Abnormal Psych 1-12
The proportion of panic-attack sufferers who are helped at least somewhat by antidepressant drug is about:
35%
According to reports about the population of students in the Sobriety High program, about what percent of those enrolled have mental health problems besides chemical dependency?
90 percent
Cyclothymic Disorder
A disorder marked by numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms The symptoms of this milder form of bipolar disorder continue for two or more years, interrupted occasionally by normal moods that may last for only days or weeks
retrospective information
Literally the view back; data collected by examining records or recollections of the past. It is limited by the accuracy, validity, and thoroughness of the sources.
cohort effect
Observation that people of different age groups differ in their values and experiences.
Which group emphasizes the beliefs and expectations that lead someone with a social anxiety disorder to overestimate how bad a social interaction went?
Cognitive Theorists
dr ross and dr carman agree that suzette is suffering from post traumatic stress disorder
reliability
"Thoughts as well as overt behaviors are acquired and modified by various forms of conditioning." The orientation of the author of this quote MOST likely would be
cognitive-behavioral
Repeated involuntary bedwetting or wetting of one's clothes is known as:
enuresis.
Describing the number of cases of mental retardation in the children of older mothers in 2005 would be a legitimate goal for a(n) ______ study.
epidemiological
The form of correlational research that seeks to find how many new cases of a disorder occur in a group in a given time period is termed:
epidemiological (incidence).
Judgments of abnormality depend on _______________ as well as on cultural norms.
geography
The field of psychology that is dedicated to the mental health of the elderly is called:
geropsychology
compared to projective tests, personality inventories generally have
greater reliability and greater validity
According to Freud, GAD is most likely to result when:
growing up
During his first night in the detoxification unit, Quent developed what seemed like a case of the flu. He ached all over and had diarrhea. He was probably withdrawing from:
heroin
The drug that produces effects similar to what neurotransmitters called endorphins produce is
heroin.
Generalized anxiety disorder is MORE common
in African Americans than in white Americans
Someone with substance use disorder is likely to receive treatment:
in outpatient rehabilitation
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (presently DSM-5) was developed by:
the American Psychiatric Association.
What characteristic is MOST common to both self hypnosis and dissociative identity disorder?
the ability to escape threatening events
current research suggests that schizophrenia may be related to
viral infection in utero
Which is an example of a meta-worry?
worrying about worrying
Modern studies suggest that the average number of sub personalities in cases of multiple personality in women is about
15, and is lower for men
Bipolar I Disorder
A type of bipolar disorder marked by full manic and major depressive episodes Most of them experience an alternation of the episodes Ex:) Weeks of mania may be followed by a period of wellness, followed, in turn, by an episode of depression
The clinical interviewer MOST interested in discovering assumptions and interpretations that influence the person would have what orientation?
A. cognitive Correct B. psychodynamic C. humanistic D. behavioral
Huntington's disease, which has psychological as well as physical aspects, results from loss of cells in the:
A. corpus callosum. B. basal ganglia. Correct C. hippocampus. D. amygdala.
Symptoms such as sadness, loss of appetite, and low energy cluster together to form a:
A. treatment. B. classification system. C. syndrome. Correct D. medical condition.
The movement that has tried to find the common strategies that "good" therapists use is called:
A. uniformity. B. particularity. C. rapprochement. Correct D. idiosyncatics.
Teaching people to accept their worries and live in the present moment-- mindfulness therapy-- is most consistent with which theoretical approach?
Cognitive
People who have a biological vulnerability for anxiety that is brought to the surface by social/psychological factors develop generalized anxiety disorders, according to the...
Diathesis- Stress model
Benzodiazepines are believed to be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder because they mimic the effect of _________ at certain receptor sites in the brain
GABA
benzodiazepines are believed to be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder because they mimic the effect of _____at certain receptor sites in the brain
GABA
Which of the following is NOT a form of neuroimaging?
GSR (MRI, PET and CAT scan are)
New-Wave Cognitive-Behavioral Therapists
Guide depressed clients to recognize and accept their negative cognitions simply as streams of thinking that flow through their minds, rather than as valuable guides for behavior and decisions
What is withdrawal from heroin like?
Person will have sx of anxiety, restlessness, sweating, rapid breathing that later peaks to severe twitching, aches, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite, high BP, fever, and weight loss of up to 15 lbs
Devon is being treated for anxiety. He is connected to an instrument that records muscle tension. His job is to try to reduce muscle tension. This is an example of
biofeedback training
Apparently tricyclics work by:
blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin.
the DSM5 is the first edition of the DM that requires clinicians to provide
both categorical information and dimensional information
Which of the following psychotic disorders is described by your author as increasing in prevalence as people age?
delusional disorder
Rosa is sure that her family is planning to kidnap her and take her inheritance. She has found her husband talking on the phone in whispers and seen her children looking at her strangely. Rosa is MOST likely suffering from:
delusions of persecution
Antonio believes that the anchor on the evening news (TV) is speaking directly (and personally) to him. He even goes to the television studio to talk to the man. He is suffering from:
delusions of reference
An individual has been diagnosed with a dissociative disorder. however, the individual has very good recall of previous life events, and has strong sense of self. the MOST likely diagnosis for this individual is:
depersonalization disorder
Drinking alcohol during pregnancy can damage the developing embryo and fetus, resulting in:
fetal alcohol syndrome
According Freuds psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id,ego, and superego can lead to entrapment at the developmental level is, this is called
fixation
To accomplish random assignment, one could assign participants to groups by:
flipping a coin to determine group assignment
Shy and anxious children who have mild to moderate degrees of intellectual dysfunction, language impairments, and behavioral problems are MOST likely to be diagnosed with:
fragile x syndrome
Which of the following abnormal chromosomal situations does not cause Down syndrome?
fragile x syndrome
20%
fraternal twins develop anorexia
9%
fraternal twins develop bulimia
a person who is restless, keyed-up, and on edge for no apparent reason is experiencing:
free floating anxiety
A person who is restless, keyed up, and on edge for no apparent reason is experiencing
free-floating anxiety
A person who is restless, keyed up, and on edge for no apparent reason is experiencing:
free-floating anxiety
in the treatment of dissociative amnesia, sodium amobarbital and sodium pentobarbital work by
freeing people from their inhibitions, thus allowing them to recall unpleasant events
which of the following would be most likely to use skillful frustration as a part of therapy
fritz perle
People who diet to lose weight usually
gain the weight back
a person who constantly feels upset and nervous, so much that it interferes with work is experiencing:
generalized anxiety disorder
"Relational aggression" is a term used to describe a pattern of aggression MOST common among:
girls diagnosed with conduct disorder.
A study of a single person used to explain the underlying causes or nature of abnormal behavior in that person is consistent with the ______ approach.
idiographic
The major focus of a clinical practitioner when dealing with a new client is to gather what type of information
idiographic
an abnormality in the activity of certain neurotransmitters, especially in seratonin and norepinephrine
if a biochemical imbalance were the cause of a person's depression, the latest research would lead us to expect to find that person to have:
Panic attacks are usually treated with cognitive therapy and/or:
interoceptive exposure
Retrospective analysis of suicide typically would include:
interviews with people who knew the person who committed suicide.
If I believe there is a dire necessity for me to be loved or approved by everyone and that is catastrophic is things are not the way I want them, I am displaying basic:
irrational assumptions
How does an MRI make a picture of the brain?
it relies on the magnetic properties of the atoms in the cells scanned
a functional analysis involves
learning about a persons behaviors
a person diagnosed with body dismorpic disorder receives treatment based upon exposure and response prevention. the person could reasonably expect to experience
less concern about physical defects and less avoidance of social interactions
Raymond has multiple personality disorder. All of his sub personalities talk about and tattle on each other. this is called a
mutually cognizant pattern
People with ___________ personality disorder are generally grandiose, need much admiration, and feel no empathy with others.
narcissistic
All the opioid drugs are known collectively as
narcotics.
Abnormalities that are thought to have both biological and psychological causes are:
somatoform disorders
Kevin studies his history notes and textbook while he is drinking beer. According to some theorists, Kevin would later do better on his history exam if he also had alcohol in his system while taking the exam. These theorists would be basing their claim on
state-dependant learning
The strongest direct support for a biological explanation for suicide comes from
studies of neurotransmitter levels.
Evidence for the effectiveness of self-help programs comes MOSTLY from:
testimonials from those who have gone through such a program.
Which hormone can cause decreased sexual desire when present in low, but not high levels?
testosterone
college students who always become so anxious when taking a test that they can't remember even simple things that they know quite well are experiencing:
text anxiety?
Support for the idea that mood disorders set the stage for eating disorders comes from evidence that shows:
that close relatives of people with eating disorders have a high rate of mood disorders.
Which of the following treatments for conduct disorder involves group therapy where children might work with others who have similar problems?
the Anger Coping and Coping Power Program
Which of the following is most likely to be used to assess psychological impairment following neurological damage?
the Luria-Nebraska Battery
drug therapy, accompanied by pyschotherapy
the best treatment recommendation you can give someone experiencing bi polar disorder is
metabolic rate
the body expends energy
which statement BEST reflects our understanding of hysterical disorders
the causes of hysterical disorders are poorly understood, with no theory predominant in aiding understanding
Munchausen syndrome by proxy is MOST likely to adversely affect the physical well being of
the child of the person experiencing it
The incidence of HIV+ rates on campus tells you
the number of new HIV+ cases measured in a time period.
case study method
Research procedure in which a single person or small group is studied in detail. The method does not allow conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships, and findings can be generalized only with great caution (contrast with single-case experimental design).
Which of the following statements is true of the relationship between obsessive-compulsive anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?
