A&P Test 3
If a person cuts their daily caloric intake by 500 Kcal, how long will it take to lose 1 pound?
1 week
Place the statements in the correct order to illustrate the role of ADH in regulating extracellular volume.
1) Blood pressure greatly increases. 2) ADH secretion is inhibited. 3) Reabsorption of water in kidney tubules is decreased. 4) Urine volume is increased. 5) Blood pressure and extracellular fluid volume is decreased.
Insert the correct word to complete each sentence: 1) Filtration involves the movement of materials across the filtration membrane into the ____________ . 2) Solutes are reabsorbed across the wall of the nephron by ____________ . 3) Water is reabsorbed across the wall of the nephron by ____________ . 4) Water and solutes that are reabsorbed across the wall of the nephron enter the ____________ . 5) Tubular secretion involves the secretion of water and solutes across the wall of the nephron ____________ the filtrate.
1) Bowman capsule 2) transport processes 3) osmosis 4) peritubular capillaries 5) into
Match the hormone with the description of its role in the menstrual cycle. 1. Increases towards the end of the proliferative phase; positive feedback mechanism with LH 2. Levels rise during the secretory phase, and decline during menses unless fertilization occurs 3. Primarily responsible for initiating the development of primary follicles 4. Initiates ovulation; causes ovulated follicle to become the corpus luteum
1) Estrogen 2) Progesterone 3) FSH 4) LH
Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding the changes that occur to males during puberty. 1. GnRH production markedly decreases. 2. Elevated LH levels cause the interstitial cells to secrete more testosterone. 3. Testosterone causes an increase in metabolism and bone growth rate. 4. Testosterone inhibits the ossification at the epiphyseal plates of long bones.
1) False 2) True 3) True 4) False
Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding the male sex act. 1. The sex act cannot be performed by males who have suffered an injury superior to the sacral region of the spinal cord. 2. cGMP causes smooth muscles to relax and blood vessels to dilate in the penis. 3. Blood fills the sinusoids of the erectile tissue and compresses the veins, causing an erection. 4. Mucous glands within the urethra secrete mucus. 5. The internal sphincter of the urinary bladder relaxes.
1) False 2) True 3) True 4) True 5) False
Correctly label the forces involved in glomerular filtration.
1) GCP 50 mm Hg out 2) CHP 10 mm Hg in 3) BCOP 30 mm Hg in
Match the function with the male reproductive hormone. 1. Causes cells within the anterior pituitary to secrete gonadotropins 2. Binds to interstitial cells in the testes and causes them to increase their rate of testosterone synthesis and secretion 3. Binds to sustentacular (Sertoli) cells in the seminiferous tubules and promotes sperm cell development 4. An androgen; stimulates development of male reproductive structures and secondary sex characteristics
1) GnRH 2) LH 3) FSH 4) Testosterone
Match the function with the male reproductive hormone. 1. Causes cells within the anterior pituitary to secrete gonadotropins 2. Binds to interstitial cells in the testes and causes them to increase their rate of testosterone synthesis and secretion 3. Binds to sustentacular (Sertoli) cells in the seminiferous tubules and promotes sperm cell development 4. An androgen; stimulates development of male reproductive structures and secondary sex characteristics
1) GnRH 2) LH 3) FSH 4) Testosterone
Put the phases of the menstrual cycle in the correct order, beginning with menstruation.
1) Menses 2) Proliferative phase 3) Ovulation 4) Secretory phase
Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding the flow of urine from the nephrons to the urinary bladder. 1. A pressure gradient forces filtrate to flow through the nephron into the renal pelvis. 2. A pressure gradient causes urine to flow from the ureters to the urinary bladder. 3. Peristaltic contractions in the walls of the ureters causes urine to flow from the ureters to the urinary bladder. 4. Pressure in the urinary bladder is 0 mm Hg when no urine is present.
1) True 2) False 3) True 4) True
Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding the changes that occur during menopause. 1. Less estrogen and progesterone are produced by the ovaries. 2. Ovarian follicles become more sensitive to LH and FSH. 3. Few ovarian follicles remain in the ovaries. 4. Menstruation ceases. 5. A greater number of mature follicles are produced.
1) True 2) False 3) True 4) True 5) False
Indicate whether each statement is true or false regarding the regulation of the glomerular filtration rate. 1. Regulation is achieved through autoregulation. 2. The myogenic mechanism involves smooth muscles in the arterioles acting as stretch receptors, thus dilating or constricting the arteriole in response to changes in blood pressure. 3. The myogenic mechanism involves macula densa cells sending signals to the juxtaglomerular cells to either constrict or dilate the arteriole. 4. The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism involves smooth muscles in the arterioles acting as stretch receptors, thus dilating or constricting the arteriole in response to changes in blood pressure. 5. The tubuloglomerular mechanism involves macula densa cells sending signals to the juxtaglomerular cells to either constrict or dilate the arteriole.
1) True 2) True 3) False 4) False 5) True
Complete each statement by using the appropriate word or phrase from the list. 1) Negatively charged proteoglycans found in the ____________ prevent most proteins in the blood from exiting the glomerular capillaries. 2)Filtrations slits are formed by ____________ . 3) Small openings in the capillary endothelium called ____________ are too small to allow cells to leave the glomerulus. 4) The volume of blood that enters the afferent arteriole is not equal to the volume of blood that travels through the efferent arteriole due to the process termed ____________ . 5) A kidney infection or injury that results in damage to the ____________ may result in proteinuria (protein in the urine).
1) basement membrane 2) podocytes 3) fenestrae 4) globular filtration 5) filtration membrane
Complete the sentences by selecting and inserting the correct terms. 1) Increased secretion of ____________ by the ovaries are primarily responsible for the changes associated with puberty. 2) However, until the onset of puberty, these hormones are secreted in very small amounts. The low secretory rates are due to a lack of ____________ released from the hypothalamus, resulting in very low ____________ levels. 3) The first episode of menstrual bleeding, is called ____________ , and occurs between ages 11 and 16. 4) The vagina, uterus, uterine tubes, and external genitalia begin to enlarge. Adipose tissue is deposited in the breasts and around the hips, causing them to enlarge and assume adult form. Breasts ducts develop; pubic and axillary hair grows. 5) A notable phenomenon is a correlation between early onset of puberty and childhood stress. Children who suffer child abuse tend to reach puberty earlier in life.
