abdominal region just under the breastbone?
Epigastric
What type of tissue covers or lines body surfaces?
Epithelial
What is the process by which larger molecules can leave the cell even though they are too large to move through the plasma membrane?
Exocytosis
The lateral side of the right knee would be?
Farthest from left knee
Cytoskeleton (Microtubule)
Framework of the cell, determines cell shape and strength
The body stores glucose in the form of?
Glycogen
Identifying bacteria
Gram-positive bacteria or Gram-negative bacteria
The Human Microbiome Project discovered that healthy adults?
Harbor more bacterial cells than they have human cells
What statement about bacteria is most accurate?
Have the ability to transmit DNA from one bacterium to another
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the state of dynamic equilibrium of the body's internal environment
Which organ system functions to destroy pathogens that enter the body?
Immune system
One difference between DNA and RNA is?
In RNA adenine bonds with uracil
Capsomeres
Individual structural units forming the viral capsid
Which organ system consists of skin, hair, and nails?
Integumentary
What bond occurs when one atom transfers an electron to another atom?
Ionic
All electrolytes are
Ions
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Is a polymer, has a double strand and made up of nucleus acid
What purpose does the capsule serve in bacteria?
It helps ward off attacks by larger microorganisms
Which of the following correctly describe diffusion?
It is a form of passive transport in which particles move from an area of higher to lower concentration
Which statement about DNA is correct?
It stores all of a cells genetic information
What effect do bacterial genes have on human health?
Just as great of an influence on human health as human genes do
The term patellar is used to identify which region of the body?
Knee
If red blood cells are immersed in a hypertonic solution, the cells will?
Lose fluid and shrivel
Which organ system plays a key role in defending the body against disease?
Lymphatic
Which organ system supplies the body with immune cells?
Lymphatic system
Which organ system supply the body with immune cells?
Lymphatic system
Translation
Making protein
The term used to describe something toward the body's midline is?
Medial
The heart is located?
Mediastinum
mRNA stands for?
Messenger RNA
Human microbiome
Microbial makeup of healthy humans
Microbe
Microscopic organism, including bacteria, viruses and fungi
Cells depend on which organelle for energy?
Mitochondria
What type of feedback occurs when an effector opposes the stimulus and reverses the direction of change?
Negative
The body maintains equilibrium through the process of?
Negative feedback
The process of homeostatic regulation operates most often through a system of?
Negative feedback
Which statement is true?
Nucleotides consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, a nitrogen base
A cells genetic information is contained in?
Nucleus
Electrons found in?
Nucleus
Ionic bonds are formed when?
One atom transfers an electron from its outer shell to another atom
What are the metabolic units within cells that perform specific functions necessary to the life of the cell?
Organelles
Molecules are organized into various structures including
Organelles, organs, tissues, cells, organ system, a human organism (one complete individual)
Osmotic pressure
Osmotic pressure has no role in venous
Portal of entry
Pathway by which infectious organisms gain access to the body
Which bacterial structure allows bacteria to develop resistance?
Plasmids
The dorsal body cavity is ________ to the ventral body cavity?
Posterior
What is the chief purpose of the Golgi apparatus?
Prepare and package proteins in vesicles for export to other parts of the body
Which of the following is a key function of the sodium-potassium pump?
Provision of electrical potential necessary for the nervous system activity
Which of the following statements about RNA is true?
RNA exists in three forms
The ovaries are part of the ________ system?
Reproductive
The trachea is part of the ______ system?
Respiratory
Which body plane divides the body lengthwise into right and left sides?
Sagittal
The plane that divides the body into the right and left sides is the?
Sagittal plane
Diaphragm
Separates the thoracic from the abdominal pelvic
Bacteria
Single cell microscopic organisms that are the chief inhabitants of microbiome
Plasmids
Small loops of DNA contained within bacteria that allow them to transmit DNA from one cell to another
Gram stain
Staining technique used to classify bacteria into one or two groups
What was the goal of the Human Microbiome Project?
To identify microorganisms residing within and on healthy adults
RNA base pairing
U-T, G,C
What is the most common way a persons microbiome can become disrupted?
Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics
Exocytosis (exit)
Uses vesicles to release substances outside the cell
What is the name of the major body cavity encompassing the front portion of the body?
Ventral
Which statement most accurately describes viruses?
Viruses are not cells but are a bundle of centric material surrounded by a protein shell
Which is the most abundant inorganic compound in the body?
Water
Osmotic pressure?
Water pressure that develops as a result of osmosis
How does a persons microbiome normally develop?
begins to develop as the infant passes through the birth canal
Patho
means suffering from a disease
The smallest living units that make up the body's structure are?
Cells
What is the function of the mitochondria?
To convert organic compounds into ATP
Electrolytes are
Compounds that dissociate in water
The hair-like processes on the surface of a cell that beat in waves to help propel materials across its surface are called?
Cilia
Endocytosis (inside)
Bring substance into the cell - Phagocytosis- cell eating Pinocytosis- cell drinking
What is the body's main source of energy?
Carbohydrates
What is the body's primary energy source?
Carbohydrates
What is the name of the process used to break down complex compounds into simpler ones to release energy?
Catabolism
In which phase does the cell make an extra set of DNA?
Synthesis
Which statement about the human microbiome is most accurate?
The components of the microbiome vary considerably between sites on the body and between individuals
Transcription
The copy of DNA- that one copy is your messenger RNA
The atomic number of an element is determined by?
The number of protons in the nucleus
Which statement correctly describes the sodium-potassium pump?
The pump uses energy in the form of ATP to transfer sodium from inside the cell to outside the cell and to transfer potassium from outside the cell to inside the cell
How do cells obtain the energy they need?
They receive energy when the phosphate bonds of ATP are broken
Gram-positive bacteria
Thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls- retain dye, stain purple (exist)
Gram-negative bacteria
Thin layer of peptidoglycan , outer membrane, lose dye when rinse, appear red or pink after a counterstain is applied (doesn't exist)
Which body cavity contains the heart and lungs?
Thoracic
Which nitrogenous base is not found in RNA?
Thymine
Specialized groups of cells with similar structure and function are?
Tissue
What are specialized groups of cells with similar structure and function called?
Tissue
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
a single stranded, is a copy of DNA- one gene that makes one protein