Researchers have not found a specific link between the two disorders.
residents of Japan are more likely than residents of the United States to show higher rates of somatic complaints MOST likely reflecting
a Western bias that sees somatization as an inferior way to handle emotions
is much higher than normal
a couple has been married for almost 50 yrs, the one dies. that probability that the surviving spouse will commit suicide :
cognitive
a depressed person who is confused, unable to remember things, and unable to solve problems is suffering from ____ symptoms
The MOST common cognitive disturbance in anorexia nervosa is
a distorted body image.
of the following, who is MOST at risk for misinterpreting a cultural response as pathology
a dominant-culture assessor
if a chronically ill child was removed from home and placed in foster care, and then became quite healthy, one might suspect that the parent(usually the mother) was experiencing
a factitious disorder
How do phobias and common fear differ?
a phobia is more intense and persistent and the desire to avoid the object or situation is greater.
An individual who had suffered from dissociative fugue likely would have experienced all of the following EXCEPT:
a recurrence of the problem months or years later.
Which of the following would a phrenologist MOST likely have done?
assessed personality by feeling for bumps and indentations on the head
When graduate schools choose students based on test score, college grades and relevant experience they are engaging in
assessment
____________ have been said to slow the cognitive decline of people suffering from neurocognitive disorders, while simultaneously enhancing their enjoyment of life.
assisted-living facilities
Alzheimer's disease can only be diagnosed with certainty by means of a(n):
autopsy
A client being treated for alcohol abuse receives just enough of a drug called curare to produce temporary paralysis just as that client takes a swig of beer. Presumably, sufficient pairings of paralysis and alcohol will reduce the client's desire for alcohol. This procedure is called:
aversion therapy
A student says, "The problem with single-subject experiments is that there is no control group, so you don't know if the treatment is effective." The BEST reply is:
"If you use a reversal design, then participants serve as their own controls"
"Isn't the ABAB design pretty much a case study?" asks a friend of yours in this class. Your BEST answer would be:
"They're similar, but the ABAB design has greater internal validity."
The yearly prevalence of obsessive-compulsive disorder in the US is about:
1-2%
What percentage of children with autism spectrum disorder are boys?
80
The proportion of panic-attack sufferers who are helped at least somewhat by antidepressant drugs is about...
80%
People over ___ represent the fastest-growing segment of the population in the United States and in most countries around the world.
85
female college athletes
9% develop an eating disorder and another 50% display eating behaviors that put them at risk
If a person lives in a city, owns a home, and pays taxes, that person is least likely to experience which event next year?
A cancer diagnosis
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
A disorder marked by repeated experiences of significant depression and related symptoms during the week before menstruation
Dysthymic Disorder
A mood disorder that is similar to but longer-lasting and less disabling than major depressive disorder
Kraepelin's views are MOST similar to the views of:
A. Freud. B. Mesmer. C. Pinel. D. Hippocrates. correct
If you were receiving medications to control hallucinations and delusions, you would MOST likely be receiving:
A. antidepressants. B. antipsychotics. Correct C. antibipolar drugs. D. minor tranquilizers
A person who is so miserable that he or she can see no reason for living BEST fits which of the following definitions of abnormality?
A. deviance B. distress Correct C. dangerousness D. dysfunction
If a mother seems excessively involved in her child's life such that the two of them do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be:
A. externalized. B. cultural. C. enmeshed. Correct D. disengaged.
The part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the:
A. id. B. ego. Correct C. superego. D. libido.
If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely be practicing:
A. structural family therapy. B. conjoint family therapy. Correct C. feminist therapy. D. self-help therapy.
Prefrontal Cortex
Activity and blood flor aw low in certain parts but high in others
What Are the Biological Treatments for Unipolar Depression Antidepressant Drugs MAO Inhibitors
An antidepressant drug that prevents the action of the enzyme monoamine oxidase
labeling
Applying a name to a phenomenon or a pattern of behavior. The label may acquire negative connotations or be applied erroneously to the person rather than that person's behaviors.
What type of drug is alphrzolam (Xanax)?
Benzodiazepine
Devon is being treated by anxiety. He is connected to an instrument that records muscle tension. His job is to try to reduce muscle tension. This is an example of...
Biofeedback training
What's the difference between Bipolar I and Bipolar II?
Bipolar I is characterized with full manic and major depressive episodes while Bipolar II is characterized with hypomanic episodes with major depressive episodes
Amygdala
Blood flow and activity are elevated
The correlational method and the experimental method are similar in that:
Both have external validity
In terms of cognitive theories explaining generalized anxiety disorder, a good deal of research supports
Both metacognitive theory and intolerance of uncertainty theory
in the latter half of the nineteenth century, a person today who is diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder would MOST likely have been diagnosed with
Briquets syndrome
Imagine that a longitudinal study found that children raised by people with schizophrenia are more likely to commit crimes later. This result tells that
Children of people with schizophrenia are at a highter risk for criminal behavior
__________ has been found to be caused by a slow-acting virus, and this has lent some weight to the viral theory of schizophrenia.
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
correlation
Degree to which two variables are associated. In a positive correlation, the two variables increase or decrease together. In a negative correlation, one variable decreases as the other increases.
A research study on a group of children with autism will compare treatment delivered by parents home to treatment delivered by teachers at school. If the study finds that the treatment delivered at school is more effective, which item is the BEST example of a confounding variable?
Differences between the parents and teachers
trend
Direction of change of a behavior or behaviors (for example, increasing or decreasing).
The ability to generalize results from a study of certain individuals to other individuals not studied is called:
External validity
A person experiencing a panic disorder is most likely to also have a...
Fear of leaving home
family studies
Genetic study that examines patterns of traits and behaviors among relatives.
control group
Group of individuals in a study who are similar to the experimental subjects in every way but are not exposed to the treatment received by the experimental group. Their presence allows for a comparison of the differential effects of the treatment.
proband
In genetics research, the individual displaying the trait or characteristic being studied.
genetic marker
Inherited characteristic for which the chromosomal location of the responsible gene is known.
Why is Asperger's disorder no longer a diagnosis?
It is now diagnosed under the autism spectrum disorder or communication disorder label.
electroencephalogram (EEG)
Measure of electrical activity patterns in the brain, taken through electrodes placed on the scalp.
The cognitive explanation for panic disorders is that people who have them...
Misinterpret bodily sensations
A person is being treated for a social anxiety disorder. A therapist watches the person act out a social scene, points out what she did correctly and incorrectly, and praises her for what she did well. Which behavioral technique did the therapist not use?
Modeling
If a person were afraid of dogs and his therapist treated him by interacting with dogs while he watched, he would be receiving...
Modeling
attempting Suicide
More teenagers attempt suicide than actually kill themselves.
Which of the following is true of older women and men?
Older women outnumber older men by 3 to 2,
Genetic Factors Twin Studies
One study looked at nearly 200 pairs of twins When an identical twin had unipolar depression, there was a 46% chance that the other twin would have the same disorder When a fraternal twin had unipolar disorder, the other twin had only a 20% chance of developing the disorder
A person is sweating, experiencing shortnes of breath, choking, feeling dizzy, and is afraid of dying. If it is not a heart attach, but an indicator of anxiety disorder, it is probably a...
Panic Attack
Every once in a while, Ona feels nervous to the point of terror. It seems to come on suddenly and randomly. Her experience is an example of a(n):
Panic disorders
cohort
Participants in each age group of a study with a cross-sectional design.
Bipolar Disorders Definition
People with a bipolar disorder experience both the lows of depression and the highs of mania
Which of the following diseases involves degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes?
Pick's disease
The first step in systematic desensitization treatment is...
Relaxation training
intelligence quotient (IQ)
Score on an intelligence test estimating a person's deviation from average test performance.
2. The event that is very likely to result in sexual aversion or hypoactive sexual desire is:
Sexual molestation
Which statement is true about case studies and single-subject designs?
Single-subject designs have more internal validity.
neuroimaging
Sophisticated computer-aided procedure that allows nonintrusive examination of nervous system structure and function.
I just received a DSM-5 diagnosis of Internet use disorder," a friend says. "What do you think?" Your MOST accurate reply would be:
That's not possible. The disorder is not in the DSM-5."
A psychologist studies memory techniques is adult volunteers and learns how to facilitate memory and then applies the results to a new class of students in a psychology course. This demonstrates faith in:
The external validity of the study.
Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. Which of the following would be a part of your paradigm?
The family-social perspective
Desire Phase
The phase of the sexual response cycle consisting of an urge to have sex, sexual fantasies, and sexual attraction.
Which statement is the MOST appropriate conclusion about new drug studies, placebo studies, symptom-exacerbation studies, and medication-withdrawl studies?
The studies have led to calls for greater safeguards for patients.
One limitation of the sociocultural approach to understanding GAD is that:
Theorists have yet to explain why some develop the disorder while others do not.
Which of the following is the BEST example of dichotomous thinking?
There's only one thing to do and nothing else matters.
According to Edwin Shneidman, how do death ignorers primarily differ from other categories?
They believe death will not end their existence.
Which of the following is not true of the "oldest old," or those above the age of 95?
They often do more traveling than those in their 80s and early 90s.
Brodmann Area
Undersized Overactive
Bipolar Treatment Facts
Without treatment, mood episodes tend to recur for people with either type of bipolar disorder If people experience four or more mood episodes within a one-year period, their disorder is further considered to be rapid cycling
If you wanted a drug to improve the functioning of GABA, you would choose:
a benzodiazepine.