1) estrogen and progesterone 2) GnRH; LH and FSH 3) menarche
Complete each sentence regarding urine formation. 1) There are four major stages in the ____________ of urine. 2) The first stage involves creating a filtrate in the ____________ . 3) Second, the filtrate flows through the tubules and useful substances are ____________ . 4) Additionally, waste products are ____________ by the tubules. 5) If blood volume or blood pressure is low, the last stage of urine formation includes water ____________ in the collecting duct.
1) formation 2) glomerulus 3) reabsorbed 4) secreted 5) conservation
Complete the sentences by choosing the correct responses. 1) Before birth, ____________ , secreted by the placenta,stimulates the synthesis and secretion of testosterone in the fetal testes. 2) After birth, only small amounts of testosterone are secreted by the testes. Puberty is the age at which individuals become capable of sexual reproduction, and normally begins when boys are ____________ years old. 3) At puberty, the rate of GnRH secretion increases, leading to increased ____________ . 4) Elevated ____________ levels promote sperm cell formation, and elevated ____________ levels stimulate interstitial cells to secrete testosterone. 5) Testosterone has a ____________ effect on ____________ secretion, resulting in ____________ testosterone secretion.
1) human chorionic gonadotropin 2) 12-14 years old 3) LH and FSH release 4) FSH;LH 5) negative feedback; GnRH; reduced
After puberty, blood levels of testosterone are maintained within a normal range by the negative feedback mechanism described below. 1) Increased blood levels of testosterone ____________ the production of ____________ from the hypothalamus. 2) ____________ normally diffuses just a short distance to the ____________ , where it will ____________ the release of ____________ . 3) As a result, ____________ release from the pituitary gland ____________ . This, in turn, ____________ the production of ____________ from the testes. 4) As the blood testosterone level ____________ , the hypothalamus is freed from regulation by testosterone and ____________ its production of ____________ . 5) As a result, pituitary gland release of ____________ into the blood ____________ , which ____________ the production of of ____________ from the testes.
1) inhibit; GnRH 2) GnRH; anterior pituitary gland; stimulate; LH 3) LH; decreases; decreases; testosterone 4) decreases; increases; GnRH 5) LH; increases; increases; testosterone
Click and drag each word or phrase on the left to complete the sentences on the right. Production of urine by the ____________ begins to fill the urinary bladder. The fullness of the ____________ is detected by ____________ . Sensory nerve impulses travel along the ____________ to the ____________ spinal cord. Efferent impulses excite the ____________ and relax the ____________ . Voiding of the bladder is delayed by the ____________ control of the ____________ .
1) kidneys 2) urinary bladder; stretch receptors 3) pelvic nerve; sacral 4) detrusor muscle; internal urethral sphincter 5) voluntary; external urethral sphincter
1) The onset of bleeding during puberty in females is called 2) The first day of the menstrual cycle is 3) FSH stimulates granulosa cells to increase their expression of __________ receptors on their surfaces. 4) That hormone directly responsible for the release of an oocyte from its follicle is 5) Loss of the uterine lining is largely due to the negative feedback effect of
1) menarche 2) the first day of menses 3) LH 4) LH 5) progesterone
Complete each statement by using the appropriate word or phrase from the list. The countercurrent multiplier is a phenomenon that occurs in the ____________ . Countercurrent exchange occurs as both solutes and water move freely in and out of the ____________ . The increase in filtrate osmolarity as it flows down the descending limb is due to ____________ moving out of the tubule. The decrease in osmolarity of the filtrate as it flows up the ascending limb is due to ____________ moving out of the tubule. The osmolarity of the filtrate is virtually the same at the entrance and exit of the ____________ . The osmolarity of the filtrate is approximately 100 mOsm/L at the end of the ____________ and around 1200 mOsm/L at the end of the ____________ . The recycling of ____________ out of the collecting duct and back into the nephron loop contributes significantly to the medullary osmotic gradient.
1) nephron loop 2) vasa recta 3) water 4) solutes 5) vasa recta 6) ascending limb; descending limb 7) urea
Complete each of the following statements by dragging the word or phrase into the proper position. 1) The secretions of the male reproductive tract ---- in the testes where ---- is produced. 2) The fluid from the ----joins sperm from the ---- at the ejaculatory duct. 3) The second largest producer of seminal volume, the ----surrounds the urethra and ejaculatory duct. 4) Contributing a small portion of the overall seminal volume (5%), the ---- ...
1) originate; sperm 2) seminal vesicles; vas deferens 3) prostate gland 4) bulbourethral glands
Drag and drop the correct word to complete each sentence. 1) FSH and LH are produced by the ____________ . FSH is primarily responsible for starting oogenesis. 2) During the beginning of the proliferative phase, FSH and LH levels are ____________ . 3) Near the end of the proliferative phase, LH, FSH, estrogen, and progesterone are ____________ . 4) Estrogen and LH levels peak sharply at ____________ . At ovulation, the follicle swells and bursts, releasing the oocyte. 5) Progesterone levels are high during the ____________ . This hormone will cause ____________ . 6) Without the two gonadotropins to stimulate estrogen and progesterone secretion, the lining is no longer maintained and menses occurs approximately ____________ days after ovulation.
1) pituitary gland 2) low 3) rising 4) ovulation 5) secretory phase; negative feedback 6) fourteen
Select the correct word to complete each sentence. 1) Most water and NaCl reabsorption takes place in the ____________ . 2) In the thin segment of the descending loop of Henle, filtrate concentration is ____________ to interstitial fluid concentration. 3) The ascending loop of Henle is ____________ to water. 4) Solutes pass ____________ the ascending loop of Henle via diffusion or transport mechanisms. 5) Water and NaCl are ____________ at the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts. 6) As the filtrate travels through the ascending loop of Henle, its concentration is ____________ .
