Abdominal chapter 3 test
exposure for an AP projection of the abdomen should be taken on
expiration
the medical prefix of stomach is
gastro
which structure is a double fold of peritoneum that connects the transverse colon to the greater curvature of the stomach - "fatty apron"
greater omentum
what structure helps stabilize and support the small intestine
mesentery
the double walled membrane lining the adominopelvic cavity is called the
peritoneum
the pancreas is located where in relation to the stomach
posterierly
A chronic disease involving inflammation of the colon
Ulcerative colitis
why is the right kidney found in a more inferior position than the left kidney
presence of the liver on the right side
What are the projections commonly performed for an acute abdominal series
-AP supine -AP erect or lateral decubitus -PA chest
the large intestine begins in the ____ quadrant with a saclike area called the _____
-RLQ -cecum
the sigmoid colon is located between what
-descending colon and rectum
list the three parts of the small intestine
-duodenum -jejunum -ileum
Which region of the abdomen contains the spleen
Left hypochondriac
Which one of the following structures connects the small intestines to the posterior abdominal wall
Mesentary
What structures MUST be included on an erect abdominal radiograph
psoas major, bilateral diaphragm and lower abdomen as much as possible
Which of the following soft tissue structures are seen on a properly exposed KUB
Psoas muscles
Which quadrant for the appendix in an average person
RLQ
Which quadrant is the cecum for an average person
RLQ
Which quadrant for the Gallbladder in an average person
RUQ
Which quadrant for the Right colic flexure for an average person
RUQ
Which quadrant is the Liver for an average person
RUQ
What vertebral levels for jugular notch
T3
The Xiphoid process corresponds with which vertebral level
T9 and T10
bowel obstruction caused by a lack of intestinal peristalsis
adynamic ileus
A patient with clinical history of a possible umbilical hernia comes to the radiology department. The KUB is inconclusive. Which additional projection can be taken to help confirm the diagnosis
Dorsal decubitus
An important anatomical landmark that is commonly used to locate the center of the abdomen is
Iliac crest
Why is an acute abdominal series performed?
1. Ilius 2. Ascites 3. Post op 4. Bowel obstruction 5. Bowel perforation
the lower margins of the ischial tuberosities are about ____ distal to the symphysis pubis
1.5 in
In general what is SID, cassette size, and kV range for abdominal projections?
40 SID, 14 x 17, 70 to 80 kVp range, 80 +-5 kVp range
What is the minimum amount of time a patient should be upright before taking a projection to demonstrate intra abdominal free air
5 to 10 minutes but 10-20 is preferred for best visualization
A patient comes to the radiology department with a clinical history of Pneumoperitoneum. The patient is able to stand. Which projection best demonstrates this condition
AP erect abdomen
A patient with a possible ileus enters the emergency room. The physician orders an acute abdominal series. The patient can stand. Which specific position best demonstrates air fluid levels
AP erect abdomen
which projection of the acute abdominal series best demonstrates free air under the diaphragm
AP erect/ Decubitus
Density line created when fluid and air seperates.
Air- fluid line
How is patient positioned to prevent rotation on a PA chest projection
Align shoulders posterior ribs and ASIS with equal distances to IR
What is best demonstrated in a dorsal decub abdomen
Aneurysms Calcifications of aorta or other vessels Umbilical hernia
An abdominal accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity is called
Ascites
What condition demonstrates radiographically as general abdominal haziness
Ascites
On a erect abdomen the top of the IR should be where on that patient
Axilla area
What technical factor is essential when using computed radiography (CR) to ensure a high quality image is produced
Close collimation
What condition demonstrates radiographically as distended, air filled loops of the small bowel
Crohn's disease
Ileus exposure factor adjustment
Decrease, depending on severity or distention
Free air in the intra abdominal cavity rises to the level of the _____________ in a patient who is in the erect position
Diaphragm
If the PA chest projection is not performed for an acute abdominal series, centering for the erect abdomen projection must include
Diaphragm
The first portion of the small intestines and is the shortest but widest in diameter is called
Duodenum
Which structure stores and release bile
Gallbladder
To identify the inferior margin of the abdomen, the technologist can palpate the symphysis pubis and.....