If a person lives in a city, owns a house, and pays taxes, that person is LEAST likely to experience which event next year?
a cancer diagnosis
Every one in awhile, Ona feels nervous to the point of terror. It seems to come on suddenly and randomly. Her experience is an example of:
a panic attack
amenorrhea
absence of menstrual cycles; lowered body temps., low blood pressure, body swelling, reduces mineral density, and slow heart rate. Metabolic and electrolyte imbalances can occur and can lead to death.
Drugs used to treat Alzheimer's disease affect two neurotransmitters-glutamate and __________ -in the brain.
acetylcholine
Personality disorders typically become recognizable in:
adolescence or early adulthood.
In research on the relationship between serotonin and suicide, serotonin seems MOST related to:
aggression
a woman you know constantly avoids crowded streets and buildings, and is very reluctant to leave home, even with a friend. Recently, she has experienced extreme, sudden fear every time she enters a crowded street or building. Most likely, this woman would be diagnosed with:
agoraphobia
Research shows that sexual dysfunctions among homosexual couples:
are the same as those seen in heterosexual couples.
An EMT has to be especially aware of people abusing cocaine, because even young people are at risk for all of the following EXCEPT:
asthmatic attacks
Effective parents
attend to their children's biological and emotional needs.
The symptoms of vascular neurocognitive disorder:
begin suddenly
improper sodium transport
bi polar disorders have recently been linked to
if a patient relieves past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced___,according to psychoanalysts
catharsis
the term for the form of psychotherapy pioneered by carl rogers is
client-centered
The model of abnormality that concentrates on thinking is the
cognitive modle
psychological treatments for bulimia
cognitive-behavioral, interpersonal, and psychodynamic therapy
Factors other than the independent variable may also act on the dependent variable. If these factors vary systematically with the independent variable, they are called ______ variables.
confounding
Pairing the thought of feared objects and relaxation training is:
covert desensitization
all of the following statements would be appropriate criticisms of the sociocultural model EXCEPT
cultural factors might create a climate favorable for the development for certain disorders
The policy of releasing patients from public mental hospitals was known as:
deinstitutionalization.
a patients initial reaction to being told she has an STI is to insist that the nurse mad a mistake with the test, The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is
denial
Psychodynamic explanations for dependent personality disorder are very similar to those for:
depression
The drug treatment that is most effecting in treating panic disorder is like that used to treat:
depression
electroconvulsive therapy ECT is used most often in the treatment of
depression
Case studies are useful for all of the following EXCEPT:
determining general laws of behavior
People who are unable to recall important information about themselves, especially of an upsetting nature, are MOST likely experiencing
dissociative amnesia
People who are unable to recall important information about themselves, especially of an upsetting nature, are MOST likely experiencing:
dissociative amnesia
Problems in memory and related cognitive processes occurring without organic causes are known as:
dissociative disorders
Of the following disorders, the one for which an individual would least likely need therapy to avoid a recurrence and to recover lost memories is:
dissociative fugue
A therapist believes so strongly in her approach that she finds improvement even when none exists. Which design would prevent this problem?
double-blind
If a clinician focused on where you placed your drawing on the page, the size of the drawing and the parts you omitted, you MOST likely took which of the following tests
draw-a-person
Which statement is true about specific phobias?
each year about 12 percent of people in the United States suffer from a phobia
Studies show that errors in diagnosis MOST commonly involve information gathered:
early in the assessment process, and in a hospital setting.
The exact repetition of phrases spoken by others is known as:
echolalia.
Recently the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia has been challenged because it has been discovered that:
effective new drugs suggest abnormal neurotransmitter activity of serotonin as well as dopamine.
The part of the personality that guides us to know when we can and cannot express our impulses is the
ego
In the study, Group A was the:
experimental group
If a study's findings generalize beyond the immediate study to other persons and situations, then the study has:
external validity
Ineffective parents
fail to attend to their children's needs
If you are a typical person undergoing therapy in the United States, your therapy will last for
fewer than 5 sessions
Hypoactive sexual desire may include all of the following except:
finding sexual activity repulsive
Benzodiazepines are believed to be effective in treating GAD because they mimic the effect of ____ at certain receptor sites in the limbic system and hypothalamus.
gamma-aminobutyric acid
GABA is related to:
generalized anxiety disorder
Treatment for mental illness in the early asylums tended to be:
harsh and cruel
In the United States, the number of diagnosed cases per year of dissociative identity disorder
has increased
Support for the use of evidence-based forms of psychotherapy:
has increased in recent years.
cognitive-behavioral approaches
help 65% of patients stop bingeing and purging
the ___operates in accord with the pleasure principle
id
brain seizure
if you were treated with ect, you would experience
Which interpersonal problem area identified by interpersonal psychotherapists is MOST like the cause of depression suggested by psychoanalysis?
interpersonal loss
Anxiety disorders differ from everyday experiences of fear and anxiety in:
it is too severe, too frequent, lasts too long, or is triggered too easily
If you are a minority, you are:
likely to benefit from culturally sensitive therapy.
After a major earthquake, television coverage showed survivors shuffling confusedly through the ruined buildings. If such victims later could not remember the days immediately after the earthquake, the victims would be suffering from what type of amnesia?
localized
Adolescent suicides differ from suicides at other age levels in all of the following ways EXCEPT that:
many experience significant loss before the suicide.
A flash mob is MOST similar to:
mass madness
The usual goal of therapy for dissociative identity disorders is to
merge the sub personalities into a single identity
Societal
more common in Western countries.
upper socioeconomic
more concerned about thinness and dieting that lower socioeconomic classes
Studies attempting to relate personality traits to potential for developing substance abuse show that:
no single trait or combination of traits predicts substance abuse.
Juanita has multiple personality disorder. Big Tony and Smart Alice are two personalities who are aware of all of the others. None of her other personalities are aware of each other. This would be called a
one-way amnestic relationship
The function of the double-blind design is to guard against:
participant and experimenter expectations
2-7%
population display binge eating disorder
While Type I schizophrenia is dominated by ______ symptoms, Type II schizophrenia is dominated by ______ symptoms.
positive; negative
What is the primary reason that people with schizoid personality disorder avoid social contact?
preference to be alone
According to the psychodynamic view, conversion disorder symptoms function to keep unacceptable thoughts and conflicts out of unconsciousness. this is called
primary gain
Insurance parity laws are concerned with:
providing equal coverage for mental and medical problems.
Psychodynamic therapy may be particularly effective in the treatment of dissociative disorders because:
psychodynamic therapy often tries to recover lost memories
Agoraphobia is the fear of
public places
Which is NOT a biological treatment for generalized anxiety?
rational emotive therapy
which of the following is not a procedure that DSM 5 develops relied on to improve reliability
reducing substantially the number of different diagnostic categories
a child in an extremely abusive family situation often seems to become deaf to the verbal abuse and insensitive to the physical abuse. as if the child simply wasn't there experiencing the abuse. One explanation of this behavior is
self-hypnosis
2-6%
so ill, they die
Steve is afraid of eating in public, expecting to be judged negatively and to feel humiliated. He would most likely be diagnosed with:
social phobia
Are people ever harmed by therapy for DSM-diagnosed disorders?
sometimes; at most, about 5-10% of those treated seem to get worse
As a general rule, if the sample is large, the difference between the groups is large, and the range of scores within a group is small, then the results are likely to be:
statistically significant
Which of the following would NOT be considered a "drug"?
sugar
The incidence of HIV+ results on campus tells you:
the number of new HIV+ cases measured in a time period.
Current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on:
the special external pressures faced by members of a culture.
biological
the strongest evidence for the cause of bipolar disorders best support which theoretical perspective?
Women tolerate alcohol LESS well than men because:
they have less of a stomach enzyme that breaks down alcohol.
The most successful way to eliminate tardive dyskinesia is:
to stop the antipsychotic medication.
Men are ________ as likely as women to display obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.
twice
At a workshop about multiple personality disorder, a therapist says, "in my experience, one integration begins, the need for therapy is practically over, and later dissociations just don't happen" this therapists experience is
very unusual; most successful therapies last well beyond the beginning of integration
learning about suicide in abnormal pysch class
which of the following does not make one at a higher risk for suicide
therapy for minority clients delivered exclusively by minority therapist
which of the following is not a goal of the cultural sensitive therapy movement
A person who experiences vomiting and shaking when he tries to stop drinking alcohol has developed:
withdrawal reactions.
Of the following alternatives, what would be the BEST advice to give someone who wants to retain good cognitive functioning as long as possible in old age?
"Exercise your body and your mind—use it or lose it."
Based on evidence from case studies, the BEST advice you could give someone who is experiencing a conversion disorder about seeking treatment is
"approaches using suggestion,reinforcement, and confrontation are often being used"
Which correlation is MOST likely to be statistically significant?
-.80, based on a sample of 100 people
Which correlation coefficient is of the highest magnitude?
-.81
Which of the following is a depressant?
...opioids
The proportion of Americans over the age of 11 who smoke is about:
1/3.
What is the rate of suicide for those that contacted a suicide hotline?
2% of callers later committed suicide.
As many as ___ percent of schoolchildren diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder are boys.
70
What percent of individuals use alcohol preceding suicide?
70% of people have alcohol in their system before attempting suicide
patients receiving therapy for a psychological problems, on average, experience improvement greater than____of people with similar problems who do not receive treatment.
75%
Biochemical Factors Norepinephrine
A neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression and panic disorder
Major Depressive Disorder
A severe pattern of unipolar depression that is disabling and is not caused by such factors as drugs or a general medical condition
Twisted protein fibers are found within the cells of the ____________ and other brain areas of people who died from Alzheimer's disease.
hippocampus
testability
Ability of a hypothesis, for example, to be subjected to scientific scrutiny and to be accepted or rejected, a necessary condition for the hypothesis to be useful.
What's more effective, IPT or CBT?