1) proximal convoluted tubule 2) equal 3) impermeable 4) out of 5) reabsorbed 6) reduced
Complete each statement by using the appropriate word or phrase from the list The process of ____________ is the ability of the kidneys to maintain a relatively constant GFR. The process whereby the flow of filtrate through the distal tubule results in changes in GFR is termed ____________ . The three components of the ____________ are the JG cells, the macula densa, and the mesangial cells. Epithelial cells found where the distal tubule passes between the afferent and efferent arterioles comprise the ____________ . The afferent arteriole contains cells called ____________ that secrete the enzyme renin. The afferent arteriole reflexively contracts in response to a rise in blood pressure, thus preventing a rise in GFR. This form of regulation is called the ____________ . An increase in the rate of filtrate flow through the distal tubule results in contraction of the ____________ and a decrease in GFR. When blood pressure drops, renin is released into the blood, resulting in an increase in the hormone ____________ , which acts to decrease GFR while simultaneously raising blood pressure.
1) renal auto regulation 2) tubuloglomerular feedback 3) juxtaglomerular apparatus 4) macula densa 5) juxtaglomerular cells 6) myogenic mechanism 7) afferent arteriole 8) angiotensin II
Complete each statement by using the appropriate word or phrase from the list 1) The process of renal autoregulation is the ability of the kidneys to maintain a relatively constant GFR. 2) The process whereby the flow of filtrate through the distal tubule results in changes in GFR is termed tubuloglomerular feedback. 3) The three components of the juxtaglomerular apparatusare the JG cells, the macula densa, and the mesangial cells. 4) Epithelial cells found where the distal tubule passes between the afferent and efferent arterioles comprise the macula densa. 5) The afferent arteriole contains cells called juxtaglomerular cells that secrete the enzyme renin. 6) The afferent arteriole reflexively contracts in response to a rise in blood pressure, thus preventing a rise in GFR. This form of regulation is called the myogenic mechanism. 7) An increase in the rate of filtrate flow through the distal tubule results in contraction of the afferent arteriole and a decrease in GFR. 8) When blood pressure drops, renin is released into the blood, resulting in an increase in the hormone angiotensin II, which acts to decrease GFR while simultaneously raising blood pressure.
1) renal autoregulation 2) tubuloglomerular feedback 3) juxtaglomerular apparatus 4) macula densa 5) juxtaglomerular cells 6) myogenic mechanis 7) afferent arteriole 8) angiotensin II
Put the route the sperm takes in the correct order.
1) seminiferous tubules 2) tubuli recti 3) rete testis 4) efferent ductules
Correctly complete the sentences below by choosing the appropriate terms. Aging causes the kidneys to gradually decrease in ____________ , apparently in association with ____________ changes. Blood flowing through the kidneys gradually decreases by about 10% decrease per year as ____________ become irregular and twisted and glomeruli are lost. By age 80, 40% of the glomeruli are not functioning. Some lack blood flow, and others become impermeable. Ducts also become thicker, shorter, and more irregular in structure, and there are losses in secretion and ____________ . Water retention by ____________ declines, increasing risk for dehydration. The ability to eliminate wastes and toxins from the blood also decreases. The kidney decreases renin secretion, and has a reduced ability to participate in vitamin D synthesis, which contributes to ____________ , osteoporosis, and bone fractures. Recall that ____________ of one kidney is required to maintain homeostasis, and additional kidney tissue constitutes a ____________ . Therefore, the age-related changes in the kidney reduce the kidney's ____________ .
1) size; blood vessel; arterioles 2) reabsorption 3) urine concentration 4) Ca2+ deficiency 5) one-third; reserve capacity; reserve capacity
Complete each of the following statements by dragging the word or phrase into the proper position 1) The major male reproductive hormone, _______ is produced by the interstitial cells of the _____ 2) Interstitial cells are stimulated to produce testosterone after being stimulated by ----. 3) The hypothalamus of both males and females secretes ---- resulting in secretion of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland. 4) FSH in females circulates to the ovaries where it works to choose a single ---- per month for development into a dominant follicle. 5) A developing follicle, as a result of ---- is surrounded by increasing numbers of ---- secreting granulosa cells. 6) Theca interna cells produce androgens which then diffuse to the ---- for later conversion to estrogen. 7) Secreted from the adenohypophysis, ---- stimulates the production of androgen binding protein, a critical receptor of testosterone.
1) testosterone; testes 2) LH (aka ICSH) 3) GnRH 4) primodial follicle 5) FSH and LH; estrogen 6) granulosa cells 7) FSH
1) The major male reproductive hormone, ____________ is produced by the interstitial cells of the ____________ 2) Interstitial cells are stimulated to produce testosterone after being stimulated by ____________ . 3) The hypothalamus of both males and females secretes ____________ resulting in secretion of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland. 4) FSH in females circulates to the ovaries where it works to choose a single ____________ per month for development into a dominant follicle. 5) A developing follicle, as a result of ____________ is surrounded by increasing numbers of ____________ secreting granulosa cells. 6) Theca interna cells produce androgens which then diffuse to the ____________ for later conversion to estrogen. 7) Secreted from the adenohypophysis, ____________ stimulates the production of androgen binding protein, a critical receptor of testosterone.
1) testosterone; testes 2) LH (aka ICSH) 3) GnRH 4) primordial follicle 5) FSH and LH; estrogen 6) granulosa cells 7) FSH
Complete each of the following statements by dragging the word or phrase into the proper position 1) Unlike male secretions that must ---- , secretions of the female reproductive system mostly serve to ---- the reproductive organs involved with intercourse 2) The mucosae located on the wall of the ---- produce the majority of female reproductive fluids. 3) The ----are similar to the ---- of the male and deposit fluids onto the vestibule and the labia minora. 4)Additional ---- are located more anteriorly and secrete fluids onto the vestibule near the clitoris.