Greater Trochanter
A patient comes into the ER with the history of Crohn's disease. An acute abdominal series is ordered on this patient. What is the reason for this order
Identify current inflammation
At the junction of the small and large intestines is the
Ileocecal valve
What are the topographic positioning landmarks
Iliac crest, Ischial Tuberosity, Xiphoid process, Pubic Symphysis, Greater Trochanter, Lower costal margin, and Anterior Superior iliac spine(ASIS)
Ascites exposure factor adjustment
Increase, depending on severity
Ovaries matches what location of perioneum
Infraperitoneum
Testes matches with what location of peritoneum
Infraperitoneum
Urinary bladder matches with what location of peritoneum
Infraperitoneum
Within the andominal cavity
Intraperitoneal
Liver matches with what location of peritoneum
Intraperitoneum
Spleen matches what location of perioneum
Intraperitoneum
Stomach matches with what location of peritoneum
Intraperitoneum
Transverse colon matches with what location of peritoneum
Intraperitoneum
The telescoping of a section of bowel into the loop is called
Intussusception
This landmark can be used to determine the lower margin on a PA abdomen with the patient in a prone position
Ischial tuberosity
What vertebral levels for inferior costal rib margin
L2-L3
What vertebral levels for ASIS
L4-L5
the iliac crest is at the level of
L4-L5 vertebrae
Which quadrant for the sigmoid colon in an average person
LLQ
what quadrant is two thirds of the jejunum in
LLQ
Which quadrant for the pancreas in an average person
LUQ
Which quadrant for the spleen in average person
LUQ
Which quadrant for the stomach in an average person
LUQ
what quadrant is the left colic flexure in
LUQ
A patient comes to the radiology department with clinical history of ascites. The patient is unable to stand or sit erect. Which one of the following projections best demonstrates this condition
Left lateral decubitus
A patient with a possible perforated bowel caused by trauma enters the ER. The patient is unable to stand. Which projection best demonstrates any possible free air within the abdomen
Left lateral decubitus
Which specific decubitus position of the abdomen should be used in an acute abdomen series if the patient cannot stand.
Left lateral decubitus
What are the 3 parts of the digestive system
Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas
What modality is most effectively used to evaluate GI motility and reflux
Nuclear Medicine
The double wall membrane lining the abdominal cavity is called
Peritoneum
Cavity incasing the lung
Pleural cavity
Free air or gas in the peritoneal cavity is
Pneumoperitoneum
Adrenal glands matches with what location of peritoneum
Retroperitoneum
Ascending and descending colon matches with what location of peritoneum
Retroperitoneum
Duodenum matches with what location of peritoneum
Retroperitoneum
Pancreas matches with what location of peritoneum
Retroperitoneum
The kidneys match what location of peritoneum
Retroperitoneum
The organs located posterior to or behind the serous membrane lining of the abdominopelvic cavity are referred to as?
Retroperitoneum
A radiograph of an AP projection of the abdomen reveals that the right iliac wing is narrower then the left . What type of positioning error was involved
Rotation to the left
A radiograph of an AP projection of the abdomen reveals that the right iliac wing is wider than the left. What type of positioning error was involved
Rotation towards the right side
What is the best method to control the involuntary motion of a young, pediatric patient during abdominal radiography.
Short exposure time
What does a lateral abdomen position best demonstrate?
Soft tissue masses, umbilical hernia, aneurysms, calcifications
A patient comes in the ER with possible gallstones. This patient is in severe pain. Which of the following imaging modalities or projections provides the quickest method of confirming the presence of gallstones
Sonography
Why will an increase in lung aeration be obtained when a PA chest projection is taken with the patient in an upright position versus a supine or seated position
The diaphragm is allowed to move to its lowest position
List 3 dimensions in which the lung expands and contract during inspiration and expiration
Transverse, Anterior posteriorly, and vertical
The Kidneys are connected to the bladder by way of
Ureter
A KUB radiograph on a large hyperstenic patient reveals that the entire that the entire abdomen is not included on the 35 by 43 cm IR. What can be done to correct this on the repeat radiograph
Use two landscape cassettes
a twisting of a loop of bowel creating an obstruction
Volvus
the central ray is centered at the level of the ___ for a supine AP projection of the abdomen
iliac crest
which portion of the small intestine is considered to be the longest
ilium
which topographic landmark is found at the level of L2-L3
inferior costal margin
What is not an accessory organ of digestion
kidney
which decubitus position of the abdomen best demonstrates intapeitoneal air in the abdomen
left lateral decubitus (free air is best visualized in the upper right abdomen in area of liver)
what abdominal region contains the rectum
pubic
Which abdominal regions contain the left and right colic flexture
right lateral (lumbar) and left hypochondriac or lateral
what organ is not directly associated with the digestive system
spleen
which organ is considered to be part of the lymphatic system
spleen
the prominence of the greater trochanter is about the same level of the
superior border of the pubic symphysis
which topographic landmark corresponds to the inferior margin of the abdomen and is formed by the anterior junction of the two pelvic bones
symphysis pubis
why should a patient be placed in the decubitus position for a minimum of 5 minutes before exposure
to allow intrabdominal air to rise of abdominal fluids to accumulate
why is it recommended to take abdominal radiographs at the end of patient expiration
to increase the room for expansion of the abdominal organs within the abdominal cavity
what is the correct name for the abdominal region found directly in the middle of the abdomen
umbilical