About the same. Studies suggest that IPT and CBT have similar success rate. Symptoms almost totally disappear in 50-60% of clients.
If current trends concerning the body images of African American women and white American women continue, we would expect in the future that
African American women would show increasing body image dissatisfaction
The prevalence rate for a disorder will blank the incidence rate
Always be the same or higher than
Seligman's study in which created learned helplessness in the lab is an example of a(n) blank study.
Analogue
confound
Any factor occurring in a study that makes the results uninterpretable because its effects cannot be separated from those of the variables being studied.
Which of the personality disorders was once called "hysterical personality disorder" and involves individuals who are typically described as emotionally charged and seeking to be the center of attention?
histrionic
When the seat belt light in DiDi's car stays on for a few extra seconds, she bursts into tears. She always craves attention and reacts to even the smallest event with an elaborate show of emotion. She probably could receive a diagnosis of:
histrionic personality disorder.
Biochemical explanations for bipolar disorder focus on all of the following EXCEPT:
hormonal functioning (do focus on genetic factors, ion activity, and neurotransmitter activity)
abnormal chemical activity in the bodes endocrine system relates to the release of
hormones
One hundred psychiatric patients were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One received a new drug in pill form. The other group was given identical-looking placebo pills. A panel of psychiatrists, who did not know which pill each participant received, evaluated all participants for level of agitation. What could be a potential confound in this study?
Having the drug group be inpatients and the placebo group be outpatients
the model of abnormality that focuses on the role of values and choices in behavior is the
humanistic-existenial model
The statement or prediction that we make about a potential causal relationship in a proposed study is called the:
hypothesis
Jeff's left arm suddenly went numb. His physician was unable to find a physical cause of the problem. Jeff is apparently suffering from what the ancient Greek physicians called:
hysteria
____________ personality disorder was formerly a name for histrionic personality disorder.
hysterical
23%
identical twins develop bulimia
interpersonal pyschotherapy
if your therapist encouraged you to explore your roles in life-how they might be changing or how your expectations might be different from someone elses- your therapist would most likely be using:
Early home intervention programs for those in the "mild" intellectual developmental disordercategory:
improve both overall functioning, and later performance in school and in adulthood.
The Cognitive Model Learned Helplessness Dog Study
He strapped dogs into an apparatus called a hammock, in which they received shocks periodically no matter what they did The next day each dog was placed in a shuttle box A box divided in half by a barrier over which the animal could jump to reach the other side Seligman applied shocks to the dogs in the box, expecting that they, like other dogs in this situation, would soon learn to escape by jumping over the barrier However, most of these dogs failed to learn anything in the shuttle box After a flurry of activity, they simply "lay down and quietly whined" and accepted the shock The dogs had learned that they had no control over unpleasant events in their lives They had learned that they were helpless to do anything to change negative situations When later they were placed in a new situation, where they could in fact control their fate, they continued to believe that they were generally helpless The learned helplessness explanation of depression has been revised somewhat over the past three decades
A person with Alzheimer's disease is taking a drug designed to affect acetylcholine and glutamate and may experience:
improvement both in short-term memory and in ability to cope under pressure.
Psychodynamic Factors:Ego Deficiencies
Hilde Bruch believed that disturbed mother-child interactions lead to serious ego deficiencies in the child (poor sense of independence and control) and severe perceptual disturbances that help produce disordered eating.
Cultural Background and Depression Recurrence of depression
Hispanic and African Americans are 50% more likely than white Americans to have recurrent episodes of depression Why? Around 54% of depressed white Americans receive treatment for this disorders, compared to 34% of depressed Hispanic Americans and 40% of depressed African Americans
Cognitive Symptoms of Depression
Hold extremely negative views of themselves They consider themselves inadequate, undesirable, inferior, perhaps evil They also blame themselves for nearly every unfortunate event, even things that have nothing to do with them Rarely credit their achievements Pessimism People with depression frequently complain that their intellectual ability is poor
The Multicultural Perspective Gender and Depression The hormone explanation
Holds that hormonal changes trigger depression in many women A woman's biological life from her early teens to middle age is marked by frequent changes in hormone levels
The Multicultural Perspective Gender and Depression The artifact theory
Holds that women and men are equally prone to depression but that clinicians often fail to detect depression in men Perhaps depressed women display more emotional symptoms, such as sadness and crying Readily diagnosed Depressed men mask their depression behind traditionally "masculine" symptoms such as anger
Barney's mother is taking cookies out of the oven. Which of the following would suggest most strongly that the id is firmly in control of Barney's behavior?
Barney grabs some of the cookies and runs.
"Phobic and GAD arise when people stop looking at themselves honestly with acceptance and instead deny their distort through their true thoughts, emotions, and behavior." This explanation would be offered by:
Humanistic perspective
Which theory states that people develop GAD because they failed to receive unconditional positive regard as children and evaluate themselves with conditions of worth?
Humanistic perspective
According to current research, using relaxation training to treat generalized anxiety disorder is...
Better than nothing and about as effective as mediation
___________ is an inherited progressive disease in which memory problems worsen over time, along with personality changes, mood difficulties, and movement problems such as severe twitching and spasms.
Huntington's disease
Which is the most correct statement about IQ scores?
IQ scores have a high correlation with school performance.
nomothetic strategy
Identification and examination of large groups of people with the same disorder to note similarities and develop general laws.
A case study of a patient includes a history, tests, and interviews with associates. A clear picture is constructed of this individual so her behavior is understood. This approach is:
Idiographic
Medical Student's Syndrome is most similar to ________________ disorder (in this chapter)?
Illness anxiety disorder: persons are chronically anxious about and preoccupied with the notion that they have or are developing a serious medical illness despite the absence of somatic sx
Which of the following is NOT a concern that would call into question the reliability of clinical interviews?
Impressions formed on these interviews may not predict future outcomes.
nomenclature
In a naming system or nosology, the actual labels or names that are applied. In psychopathology, these include mood disorders and eating disorders.
dependent variable
In an experimental study, the phenomenon that is measured and expected to be influenced (compare with independent variable).
twin studies
In genetics research, the comparison of twins with unrelated or less closely related individuals. If twins, particularly monozygotic twins who share identical genotypes, share common characteristics such as a disorder, even if they were reared in different environments, then strong evidence of genetic involvement in those characteristics exists.
adoption studies
In genetics research, the study of first-degree relatives reared in different families and environments. If they share common characteristics, such as a disorder, this finding suggests that those characteristics have a genetic component.
placebo control group
In outcome research, a control group that does not receive the experimental manipulation but is given a similar procedure with an identical expectation of change, allowing the researcher to assess any placebo effect.
What Are the Symptoms of Mania? Cognitive
In the cognitive realm, people with mania usually show poor judgement and planning Filled with optimism, they rarely listen when others try to slow them down They may also have an inflated opinion of themselves, and sometimes their self-esteem approaches grandiosity
You are suffering from arachnophobia. Your therapist first has you go through relaxation training, then has you construct a fear heirachy and, finally, has you go through a phase of graded pairings of spiders and relaxation responses. This approach is called:
in vivo desensitization
What Are the Symptoms of Mania? Motivational
In the motivational realm, people with mania seem to want constant excitement, involvement, and companionship The behavior of people with mania is usually very active They move quickly though there were not enough time to do everything they want to do Flamboyance is not uncommon
There were 10 new cases of schizophrenia in a small town in the Midwest this week. This observation refers to the blank of schizophrenia in this small population.
Incidence
Antidepressants that are effective in treating obsessive-compulsive disorder serve to..
Increase serotonin activity in the brain
How do the second generation SRIs work?
Increase serotonin activity specifically without affecting norepinephrine or other neurotransmitters. SSRIs inhibit serotonin reuptake.
In a scientific experiment, the variable manipulated or controlled by the experimenter is called the:
Independent variable
What is the most correct statement about anxiety disorders in later life?
Individuals over 85 report higher rates of the disorder than those between 65 and 84.
nosology
Classification and naming system for medical and psychological phenomena.
The Cognitive Model Attribution-Helplessness Theory Example
Consider a college student whose girlfriend breaks up with him If he attributes this loss of control to an internal cause that is both global and stable It's my fault (Internal) and I ruin everything I touch (Global) and I always will (Stable) If the student had instead attributed the breakup to causes that were mores specific (the way I've behaved in the relationship), or external (She never did know what she wanted), he might not expect to lose control
Lack of exercise and obesity (defined quantitatively by BMI) are related to what medical condition?
Coronary heart disease.
A phobic person is taught to imagine the feared items as part of desensitization training. This is an example of the _____ technique.
Covert
Pedophiles
Intense sexual urges or fantasies about a watching, touching, or engaging in a sexual acts with children and may carry out these urges or fantasies.
A person who believes that it is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way he or she would like them to be is displaying
Irrational Assumptions
A study included 60 people suffering from an ordinary headache. Twenty received aspirin, 20 received a sugar pill that looked like aspirin, and 20 got nothing at all. In 65 percent of the aspirin group, the headache disappeared. In the other two groups the "cure" rates were 35 and 5 percent, respectively. Other than the drug condition, the participants were treated identically. This study:
Is an experimental study
One of the drawbacks of exposure and response prevention as a therapy is that it...
Is less effective with clients with obsessions but no compulsions
If a person were taking an antidepressant that increases level of serotonin and improves brain function for symptoms of obsessive compulsive disorder, that person could expect that...
It would lead to short-term relief, but relapse would occur if the person stopped the medication
What Are the Treatments for Bipolar Disorders? Lithium and Other Mood Stabilizers Neuroprotective Proteins
Key proteins within certain neurons whose job it is to prevent cell death
__________ is associated with chronic alcoholism.
Korsakoff's syndrome
A combination of alcohol abuse and a vitamin B deficiency can lead to:
Korsakoff's syndrome.