1) transport and deliver sperm; lubricate 2) vagina 3) greater vestibular glands; bulbourethral glands 4) lesser vestibular glands
Match the terms on the left with their description. 1. Vagus Nerve Stimulation 2. Cholecystokinin 3. Secretin 4. Bile Salts
1. Gallbladder contraction (lesser degree) 2. Relaxation of gallbladder sphincters Gallbladder contraction (greater degree) 3. Stimulation of bile secretion by the liver Produced in the duodenum 4. Most reabsorbed in ileum
Drag the proper term to the category indicated as it pertains to stomach secretions. 1. Parietal Cells 2. Chief Cells 3. Mucous Cells 4. Endocrine Cells
1. Produce hydrochloric acid Secretion kills bacteria Secretion activates pepsin 2. Produce pepsinogen Protein digestion 3. Produce mucous Protection of stomach lining 4. Produce histamine Produce gastrin Found in deepest regions of glands
Click and drag each word or phrase into the appropriate category to which it pertains. 1. Liver 2. Gallbladder 3. Pancreas
1. Synthesizes bile Synthesizes bile acids Releases its secretions into the bile canaliculi ... 2. Stores & concentrates the substance that breaks globules of fat into droplets of fat Contraction is induced by cholecytokinin ... 3. Contains acinar cells Secretes HCO3- Secretes enzymes that digest fats
Place the movements of the stomach in order. A mixing wave in the body of the stomach Fluid part of the chyme passes into the duodenum Fluid part of the chyme pushed toward the pyloric sphincter Majority of the chyme forced back toward the body of the stomach Peristaltic waves move toward the pyloric sphincter
1. A mixing wave in the body of the stomach 2. Fluid part of the chyme pushed toward the pyloric sphincter 3. Peristaltic waves move toward the pyloric sphincter 4. Fluid part of the chyme passes into the duodenum 5. Majority of the chyme forced back toward the body of the stomach
Check all that commonly occur to the digestive system as a result of aging.
1. Decrease in mucin secretion 2. Weakening of mastication muscles 3. Reduction in digestive tract mobility 4. Decrease in number of smooth muscle cells in muscularis 5. Increase in chance of ulcers and cancers 6. Decreased uptake of materials from digestive tract to circulatory system 7. The gingiva recedes
Match the pancreatic secretion with the correct function: 1. Trypsin 2. Pancreatic amylase 3. Pancreatic lipase 4. Ribonuclease 5. Deoxyribonuclease 6. Bicarbonate ions
1. Digests proteins 2. Digests carbohydrates 3. Digests lipids 4. Digests RNA 5. Digests DNA 6. Neutralizes acid
Indicate whether each statement is true or false: 1. The intestinal mucosa produces most of the secretions that enter the small intestine, but the secretions of the spleen and the pancreas also enter the small intestine and play essential roles in digestion. 2. The mucus produced by the intestinal and duodenal glands and the goblet cells protects the wall of the intestine from the effects of the acidic chyme and from digestive enzymes. 3. Small molecules, which are breakdown products of digestion, are absorbed through the microvilli and enter the circulatory or lymphatic system. 4. Mixing, propulsion, and mass peristalsis are the primary mechanical functions of the small intestine.
1. False 2. True 3. True 4. False
True or False: These changes occur in the digestive system with aging. 1. Thickening of the mucosal layer 2. Decreased absorption of nutrients 3. Increased susceptibility to infections and toxins 4. Blood supply decreases 5. Increased motility 6. Exposed dentin of teet
1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. False 6. True
Identify the ducts that pancreatic exocrine secretions will flow through beginning with the acini and ending with the small intestine. Interlobular ducts Hepatopancreatic ampulla Intercalated ducts Duodenum Intralobular ducts Pancreatic duct
1. Intercalated ducts 2. Intralobular ducts 3. Interlobular ducts 4. Pancreatic duct 5. Hepatopancreatic ampulla 6. Duodenum
Match the functions with the correct region: 1. Ingestion, mastication, and digestion 2. Breathing, swallowing, and protection 3. Propulsion and protection 4. Storage, digestion, and absorption 5. Neutralization, digestion, and excretion 6. Storage, absorption, and elimination
1. Oral cavity 2. Pharynx 3. Esophagus 4. Stomach 5. Small intestine 6. Large intestine
Match each gastric secretion with the correct function 1. Active form aids in breaking proteins into smaller peptide chains 2. Destroys ingested bacteria and activates pepsin 3. Protects lining of the stomach 4. Aids in the absorption of Vitamin B12 5. Stimulates gastric secretions
1. Pepsinogen 2. Hydrochloric acid 3. Mucous 4. Intrinsic factor 5. Gastrin
Match the enzyme with the major food type that it helps to digest. 1. Chymotrypsin 2. Pepsin 3. Salivary amylase 4. Lingual lipase 5. Disaccharidases 6. Gastric lipase 7. Carboxypeptidase 8. Pancreatic lipase 9. Trypsin 10. Peptidases 11. Bile salts 12. Pancreatic amylase
1. Proteins 2. Proteins 3. Carbohydrates 4. Lipids 5. Carbohydrates 6. Lipids 7. Proteins 8. Lipids 9. Proteins 10. Proteins 11. Lipids 12. Carbohydrates
Match the region of the kidney tubule with its description. 1. Site where the majority of reabsorption takes place. 2. Contains simple squamous epithelium in the thin segments. 3. Permeability to water and solutes in this region varies based on hormone regulation. 4. Amino acids are reabsorbed in this region.
1. Proximal convoluted tubule 2. Loop of Henle 3. Distal convoluted tubule 4. Proximal convoluted tubule
Indicate whether each statement is true or false: 1. The chemical messengers that regulate stomach secretions include the hormones gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin, as well as the paracrine chemical messenger histamine. 2. In the cephalic phase of gastric regulation action potentials are sent from the medulla oblongata along parasympathetic neurons within the glossopharyngeal nerves to the stomach. 3. Parasympathetic stimulation of the stomach mucosa results in the release of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine, which increases the secretory activity of the parietal and chief cells. 4. Fatty acids, other lipids, and some protein digestion products in the duodenum and the proximal jejunum initiate the release of the hormone cholecystokinin
1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True
True or False: Each action listed here is a major function of the liver. 1. Production of bile 2. Glycogen storage 3. Interconversion of nutrients 4. Filtering the blood 5. Detoxification 6. Phagocytosis 7. Bile storage 8. Production of digestive enzymes
1. True 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. True 6. True 7. False 8. False
True or False: All of the following are functions of the digestive system. 1. Ingestion 2. Mastication 3. Propulsion 4. Mixing 6. Secretion 7. Digestion 8. Absorption 9. Elimination of waste 10. Secretion of growth hormone 11. Regulation of the sleep-wake 12. Controls the timing of puberty 13. Regulates metabolic rate
1. True 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. True 6. True 7. True 8. True 9. True 10. False 11. False 12. False 13. False
Complete the sentences regarding substances released into the small intestine lumen. 1. Acidic chyme enters the ____________ . 2. The duodenum releases ____________ in response to the acid. 3. The pancreas releases ____________ 4.The duodenum releases ____________. 5. The pancreas releases digestive enzymes and the gallbladder releases ____________ .
1. duodenum 2. secretin 3. bicarbonate ions 4. cholecystokinin 5. bile
Correctly complete the sentences with the terms provided. 1. Secretion of the small intestine include those that produce ____________ , which aids in protecting it from the digestive ____________ from the stomach. 2. Bound to the inner wall of the intestines are disaccharidases and peptidases, which are involved in digestion of ____________ and proteins. 3. The secretion of these materials can be initiated by several stimuli, including signals from the ____________ nerve as well as chemical and ____________ irritation. 4. Movements of material within the small intestine involve ____________ contractions, which mix food, and ____________ contractions, which force the food down the digestive tract.
1. mucus; enzymes and acid 2. carbohydrates 3. vagus; tactile 4. segmental; peristaltic
Fill in the sentences with the correct organ that matches the function described. Then place the sentences in order of the GI tract, from proximal to distal. 1. The ____________ provides mechanical digestion through chewing, which is also called ____________ . 2. The ____________ moves food from the pharynx to the ____________ with contractions called ____________ . 3. The ____________ is a hollow storage vat that initiates digestion of proteins. 4. The ____________ is where most absorption of nutrients takes place. 5. The ____________ absorbs a little water and electrolytes, but its primary function is forming and storing feces.
1. oral cavity; mastication 2. esophagus; stomach; peristaltic waves 3. stomach 4. small intestine 5. large intestine
The onset of puberty in females typically begins between the ages of __________ and occurs __________ that in males.
11 and 13; earlier than
Arrange the following structures in the order that urine would flow from where it is formed in the kidney to where it is eliminated from the body: (1) ureter (2) renal pelvis (3) calyx (4) urinary bladder (5) urethra
3, 2, 1, 4, 5
Correctly label the components of water reabsorption in the tubules
300 600 900 1200 Tubular fluid (300 mOsm/kg) Urine (up to 1,200 mOsm/kg)
Starting from the collecting duct, indicate the order in which urea molecules move to maintain the medullary concentration gradient. (1) ascending loop of Henle (2) distal convoluted tubule (3) interstitial fluid (4) collecting duct (5) descending loop of Henle
4, 3, 5, 1, 2
One gram of carbohydrate, one gram of lipid, and one gram of protein yield __________, __________, and __________ kilocalories respectively.
4, 9, 4
Calculate the net filtration pressure, given the following values: Glomerular capillary pressure = 80 mm HgBlood colloid osmotic pressure = 20 mm HgCapsular hydrostatic pressure = 10 mm Hg
50 mm Hg
How many sperm are produced in the testes each day?
60 million
What is peristalsis?
A propulsive movement of contents of the lumen from one area to another
Shivering warms the body because it increases the rate of what?
ATP hydrolysis
Which of the following helps maintain a high solute concentration in the kidney medulla?
All of the choices are correct
Which of the following events occur during ovulation? A surge in LH causes the primary oocyte to complete the first meiotic division. Proteolytic enzymes break down the tissue surrounding the oocyte, causing the follicle to rupture. There is a surge in estrogen. A surge in LH causes the primary oocyte to complete the first meiotic division and proteolytic enzymes break down the tissue surrounding the oocyte, causing the follicle to rupture.
All of these choices are correct
Nutrition includes the study of
All of these choices are correct. (the nutrients in foods. the body's utilization of nutrients. how nutrients play a role in your body's health. digestion, absorption, and transportation of nutrients)
Indicate whether each of the following is a characteristic of the ascending limb or the descending limb of the nephron loop.
Ascending limb: Filtrate osmolarity decreases as it passes through More permeable to solutes Impermeable to water Descending limb: Filtrate osmolarity increases as it passes through Permeable to water
Assume that the ovulation occurs on day 14 and unless specifically stated, assume fertilization was unsuccessful.
Before ovulation: Primordial follicles Primary follicles Secondary follicles Mature follicles Antrum formation Creation of the zone pellucida Formation of the theca interna Formation of the theca externa First meiotic division First polar body formation Second meiotic division begins Graafian follicles After ovulation: Corpus albicans Corpus luteum formation Ovas contact with fimbriae Second polar body formation Corpus luteum atrophy Ova entry into the infundibulum Second meiotic division completion
Assume that the ovulation occurs on day 14 and unless specifically stated, assume fertilization was unsuccessful.
Before ovulation: Proliferative phase Menses Estrogen low Rapidly rising FSH Rapidly rising estrogen Rapidly rising LH Estrogen inhibition... Shedding of the endometrium After ovulation: Progesterone peak Secretory phase Fertilization Implantation Formation of a zygote Rapidly declining gonadotropins Constriction of spiral arteries
Indicate whether each factor on the left would increase or decrease urine volume.
Blood pressure: Increase Antidiuretic hormone (ADH): Decrease Aldosterone: Decrease Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP): Increase
What is the measurement of the energy content of food?
Calories
Which of the following are macronutrients?
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water
Which of the following are energy nutrients?
Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids
Which of these is the best description of the alimentary canal?
Consists of an open tube that extends from mouth to anus
If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum becomes a...