Tomas has a normal IQ, but demonstrates complete impairment of new learning. He also confabulates when asked to provide information about recent events. Tomas most likely is suffering from:
Korsakoff's syndrome.
Media coverage that included the "Don't do it" message, phone numbers for suicide prevention centers, and interviews with suicide experts, occurred after the suicide of:
Kurt Cobain
A researcher finds a strong positive correlation between rating of life stress and symptoms of depression. Therefore, the researcher may be confident that:
Life stress and depression are related
The drug treatment that is most effective in treating panic disorders is like that used to treat...
Depression
Cultural Background and Depression
Depression is a worldwide phenomenon and certain symptoms of this disorder seem to be constant across all countries Within the United States, researchers have found few differences in the symptoms of depression among members of different ethnic or racial group
Unipolar Depression
Depression without a history of mania
What behavioral characteristics are associated with low 5-HT?
Depression, aggression, impulsive behavior
If you stop taking cocaine after you have been taking it for a prolonged period, what is your affective state?
Depression-like letdown, popularly called crashing, a pattern that may also include headaches, dizziness, and fainting.
Which is NOT a way that case studies are useful?
Determining general laws of behavior
Who is more depressed, divorced, married, widowed, or never been married singles?
Divorced individuals have double the rate of depression than married, non-married or widowed people
Most drugs of abuse involve the neurotransmitter ______________.
Dopamine!
The Boston schoolteacher who made humane care a public and political concern in 19th century America was:
Dorothea Dix
What Are the Treatments for Bipolar Disorders? Lithium and Other Mood Stabilizers
Lithium A metallic element that occurs in nature as a mineral salt and is an effective treatment for bipolar disorder Mood-Stabilizing Drugs Psychotropic drugs that help stabilize the moods of people suffering from bipolar mood disorder All manner of research has attested to the effectiveness of lithium and other mood stabilizers in treating manic episodes More than 60% of patients with mania improve on these medications One study found that the risk of relapse is 28 times greater if patients stop taking a mood stabilizer Mood stabilizers also seem to help those with bipolar disorder overcome their depressive episodes Many clinicians use a combination of mood stabilizers and antidepressant drugs to treat bipolar depression
What is the first line tx for Bipolar ds?
Lithium and mood stabilizing drugs
What is the relationship between suicide and 5-HT (serotonin)? How does serotonin work?
Low levels of serotonin may be a predictor of suicide aka people with lower serotonin levels are more likely to commit suicide or trying to do it again than those who have normal levels of serotonin
What is the MOST likely explanation for the different explanations of eating disorders in men and women?
Male eating disorders are more likely to be tied to work or sports
Cognitive therapy for avoidant personality disorder focuses on:
increasing the client's tolerance of emotional discomfort and building up his or her self- image.
What is the difference between factitious disorder and malingering regarding internal and external incentives (examples)? Are both intentional (consciously aware) attempts to gain an incentive?
Malingering is when the person purposely becomes sick to gain some sort of external gain (money, getting out of military, etc.). Factitious is when the person does it so that they can assume the role of a sick person. → I think in this case both factitious and malingering are both aware of their odd behavior
Adjunctive Psychotherapy
Many clinicians now use individual, group, or family therapy as an adjunct to mood stabilizing drugs In these formats, the therapists try to emphasize the importance of continuing to take medications and help clients solve the special family, social, school, and occupational problems caused by their disorder
Scientists have conducted breeding experiments by mating across generations nonhumans that prefer alcohol. What have these researchers found?
Many of the offspring prefer alcohol over other tastes
The Cognitive Model Beck's Explanation
Many studies have produced evidence for Beck's explanation Several of them confirm that depressed people hold maladaptive attitudes and that the more of these maladaptive attitudes they hold, the more depressed they tend to be Research has supported Beck's claim that automatic thoughts are tied to depression In several studies, nondepressed participants who are tricked into reading negative automatic-thought-like statements about themselves become increasingly depressed
What Causes Bipolar Disorders? Genetic Factors
Many theorists believe that people inherit a biological predisposition to develop bipolar disorders Family Pedigree Studies support this idea Identical twins of persons with bipolar disorders have a 40% likelihood of developing the same disorder Fraternal twins, siblings, and other close relatives of such persons have a 5-10% likelihood Genetic Linkage Identify possible patterns in the inheritance of bipolar disorders They select generations, observe the pattern of distribution of the disorder among family members, and determine whether it closely follows a predictable pattern of inheritance Molecular biology Examines possible genetic factors
I feel great!" a friend says, "Let's go to the casino and play the slots." Your friend has been to the casino several times in the past two weeks and just can't seem to stay away. Does your friend qualify for the diagnosis of gambling disorder?
Maybe—a distressed mood goes with gambling, and your friend's behavior seems out of control.
Which treatment approach is more likely to strengthen juvenile delinquent behavior than to help reduce it?
institutionalization
baseline
Measured rate of a behavior before introduction of an intervention that allows comparison and assessment of the effects of the intervention.
psychophysiological assessment
Measurement of changes in the nervous system reflecting psychological or emotional events such as anxiety, stress, and sexual arousal.
behavioral assessment
Measuring, observing, and systematically evaluating (rather than inferring) the client's thoughts, feelings, and behavior in the actual problem situation or context.
In an ABAB reversal design study, a researcher is measuring level of depression with and without the addition of an exercise program. What is the second "B" in the study?
Exercise
generalizability
Extent to which research results apply to a range of individuals not included in the study.
What Are the Behavioral Treatments for Unipolar Depression? Group Therapy
Members may work together to improve eye contact, facial expression, posture, and other behaviors that send social messages
Benzodiazepines are believed to be effective in treating generalized anxiety disorder because they mimic the effect of ____ at certain receptor sites in the brain
GABA
randomization
Method for placing individuals into research groups that assures each an equal chance of being assigned to any group, thus eliminating any systematic differences across groups.
Which is not an area listed in the DSM-5 as required to be affected by a personality disorder?
intelligence
Binet and simon are known for their work in creating an
intelligence test
It is estimated that by the year 2050, _________ will make up the largest number of elderly ethnic minorities.
Hispanic Americans
dimensional approach
Method of categorizing characteristics on a continuum rather than on a binary, either-or, or all-or-none basis.
Which category of clinical tests tends to have the BEST standardization, reliability, and validity?
intelligence tests
cross-sectional design
Methodology to examine a characteristic by comparing individuals of different ages (contrast with longitudinal design).
Mixed episodes
In which they display both manic and depressive symptoms within the same episode
GABA is related to...
Inhibiting neuronal firing in the brain
Behaviorists believe that compulsive behavior...
Is reinforced because engaging in it reduces anxiety
which category or clinical tests tends to have the BEST standardization, reliability and validity?
intelligence tests
Which of the following is TRUE about the research on the effectiveness of interpersonal psychotherapy in treating unipolar depression?
It nearly eliminates depressive symptoms in 50 to 60 percent of cases.
________ is associated with the theory that personality characteristics of the parents were the cause of autism.
Leo Kanner
cross-generational effect
Limit on the generalizability of longitudinal research because the group under study may differ from others in culture and experience.
The test that reports one's results on clinical scales such as "hypochondriasis" (HS) and "Psychopathic Deviated" (PD) is the:
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory
"Experience of observation teach us early in life that certain objects are legitimate sources of fear", The person who believes this espouses the ____ explanation of the development of phobias.
Modeling
Mania is due to low levels of ____________________.
Low serotonin levels with high norepinephrine activity can lead to mania
Cognitists believe that generalized anxiety disorder is induced by...
Maladaptive assumptions
A recent study of informed consent forms showed that:
Many research participants don't understand them
Is there any explanation of a genetic explanation for substance abuse disorders?
Maybe; those with a substance use disorder are more likely than those without a disorder to have an abnormal D2 receptor gene
Emotional Symptoms of Depression
Most people who are depressed feel sad and dejected They describe themselves as feeling miserable, empty, and humiliated They tend to lose their sense of humor, report getting little pleasure from anything, and in some cases, display anhedonia An inability to experience any pleasure at all
Although the term is not a DSM-V dx, what is Munchausen syndrome by proxy? What characteristics do these individuals display?
Munchausen syndrome by proxy is when parents and caretakers make up or produce physical illnesses in their children leading in some cases of repeated pain diagnostic test, medication, and surgery. Characteristics of these individuals include need for attention, emotionally needy
According to cognitive theorists, compulsive acts serve to...
Neutralize
A general understanding of the underlying nature, causes, and treatments of abnormal behavior is called:
Nomothetic
Antidepressant drugs are frequently effective in treating panic attacks. The disorder is related to levels if neurotransmitter...
Norepinephrine
phenotype
Observable characteristics or behaviors of an individual.
A clinician who is not up-to-date uses the term "excessive behaviors" to describe a category of disorder. According to the DSM-5, that category is now called...
Obsessive-compulsive-related disorders
Sally is never sure of the right thing to do. She married Tod and has been wondering for years if that was the right decision. She is exhibiting...
Obssesive Doubts
human genome project
Ongoing scientific attempt to develop a comprehensive map of all human genes.
comparative treatment research
Outcome research that contrasts two or more treatment methods to determine which is most effective.
Lisa Mosconi and her colleagues at the New York University School of Medicine have developed a special type of ___________ that may predict neurocognitive disorder and Alzheimer's disease before symptoms develop.