Corpus albicans
Which of the following is not a function of the reproductive system?
Creation of antibodies
Choose the age-related changes that are often seen in the reproductive system of males.
Decreased size and weight of gonadal tissue Changes in the prostate gland Decreased libido
Select which of the following describe a function of the liver.
Detoxification of harmful substances Storage of glycogen Maintenance of blood sugar levels Destruction of old RBC Production of bile Conversion of nutrients
Which of the following would occur after removal of the gallbladder?
Difficulty digesting a fatty meal
Which of the following pairs of structures are the most similar in function?
Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct
Which duct(s) of the male reproductive system passes through the prostate gland?
Ejaculatory ducts
Check all that are a function of the kidneys.
Excretion Regulation of the concentration of solutes in the blood Regulation of blood volume and pressure Regulation of Vitamin D synthesis Regulation of extracellular fluid pH Regulation of red blood synthesis
Which of the following will increase metabolic rate?
Exercise
Which of the following is an example of convection?
Exposure of the body to cold air
Cholecystokinin and the glossopharyngeal nerve stimulate the release of bile into the small intestine.
False
In females, sympathetic impulses to the genitalia result in erectile tissue of the clitoris and vaginal opening becoming engorged with blood.
False
Classify the actions as to whether they are found in males, females, or both.
Females: FSH causes cells to secrete estrogen Development of follicles Stimulation of uterine epithelium Both Sexes: FSH increases LH receptors Steroid hormones cause negative feedback GnRH stimulates the release of follicle stimulation hormone Males: LH receptor stimulation cause testosterone release Development of spermatozoa
Classify the following activities with regard to whether they are major functions that are directly performed by the urinary system.
Function: Elimination of toxins Regulation of blood volume Regulation of pH levels Secretion of erythropoietin Regulation of vitamin D synthesis Regulation of blood ion concentrations Regulation of red blood cell synthesis Not a function: Removal of unwanted proteins Production of bile Storage of nutrients such as glucose
Which part of the penis has the external urethral orifice?
Glans
Indicate the relative strength (highest to lowest, regardless of direction) for each of the pressures that contribute to the net filtration rate. Assume normal conditions.
Glomerular hydrostatic Blood colloid osmotic pressure Capsular hydrostatic pressure
Which hormone prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum?
Human chorionic gonadotropin
Gonadotropic releasing hormone is released by the..
Hypothalamus
Indicate whether each of the following would increase or decrease filtration.
Increases Filtration: Relaxation of afferent arteriole Constriction of the efferent arteriole Increase in blood volume Decreases Filtration: An increase in capsular pressure An increase in plasma protein concentration An obstruction in the proximal tubule Severe dehydration
Which cells produce testosterone?
Interstitial cells
What is the function of bicarbonate when it is secreted by the large intestine?
It increases the pH of the feces, which are acidic because of bacterial secretions.
What is the purpose of digestion? How does it influence the characteristics of life?
It provides energy that can be used in metabolic processes.
Which of the following inhibits the secretion of the gastric glands?
Low pH in the duodenum
The process of breaking down large pieces to smaller ones without affecting the chemical composition is known as what?
Mechanical digestion
Indicate whether each of the following would result in a more dilute urine or a more concentrated urine.
More concentrated: Working outside on a hot day... Over-expression of aquaporins Increasing the permeability... Less concentrated: Drinking a large volume of water... Overdosing on Losartan... A new virus... Drinking beverages... Overproduction of aldosterone
Indicate the pathway of urine formation to urine output by placing each of the structures in the correct sequential order from left to right.
Nephron Collecting tubule Collecting duct Papillary duct Minor calyx Major calyx Renal pelvis Ureters Bladder Urethra
__________ are chemicals that are taken into the body and used to produce energy or provide building blocks for new molecules.
Nutrients
Place each description into the appropriate box, matching each with the correct phase of the male sexual response.
Orgasm: Accompanied by emission and ejaculation Erection: Dilation of arteries into penis Compression of veins of penis Accumulation of blood in corpora spongiosum and cavernosa Emission: Movement of sperm and secretions into urethra Sympathetic impulses release secretions Ejaculation: Contraction of skeletal muscle at base of penis Forcible propulsion of seminal fluid and sperm from urethra Skeletal muscle contractions
Each ovary is attached to the uterus by the __________ ligament and is held in place by the ______________ ligament.
Ovarian; suspensory
The internal organs of the female reproductive system include the...
Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
Click on the nephron loop region that is impermeable to water and permeable to salts.
PCT
Place each of the labels in the proper position to denote whether they would pass through the filtration membrane or not.
Pass: Sodium Water Glucose Creatinine Urea Cannot pass: A protein 4 nm in diameter Red blood cells Large amounts of albumin Antibodies (12 nm in diameter) Hormone bound to transport protein
Decreasing levels of ____________ lead to sloughing, or shedding, of the endometrial lining.
Progesterone
Which of the following is an accessory reproductive gland in the male?
Prostate
CHAPTER 24 - DIGESTION
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CHAPTER 25 - NUTRITION
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CHAPTER 26 - URINARY SYSTEM
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CHAPTER 28 - REPRODUCTIVE
START
Indicate whether each of the following substances is reabsorbed from the filtrate or secreted into the filtrate.
Secreted: NH4+ Penicillin H+ Reabsorbed: Glucose Water Mg2+ HCO3- amino acids
Check all that occur during the female sex act.
Steroids such as progesterone are converted to androgens. Mucus-like secretion... Motor action potentials are conducted from the spinal cord to the reproductive organs by both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers.
Which region of the uterine tube is the normal site of fertilization?
The ampulla
Check all that occur to the kidneys as a result of aging.
The kidneys decrease in size Blood flow through the kidneys decreases The kidneys become less responsive to ADH and aldosterone
Which of the following is found in the cortex of the ovary?
The ovarian follicles
What is tubular reabsorption?
The process where the nephron returns water and some filtered molecules to the blood
What do the corpus luteum and placenta have in common?
They both produce progesterone and estrogen.
Which of the following statements about the ovaries is incorrect?