PET scan
The most common metabolic disorder to cause intellectual developmental disorder is:
PKU
_______ is a slowly progressive neurological disorder marked by tremors, rigidity, and unsteadiness.
Parkinson's disease
Pat and Jody each have five screwdrivers (orange juice and vodka). Pat gets very drunk. Jody does not. Which of the following is MOST likely to be TRUE?
Pat is a woman, Jody is a man
How can one overdose from heroin (besides the obvious taking much more than one usually does)?
Person can overdose when they resume heroin after not taking it for a while → believe that they can use the same dosage amount as before and often make the mistake of taking too much which kills them
What is a cyclothymic ds?
Person experiences numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and mild depressive symptoms but not full-blown episodes. Think more of a chronic issue like a personality disorder.
One important criticism of the preceding research is that it is a:
Placebo study
Understanding a person unconscious precesses is critical in explaining abnormality. Which model of abnormality does this quote MOST closely represent?
Psychodynamic
epidemiology
Psychopathology research method examining the prevalence, distribution, and consequences of disorders in populations.
According to Freud, children who are punished or threatened for expressing their id impulses may develop...
Moral Anxiety
People with panic disorder experience body sensations...
More intensely than those with panic disorders
statistical significance
Small probability of obtaining the observed research findings by chance.
"Why do we do natural experiments?" asks a student. "After all, each disaster that causes a natural experiment is unique." A good answer would be, "Using natural experiments, researchers have learned quite a lot about:
Stress disorders
genetic linkage analysis
Study that seeks to match the inheritance pattern of a disorder to that of a genetic marker. This helps researchers establish the location of the gene responsible for the disorder.
Which item is an analogue study?
Studying the effects of stress in nonhumans
The Multicultural Perspective Gender and Depression The life stress theory
Suggests that women in our society experience more stress than men On average they face more poverty, more menial jobs, less adequate housing, and more discrimination than man
Which of the following is not true about suicide?
Suicide is more often associated with Alzheimer's than with depression.
The elderly, spousal death, and depression in the surviving spouse. What is the relationship?
Suicide rate of elderly people who have recently lost a spouse is particularly high. Elderly are most likely to commit suicide than people in most other age groups. As people grow older, all too often they become ill, lose close friends and relatives, lose control over their lives, and lose status in our society.
What are the symptoms of a manic episode?
Sx of mania can come from emotional, motivational, behavioral, cognitive, and physical → defined as a one-week or longer period of abnormal and persistent elevated expansive, or irritable mood and abnormally and persistently increased activity or energy for most of the day nearly every day → sx include decreased sleep, increased talkativeness, distractibility, inflated self-esteem
Why is it believed that the rate among the elderly in the Native American population is low?
The aged are held in high esteem by American Indians and are looked to for the wisdom and experience they have acquired over the years, and this may help account for their low suicide rate.
Which would be LEAST appropriately studied using a natural experiment?
The effects of premarital abstinence on later sexual functioning
Modeling and suicide. What age group is most at risk?
Most at risk are teenagers → Imitate suicide from family members, friends, co workers, celebrities, or highly publicized suicides
What ethnic group in America is most at risk for suicide? How do White Americans compare with African, Asian, and Hispanic Americans regarding suicide rate? How do the latter three groups compare with each other?
Most at risk is American Indian! White Americans → at least twice as high as African, Asian, and Hispanic Americans. The latter three groups are pretty close to the same level of about 2.5% female suicides and about 10% suicides for males.
What are the abnormalities associated with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
Mothers who drink put baby at risk for developing pattern of abnormalities that can include intellectual developmental disorders, hyperactivity, head/face deformities, heart defects, and slow growth
Depressive Disorders
The group of disorders marked by unipolar depression
What is the sociocultural explanation of higher incidences of high blood pressure in African Americans?
The higher incidences of HTN in African Americans may be attributed to the dangerous environments that many of them live in and the unsatisfying jobs, along with a possible physiological predisposition to developing HTN or it may be that repeated experiences of racial discrimination constitute special stressors that help raise the blood pressure.
Which results are MOST likely from an epidemiological study?
The rate of suicide is higher in Ireland than in the United States.
Why do many people think that estimates of the rates of suicide are inaccurate?
The stigma associated with suicide make people hesitate to report it
The Cognitive Model Arbitrary Influences
Negative conclusions based on little evidence Ex:) A man walking through the park, passes a woman who is looking at nearby flowers and concludes "She's avoiding looking at me"
What do ECT, vagus nerve stimulation, and transcranial magnetic stimulation have in common?
They suggest that brain stimulation is effective in treating severe forms of depression.
How would those who support the Alcoholics Anonymous approach to treating alcoholism respond to the cognitive-behavioral procedure called relapse-prevention training?
They would oppose relapse-prevention training because it does not require sobriety
argues that societies invent the concept of mental illness so that they can control people whose unusual patterns of functioning upset or threaten the social order.
Thomas Szasz
What specific variant of Type A personality is at risk for developing heart disease?
Type A personalities that are particularly hostile and time urgent are more at risk for developing heart disease.
Seligman believes depression results from _________________.
When people believe they no longer have control over the reinforcements (the rewards and punishments) in their lives and that they themselves are responsible for this helpless state
Which of the following is an example of malingering?
intentionally faking a back problem to avoid military service
A person who suffered from the form of mass madness called lycanthropy may have believed him/herself to be possessed by:
Wolves
What is the relationship between gender and somatic symptom disorder (including both patterns)?
Women are more likely than men to have both patterns. Both patterns are the somatization pattern and the predominant pain pattern.
Does DSM-V include gambling disorder, computer gaming disorder and/or Internet Use disorder as addictive disorders?
Yes → people can become addicted to behaviors and activities beyond substance abuse → Gambling considered a substance abuse
Having a background in medicine but also a grudge against the profession puts a person at risk for
a factitious disorder
interpersonal deficits
a person who displays extreme shyness and insensitivity to others is showing signs of:
maintenance therapy, and is often necessary to keep sx from reappearing
a person who is recovering from depression continues to take tricyclic medication for several months after most sx are gone. this is called
What Causes Bipolar Disorders? Neurotransmitters
Norepinephrine activity of persons with mania is higher than that of depressed or control research participants Mania, like depression, may be linked to low serotonin activity
a panel of psychologist and psychiatrist evaluates the test results and clinical interviews of a client in a sanity hearing. They all arrive at the same diagnosis. The panel has high
interrater reliability
What are the effects of norepinephrine and corticosteroids on the body experiencing stress? Be sure to include the short term and long term effects. Hint: short term good; long term bad.
Norepinephrine and corticosteroids increase release during stress, which contributes to increased activity by the sympathetic nervous system. Heightened activity of sympathetic NS leads to heightened response. Long term heightened release however leads to the norepinephrine travelling to the receptors on certain lymphocyts giving them an inhibitory message to stop their activity, slowing down immune functioning. Corticosteroids are also said to contribute to poorer immune system functioning.
1. What is the term for the use of and attraction to inanimate objects as a preferred method of achieving sexual excitement?
a. Fetishism
1. Obsessive-compulsive symptoms may contribute to hypoactive sexual desire because someone with this disorder:
a. Finds contact with body fluids and odors unpleasant.
Which of the following BEST reflects the impact of deinstitutionalization?
Not so well; many people with severe disturbances are in jail or on the street.
How strong is the evidence supporting the usefulness of client-centered therapy for those with generalized anxiety disorder?
Not very strong
10. Recent studies of pedophiles show that:
a. most have at least one other psychological disorder.
4. The idea that both partners share the accountability for sexual dysfunction is known as:
a. mutual responsibility
8. A man who is biologically masculine but considers himself a woman and would like to live as a woman is:
a. transgendered.
Among the likely causes of ADHD are all of the following EXCEPT:
abnormal serotonin activity and parietal damage.
The diathesis- stress model of abnormality emphasizes that
abnormality arises from an interaction between stress and predisposition
Just before 8am my young daughter did something that annoyed me as i was about to leave home for the short drive to campus. katie i said what do i always say at a time like this? she looked a the clock and said to me. what you say is where are my keys? my daughter was apparently familiar with my
absentmindedness
If researchers using matched control subjects find that abused children are sadder than non abused children, those researchers know that
abuse is probably what is causing the difference in sadness between the groups
Second messengers are:
active inside the neuron
Students were given a sensation-seeking test then divided into two groups, depending on their scores. A researcher observed how many times students in each group got out of their seats in 2 hours. The dependent variable is:
Number of times getting out of one's seat.
Depersonalization disorder is most common among those who are
adolescents and young adults
The phobia most often associated with panic disorder is:
agoraphobia
DSM-5 stipulates that a person must be at least 18 years of age to receive the diagnosis of ___________ personality disorder.
antisocial
Which has not been associated with helping prevent or delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease?
aspirin
If the state dependent learning explanation of dissociative disorders is correct, a person may not remember stressful events because he or she is
at a different arousal level after the stress is over.
The Cognitive Model Automatic Thoughts
Numerous unpleasant thoughts that help to cause or maintain depression, anxiety, or other forms of psychological dysfunction A steady train of unpleasant thoughts "I'm worthless...I'll never amount to anything..."
In modeling, the client...
Observes the therapist confronting the feared object
Based on the evidence about suicide rates, which of the following intervention strategies should prevent the MOST suicides?
intervention focused on middle-aged adults—they have a fairly high suicide rate, and it is rising relatively rapidly
Which of the following combinations is MOST likely to result in antagonistic effects?
barbiturates and cocaine
Every time Miguel had a headache, his mother let him miss school. Now, as an adult, his headaches have become more frequent. His head pounds any time he is required to do something he would rather not do. This is a ______ explanation of conversion symptoms.
behavioral
Theory focused on learned responses to the environment is usually described as
behavioral
Theory focused on learned responses to the environment is usually described as:
behavioral
Which theoretical position explains the origin of phobias as due to classical conditioning?
behavioral
Imagine that researchers investigating panic disorder gave you a drug that caused you to hyperventilate and your heart to beat rapidly. You would have been a(n):
biological challenge test
Imagine that a longitudinal study found that children raised by people with schizophrenia are more likely to commit crimes later. This result tells us that
children of people with schizophrenia are at higher risk for criminal behavior.
The scarring of the liver caused by alcohol consumption is known as:
cirrhosis.
the view that religious views are defense mechanisms created by people to make life tolerable is MOST characteristic of
classic freudian psychotherapy
Long-term studies of those with obsessive-compulsive disorder show that obsessive thoughts in many cases eventually lead to:
compulsive acts
just before debuting at carnegie hall, the pianist suffered paralysis of her left hand. which of the following best describes her disorder?
conversion disorder
An iodine deficiency in the diet of a pregnant woman may lead to a condition in which the baby has a dwarflike appearance and a defective thyroid gland. This disorder is called:
cretinism
Depletion of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine has been implicated as a:
critical factor in Alzheimer's disease.
An adult frequently displays symptoms of depression at home, but seldom does so at work. in this case clinical observation of this person at home would lack
cross situational validity
the MOST legitimate criticism of intelligence tests concerns their
cultural fairness
Despite popular misconceptions, most people with psychological problems are not:
dangerous
The role of a clinical practitioner in abnormal psychology is to:
detect, assess, and treat abnormal patterns of functioning.
One very interesting study investigated the physiological responses of subpersonalities of those with dissociative identity disorder, and the physiological responses of the "subpersonalities" of those instructed to fake dissociative identity disorder. The study showed that the physiological responses of subpersonalities of those with dissociative identity disorder:
differed from one another, but the subpersonalities of those faking dissociative identity disorder did not.
The force that operates on the reality principle is an independent powerful force in human functioning. The kind of theorist who would agree MOST strongly with this statement would be an____therapist
ego
If a mother seems excessively involved in her child's life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be:
enmeshed
if a mother seems excessively involved in her childs life such that the two do not seem to be independent people, their relationship is said to be
enmeshed
From which of the following pairs of disorders is a child MOST likely to recover by adulthood?
enuresis and encopresis
Someone who believes that experiences teach us early in life that certain objects are legitimate sources of fear represents the _____ explanation of the development of phobias.
environmental
Which hormone can cause decreased sexual desire when present in either low or high levels?
estrogen
therapies that have received clear research support are called
evidence based
people with one anxiety disorder are most likely to:
experience another anxiety disorder too.
exposure and response prevention for treatments in bulimia
exposing people to situations that would ordinarily raise anxiety and then preventing them from performing their usual compulsive reposnses.
Gwendolyn is help up ay knifepoint and her young son is kidnapped. her son is found and returned. however she is unable to recall events that occurred since the attack although she remembers some new experiences: worse still she finds that she is forgetting events that occurred even before the attack. this is a classic example of:
generalized amnesia
Which of the following have cases of conduct disorder NOT been linked to?
genetic and biological factors
For people with bulimia nervosa, binge episodes produce feelings of
guilt and depression
If a client were instructed to tape-record obsessive thoughts and listen to them for two hours each day, the client would be experiencing what therapy technique?
habituation training
Families
half of the families of people with anorexia or bulimia have a long history of emphasizing thinness, physical appearance, and dieting.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy treatment for anorexia
help clients change their attitudes about eating and weight. identify, challenge, and change maladaptive assumptions. must be supplemented by other approaches to bring better results
Which is not a description of the three clusters of DSM-5 personality disorders?
high degree of learned helplessness
if you consulted a pro anorexia site on the internet you would learn about
how to be a better anorexic
the social upheaval and soul searching of the 1960s and 1970s in western society gave rise to which of the following approaches to therapy
humanistic and existential
when we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life, and with the value they find in living. A psychologist from which background would agree most strongly with this statement
humanistic- existential
70%
identical twins develop anorexia
multidimensional risk perspective
identify several key factors that place individuals at risk for these disorders.
a person experiencing multiple personalities would MOST accurately be diagnosed with dissociative
identity disorder
A mental health practitioner attempts to learn about the behavior and emotional state of each client. This approach to abnormal psychology is called:
idiographic
raising the persons seratonin level
if a biological explanation for suicide is valid, then doing which of the following ought to lower the possibility of a person attempting suicide?
which of the following is not an example of memory recovery techniques used by therapist?
imagining the event
Which of the following is most typical of posttraumatic stress disorder?
increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt
which of the following factors leads to increased respect for assessment and diagnosis?
increased assessment research
An individual who is dependent on alcohol is experiencing delirium tremens. This reaction is
individual stops drinking
GABA is related to
inhibiting neuronal firing in the brain
Detoxification procedures may involve any of the following EXCEPT:
initially increasing the substance dose to make the substance aversive
Studies of patterns of teenage sexual behavior today compared to such behavior a generation ago show today's teens having:
intercourse younger, and using condoms more.
A young woman believes that everything negative that happens to her is her own fault, that she ruins everything, and always will. The therapist diagnoses her as suffering from a learned helplessness induced depression because she attributes negative events in her life to:
internal, global, stable factors
dissociative disorders:
involve major changes in memory
A person who believes that it is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way he or she would like them to be is displaying
irrational assumptions
A friend of yours is required to take a polygraph test as part of a job application. This requirement is:
legal; in fact, in some employment categories, polygraph use may be on the increase.
a friend of yours is required to tai a polygraph test as a part of a job application. this requirement is
legal; in fact, in some employment categories, polygraph use may be on the increase.
Compared to those diagnosed with schizophrenia who live in developing countries, those diagnosed with schizophrenia who live in developed countries are:
less likely to recover fully, and more likely to be hospitalized.
"Cluster suicides" may involve high suicide rates among those:
living on certain Native-American reservations.
A person who believes that it is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way he or she would like them to be is displaying:
maladaptive assumptions
Cognitive therapists believe that GAD is induced by:
maladaptive assumptions
research would lend you to believe that students who have the MOST Facebook friends have
many real friends and good relationships with them
A researcher reports that a drug directly stimulates a reward center in the brain rather than through indirect stimulation of a reward center. The drug the researcher is studying could be any of the following drugs EXCEPT
marijuana
Which was one of the different mental disorders described by ancient Greeks and Romans?
melancholia
The treatment mechanism associated with touching a troubled area of a patient's body with a special rod was:
mesmerism
in order to study general effectiveness in treatment smith and glass and their colleagues performed a
meta analysis of many studies
Which of the following medical problems associated with anorexia is MOST likely to lead to death?
metabolic and electrolyte changes
Davon watched his father recoil from a snake in fear. Now he is afraid of snake. This apparent acquisition of fear of snakes is an example of:
modeling
DMS-5 is the classification system for abnormal behaviors that is:
most widely used in the U.S.
"I am the greatest!" a famous boxer declared loudly and often. Had he in fact acted throughout his adult life as though he were the greatest, the most appropriate diagnosis would be:
narcissistic personality disorder.
Although lying, even compulsive lying, is not considered a psychological disorder, it is sometimes characteristic of people with:
narcissistic personality disorder.
Ty is fairly handsome, but not as handsome as he thinks he is. He doesn't care about anyone but himself and is sure that everyone around him feels the same way. He is MOST likely experiencing:
narcissistic personality disorder.
If you wanted to be on the cutting edge of research regarding the causes of bipolar disorders as we understand them today, you would MOST likely do research on which of the following?
neurotransmitters in the brain
Experiments are consistent with the ______ approach.
nomothetic
Antidepressant drugs are frequently effective in treating panic attacks. This may mean that the disorder is related to levels of the neurotransmitter:
norepinephrine
a present day clinician uses terms like demetia and mental retardation for diagnostic categories. that clinician is using terms
not used in the DSM 5 but the previous DSM
Max is upset because he can't stop thinking he is forgetting something and constantly goes back to his apt to check. this is a behavior of:
obsessive-compulsive disorder
40 yr old with low serotonin activity
of the following individuals, the one most likely to commit suicide would be a:
research on the cognitive explanation for the development of generalized anxiety shows that people with generalized anxiety symptoms:
over estimate their chances of being harmed
a person who frequently experiences terror attacks, and goes to the ER complaining of shortness of breath, rapid heart rate, and feelings of impending death, although nothing is medically wrong is experiencing:
panic disorder without agoraphobia
Cognitive Factors
people with these disorder judge themselves. "core pathology", give rise to all other features of the disorders. cognitive-behavioral therapies are among the most widely used of all treatments for eating disorders.