They produce human chorionic gonadotropin.
Correctly label the parts of the pancreas and its associated structures
Top left: Acinar cells (secrete enzymes) Top right: pancreatic islet Bottom left: Beta cells (secrete insulin) Bottom right: Alpha cells (secrete glucagon)
Indicate the appropriate tubular fluid solute concentration entering the nephron loop, at the base of the nephron loop, and exiting the nephron loop.
Top left: 300 Top right: 100 Bottom: 1200
Defecation reflexes are stimulated by the presence of feces in the rectum.
True
Distention of the stomach has a direct stimulatory effect on the gastric glands.
True
If urination is not convenient, the brain sends impulses down the spinal cord to inhibit the micturition reflex.
True
Mass movements of the colon propel its contents toward the rectum.
True
The micturition reflex is coordinated by neurons in the spinal cord.
True
The uterus serves as the site of implantation for the embryo, supports the developing embryo, and contracts during birth to expel the fetus.
True
Place the H⁺ pump and the HCO₃⁻ exchange pumps on the correct membrane for both Type A and Type B intercalated cells found at the distal convoluted tubule.
Type A: H+ (pointing up) Renal tubule: Cl- (up) HCO3- (down) Type B: HCO3- (up) Cl- (down) Renal tubule: H+ (pointing down)
Describe the age-related changes that occur in the female reproductive tract.
Uterus shrinks Vaginal walls thin
Which of the following events would occur when the environmental temperature is considerably lower than body temperature?
Vasoconstriction of the blood vessels of the skin
When sodium is actively transported from tubular cells to the interstitial fluid,
a Na+ concentration gradient is established between the tubule lumen and tubule cell.
When systemic blood pressure decreases, the result is that the __________ arterioles change diameter by undergoing __________.
afferent; vasodilation
Glucose that is reabsorbed into tubular cells travels __________ its concentration gradient through sodium-glucose symport channels at the luminal membrane. Glucose in tubular cells exits the basolateral membrane into interstitial fluid through the process of ______________________.
against; facilitated diffusion
Removal of the posterior pituitary will immediately cause
an increase in urine volume.
Effects of aging on the kidneys include all of the following, except
an increased ability to eliminate uric acid and creatine from the blood.
Renin converts __________.
angiotensinogen to angiotensin I
The pancreatic islets
are endocrine in function.
Aldosterone enhances the reabsorption of sodium through the upregulation of the sodium-potassium pump found at the ________________.
basolateral membrane
If the cystic duct was blocked by a gallstone,
bile would not be able to pass from the gallbladder to the small intestine.
The major function(s) of the digestive system are
breakdown and absorption of food.
Fat soluble vitamins can be toxic in large doses because they
can be stored and accumulate in body tissues.
Essential nutrients
cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body.
Which of the following forces oppose glomerular filtration?
capsular hydrostatic pressure (HPc) and blood colloid osmotic pressure (OPg)
The movement of fluid into Bowman's capsule is opposed by
capsular hydrostatic pressure.
In the parietal cells, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase causes a reaction between __________.
carbon dioxide and water
Shortly after a meal, the gallbladder contracts in response to stimulation by __________.
cholecystokinin
A food that contains all nine essential amino acids is called a/an __________ protein.
complete
Urine is prevented from flowing back into the ureters from the bladder by ________________.
compression of the ureteral openings
Angiotensin II triggers the __________________________ of the intraglomerular mesangial cells which results in a/an _______________________________ of the filtration surface area.
contraction; decrease
If both the glomerular and capsular hydrostatic pressures remain unchanged, an increase in the blood colloid osmotic pressure results in a/an _____________ in the net filtration pressure.
decrease
The nephron loop is responsible for approximately 25% of the reabsorption of sodium. Loop diuretics cause an overall __________________ in the reabsorption of sodium in this region resulting in a/n ________________________ in the osmolarity of the tubular filtrate.
decrease; increase
Proteinuria occurs when the filtration membrane becomes leaky, allowing proteins to cross. This impacts the blood colloid osmotic pressure by ____________________ the osmolarity gradient between the blood and filtrate, thereby ________________ the strength of this pressure.
decreasing; reducing
Water is moved from the __________ into the capillaries of the vasa recta by way of the process of __________.
descending loop; osmosis
The __________ is responsible for contraction of the urinary bladder during micturition.
detrusor muscle
Urea
diffuses out of the collecting ducts into the interstitial fluid of the medulla and then diffuses into the descending loop of Henle.
Kidney dialysis depends on the process of _____ to remove waste solutes from blood. Blood is run by a semipermeable membrane. On the other side of the membrane is a solution in which solutes that are normally recovered are _______, and those that must be removed are _______.
diffusion; present in normal concentrations; absent
Aldosterone targets cells in the __________.
distal convoluted tubule
Some lung cancers secrete large amounts of ADH. This causes increased water reabsorption in the
distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts.
The BMR (basal metabolic rate) can increase
during pregnancy.
The vasa recta is a specialized capillary that branches from the ___________ arteriole. The blood flow in the vasa recta runs _______________ to the flow of tubular filtrate within the nephron loop.
efferent; parallel, but in the opposite direction
A kilocalorie (kcal) is a measure of the
energy content of food.
Metabolic rate is the total amount of
energy produced and used by the body per unit of time.
Select all that apply. Considering what causes menopausal symptoms, therapy with __________ is likely to help.
estrogen progesterone
Once inside the cells of the ascending limb, potassium and chloride cross the basal membrane into the interstitial fluid by the process of
facilitated diffusion.
There are two routes for eliminating solutes from the circulation. The first is _______, which transfers solutes directly from the blood to the tubular lumen, and the other is _______, which transfers solutes from peritubular capillaries to interstitial fluid, and from there through tubular cells into the tubular lumen.
filtration; tubular secretion
Mass movements in the colon are stimulated by
food in the stomach and chyme in the duodenum.
The hormone _________ stimulates gastric gland secretions
gastrin
Substances that are cotransported into proximal convoluted tubule cells include
glucose molecules with sodium ions.
The interstitial fluid within the medulla has a __________________ osmolarity than the interstitial fluid within the cortex.
higher
In order to regulate the pH of extracellular fluid, the kidneys are able to adjust the excretion of __________.
hydrogen ions
Hydrochloric acid is formed when
hydrogen ions and chloride ions join in the duct of the gastric gland.
An increase in the NFP would result in a(n) _______________ in the GFR.
increase
Inhibiting the sodium-glucose symport SGLT2 is expected to cause a/an __________________________ in the osmolarity of the tubular filtrate, and would thus _____________________ the risk of dehydration.
increase; increase
If an increase in blood temperature were detected, one would probably observe
increased sweat production.
Lasix is a diuretic that blocks the reabsorption of sodium in the ascending loop of Henle. The result of giving this drug would be __________.
increased urine output
Treatment with Probenecid® results in _________________ levels of uric acid in the urine and __________________ levels of uric acid in the blood.
increased; decreased
Decreased blood colloid osmotic pressure affects renal function by
increasing net filtration pressure.
Aldosterone exerts its effect on the kidney tubules by
increasing the synthesis of the transport proteins for sodium.
Testosterone is produced by the
interstitial cells of the seminiferous tubules.
The _____________ phase of gastric regulation is initiated when acidic chyme enters the duodenum and stimulates the secretion of hormones and local reflexes that inhibit gastric activity.
intestinal
Voluntary micturition
involves higher brain centers.
Atrial natriuretic hormone
is secreted when atrial blood pressure increases.
Defecation is stimulated by
local and parasympathetic reflexes.
Individuals with Bartter syndrome have a defective gene coding for Na+/K+/2Cl- symport (NKCC2) that disables it from functioning. These individuals are expected to have ___________ than normal blood potassium levels. This response is the ___________ what is expected from individuals taking prescribed loop diuretics.
lower; same as
Decreased Na+ and water reabsorption due to the use of loop diuretics and thiazides __________ the concentration gradient of the interstitial fluid, thereby _____________ the osmotic force at the collecting tubule and duct.
lowers; reducing
The majority of sodium reabsorption occurs at the proximal convoluted tubule. During this process sodium enters the tubule cells at the ___________________ and exits the tubule cells at the ____________________.
luminal membrane by facilitated diffusion; basolateral membrane through the sodium potassium pump
The series of monthly changes that occur within the female uterus are referred to as the __________.
menstrual cycle
The sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body is known as __________.
metabolism
The urge to urinate results from the ____________
micturition reflex
Smooth muscle cells in the walls of the afferent and efferent arterioles dilate or constrict as needed in response to changes in blood pressure. This process of autoregulation is called the ____________________.
myogenic mechanism
Filtration is a/an __________ process that depends on a __________ gradient.
passive; pressure
Which of the following substances utilizes paracellular transport in order to cross the basolateral membrane of the tubule cell during the process of reabsorption?
potassium
Increased aldosterone causes increased
potassium secretion.
Formation of filtrate depends on a __________.
pressure gradient
Inactivating the sodium-glucose symport SGLT2 inhibits the reabsorption of glucose by
preventing glucose from entering the tubular cells.
A woman suspects she is pregnant. If so, her __________ levels will be higher (as compared to if she was not pregnant) due to the presence of hCG.
progesterone and estrogen
The hormone __________ is responsible for milk production.
prolactin
Indicate all that are functions of the digestive system.
propulsion absorption elimination of wastes digestion ingestion secretion of enzymes
Most water is reabsorbed from the filtrate in the __________.
proximal convoluted tubule
Under normal conditions, the majority of uric acid reabsorption occurs at the _______________________.
proximal convoluted tubule
Antidiuretic hormone enhances water ______________ by _______________ the number of aquaporins at the tubular cell membrane.
reabsorption; increasing
In addition to enhancing the reabsorption of sodium, aldosterone also enhances the __________________ of potassium.
secretion
A typical ejaculation results in the discharge of 2 to 5 mL of the fluid called __________.
semen
Segmental contractions are mixing contractions that occur predominantly in the _________________.
small intestine
The micturition reflex is initiated by the ____________.
stretching of the walls of the urinary bladder
If air temperature is higher than skin temperature, __________ becomes a means of heat loss through evaporation.
sweating
Renin is released in response to ________________________ stimulation.
sympathetic
The kidneys produce renin when
the blood pressure in the afferent arteriole decreases.
ACE inhibitors are prescribed to control blood pressure. These drugs work by reducing
the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II
Mass movements of the colon are integrated by
the enteric plexus.
Endometriosis is
the growth of endometrial cells outside of the uterus.
In response to impulses from _________, the smooth of the urinary bladder contracts.
the parasympathetic neurons from the spinal cord to the urinary bladder
The proximal convoluted tubule is
the site of glucose and amino acid reabsorption.
The energy cost for assimilation of food is called __________.
the thermic effect of food
When the urinary bladder becomes stretched, there is an increase in the frequency of action potentials traveling from
the urinary bladder to the sacral region.
Glomerulosclerosis results in a ____________________ of the basement membrane.
thickening
Label the ovarian cycle hormones, phases, and structures in the figure.
top row left to right 1) LH 2) Ovulation 3) Corpus albicans bottom row left-right 1) FSH 2) Follicular phase 3) Luteal phase
Label the stages of the uterine cycle in the figure.
top row left-right 1) Spiral artery 2) Spiral gland bottom row left-right 1) Menses 2) Proliferative phase 3) Secretory phase
Tubular reabsorption and tubular secretion differ in that
tubular secretion adds materials to the tubular filtrate while tubular reabsorption removes materials from the tubular filtrate.
Pendrin is found in __________ intercalated cells where it allows for the ________________ of bicarbonate.
type B; secretion
The expected response to metabolic alkalosis is the ___________________ of Pendrin. Type _____________ also assist in buffering the alkaline blood through its transport of H+
upregulation; B
Which of the following is an example of a water-soluble vitamin?
vitamin C
Small dietary organic compounds that are necessary for metabolism are called __________.
vitamins
Which class of nutrients do we require the least of?
vitamins