An enduring, rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior is known as a:
personality disorder
A lasting and groundless fear of a specific object, activity, or situation is called:
phobia
an intense, persistent, and irrational fear that is accompanied by a compelling desire to avoid the object of the fear, to the point of interfering with the life of the person called
phobic disorder
Raphael was outside the WTC when it exploded. Ever since he has periods of anxiety and sleeplessness. This is an example of:
post-traumatic stress disorder
A new assessment tool does a good job of differentiating those who later will be depressed and those who will not be depressed, and it produces results similar to those of other tools measuring depression. Therefore, the new assessment tool has good:
predictive validity
a test is constructed to identify people who will develop schizophrenia. of the 100 people the test identifies 93 show signs of developing schizophrenia within five years. The test may be said to have high
predictive validity
Among the most important structures in short-term memory are the __________ lobes.
prefrontal lobes
When Mark, who suffers from an autism spectrum disorder, was hungry he looked at his mother and asked "Do you want dinner?" This reversal of pronouns is referred to as:
pronominal reversal
When new information is acquired and stored, certain _________ must be produced in key brain cells.
proteins
The specialty that presently has the largest number of practitioners is:
psychiatric social work
Acquiring insight about unconscious psychological processes is a feature of:
psychoanalysis
Imagine that you know you are being observed and you change your behavior in order to make a good impression. This is known as:
reactivity
After medical school a psychiatrist receives three to four years of training in the treatment of abnormal functioning; this training is called a(n):
residency
Colin is asked to "free associate" about his mother's new husband and he responds by changing the subject. A psychodynamic therapist would consider this an example of:
resistance
which of the following is a valid critique of the use of response inventories?
response inventories are improvised as the need arises and are not well tested
anorexia nervosa
restricting nourishment, intense fear of gaining weight, disturbed body perception, undue influence of weight or shape on self-evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low weight.
humanists would say that an individual who cares about others is spontaneous courageous and independent is
self actualizing
an institutionalized individual behaving abnormally says the doctor claims I'm schizophrenic. how else would you expect me to act the individuals comments reflect
self fulfilling prophecy
If you believe that you can master and perform needed behaviors whenever necessary, Bandura would say that you had a positive sense of:
self-efficacy
Of the following alternatives, the MOST commonly-used form of treatment for a substance abuse disorder is:
self-help groups.
Someone interested in the effects of social change, poverty, and race on the risk for generalized anxiety disorders probably represents the ___________ perspective
sociocultural
The model of abnormality that pays particular attention to a clients family structure societal norms and a clients roles in societies is
sociocultural
if a clinician is particularly interested in a clients family background and community influences, MOST likely that clinicians orientation is
sociocultural
one who believes the multicultural perspective is the correct way to think about abnormality comes from which of the following paradigms
sociocultural
someone interested in the effects of culture, poverty, and race on the risk for generalized anxiety disorders, probably represents the _____perspective.
sociocultural
Karen gets bitten by a pony and is afraid of a Great dane. Her fear of the dog is an example of
stimulus generalization
Karen was bit by a tan pony. She was then afraid of the tan Great Dane. Fear of this dog is an example of:
stimulus generalization
little Karen was bitten by a tan pony she was riding at a carnival. The incident left her hurt and frightened. The next month she was visiting her uncle, who has a tan Great Dane (dog). It frightened her even though she had never had a bad experience with a dog. Fear of this dog is an example of:
stimulus generalization
25-50%
students report periodic binge eating or self-induced vomiting. college students rates are higher.
almost none
studies show that less than 10% of individuals who experience major losses become depressed. this find provides what level of support for pyschodynamic explanation of depression?
when roschach testers ask questions like did the person respond to the whole picture or to specific details, and to the the coors of the white houses? they are interested in the ____ of the response
style
Russ wants to be a good participant. He knows that his professor is an environmentalist, so his answers reflect a pro-environmentalist position. This is an example of:
subject bias
While under the influence of LSD, Matilda believes that she can feel the sounds around her. This effect is known as:
synesthesia.
General paresis, an irreversible disorder that causes physical and mental symptoms including paralysis and delusions of grandeur, was found to be caused by:
syphilis
Clinical interviews are the preferred assessment technique of many practitioners. One particular strength of the interview process is:
the chance to get a general sense of the client.
one limitation of the clinical interview as an assessment tool is that
the client may give an overly positive picture
Research on the aftermath of anorexia nervosa shows that
the death rate from anorexia appears to be declining
Research on the cause of Alzheimer's disease has led to the conclusion that:
there appears to be a significant hereditary component, but this does not fully explain its onset.
Challenges faced by clinical researchers include all of the following EXCEPT:
there are very few graduate students trained in clinical research.
which of the following is true of psychological conflicts according to psychoanalysis
they are tied to experiences in early life
Lady Gaga and other eccentrics are usually not considered to be experiencing a mental illness because:
they freely choose and enjoy their behavior
Psychotropic drugs use
they limit benefit over the long-term course of anorexia
studies of diagnostic conclusions made by clinicians show that
they pay too much attention to some of the information and too little to other information
according to psychoanalytic theory which of the following is TRUE regarding dreams?
they reflect our unconscious desires and needs
which of the following hypotheses used to explain dissociative disorders is shared by psychodynamic and behavioral theorists
they serve to help someone escape something unpleasant
Clinical theorist Jerome Frank would say that all forms of therapy include all of the following EXCEPT a:
third-party payer
According to behaviorists, why do patients engage in compulsive behaviors?
those behaviors reduce anxiety and are thus reinforced
The LEAP program for treating children with autism spectrum disorder is unique because it involves the use of:
typical children as models and "teachers."
If you imagine biting into a big juicy sour lemon you are likely to salivate. the lemon is an example of an
unconditioned stimulus
If you imagine biting into a big, juicy, sour lemon, you are likely to salivate. The lemon is an example of a(n):
unconditioned stimulus
When Marianela was a young child and watching TV with her mother, a mouse ran by. Her mother screamed, scaring her. Subsequently, she has been afraid of mice. In this example, her mother's scream is the
unconditioned stimulus
Bulimia is always characterized by
uncontrollable overeating.
If someone leads a life of service to others in order to counter his hatred and contempt for the poor and destitute, this person is exhibiting what psychodynamic theorists would call:
undoing
The defense mechanism that involves doing good works in order to cancel out one's previous bad acts is called:
undoing
The ________ explanation or theory for Alzheimer's disease is linked to the resemblance of Alzheimer's disease to Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.
viral
A person who believes that it is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way he or she would like them to be is displaying:
irrational assumptions
If your friend has bipolar ds, what is the best advice you can give them for tx?
Patients tend to fare better when mood stabilizing and/or other psychotropic drugs are combined with adjunctive psychotherapy.
Diagnosing Bipolar Disorders
People are considered to be in a full manic episode when for at least one week they display an abnormally high or irritable mood, increased activity or energy, and at least three other symptoms or mania
Physical Symptoms of Depression
People who are depressed frequently have such physical ailments Headaches Indigestion Constipation Dizzy spells General pain Many depressions are misdiagnosed as medical problems at first Disturbances in appetite and sleep are particularly common Most depressed people eat less, sleep less, and feel more fatigued than they did prior to the disorder
What is the relationship between your immune system, optimism, and spirituality?
People who generally respond to life stress with optimism experience better immune system functioning. People who are spiritual tend to be healthier than individuals without spiritual beliefs.
independent variable
Phenomenon manipulated by the experimenter in a study and expected to influence the dependent variable.
What statement accurately reflects what we know from recent studies?
Phobias ordinarily are a result of classical conditioning
An intense, persistent, and irrational fear that is accompanied by a compelling desire to avoid the object of fear to the point of interfering with the life of the person is called...
Phobic Disorder
how do binge people feel?
irritable, "unreal", powerless to control their need to eat. extreme self-blame, shame, guilt, and depression, and fear of gaining weight and being discovered.
What is the greatest danger of LSD use?
Physical sx like sweating, palpitations, blurred vision, tremors, poor coordination. Mental sx include enormous perceptual, emotional, and behavioral reactions → this can eventually lead to psychosis or mood or anxiety disorder. These people tend to injure themselves during this "trip" and
The Multicultural Perspective Gender and Depression The lack of control theory
Picks up on the learned helplessness and argues that women may be more prone to depression because they feel less control than men in their lives Victimization of any kind produces a general sense of helplessness Women are more likely than men to be a victim
research design
Plan of experimentation used to test a hypothesis.
The Behavioral Explanation
Positive rewards in life dwindled for some persons, leading them to perform fewer and fewer constructive behaviors Ex:) A young woman graduates from college and takes a job and loses the rewards of campus life The positive features of their lives decrease even more, and the decline in rewards leads them to perform still fewer constructive behaviors In a number of studies, behaviorists have found that the number of rewards people receive in life is indeed related to the presence or absence of depression
What Causes Bipolar Disorders? Ion Activity
Positively charged sodium ions sit on both sides of a neuron's cell membrane When the neuron is at rest, more sodium ions sit outside the membrane When the neuron receives an incoming message at its receptor sites, however, pore in the cell membrane open, allowing sodium ions to flow to the inside of the membrane, thus increasing the positive charge inside the neuron Some studies suggest that, among bipolar individuals, irregularities in the transport of these ions cause neurons to fire too easily or to stubbornly resist firing
directionality
Possibility that when two variables, A and B, are correlated variable A causes variable B or variable B causes variable A.
Apparently, people develop phobias more readily to such objects as spiders and the dark than they do to such objects as computers and radios. This observation supports the idea of...
Preparedness
comorbidity
Presence of two or more disorders in an individual at the same time.
Regarding Conversion Disorder, what is meant by primary and secondary gain?
Primary gain: when their bodily symptoms keep their internal conflicts out of awareness. Secondary gain: when their bodily symptoms further enable them to avoid unpleasant activities or to receive sympathy from others.
double-blind control
Procedure in outcome research that prevents bias by ensuring that neither the subjects nor the providers of the experimental treatment know who is receiving treatment and who is receiving a placebo.
diagnosis
Process of determining whether a presenting problem meets the established criteria for a specific psychological disorder.
standardization
Process of establishing specific norms and requirements for a measurement technique to ensure it is used consistently across measurement occasions. This includes instructions for administering the measure, evaluating its findings, and comparing these to data for large numbers of people.
projective tests
Psychoanalytically based measure that presents ambiguous stimuli to clients on the assumption that their responses can reveal their unconscious conflicts. Such tests are inferential and lack high reliability and validity.
Agoraphobia is the fear of...
Public places
A study includes 60 people suffering from an ordinary headache. Twenty get aspirin, 20 get a sugar pill that looks like aspirin, and 20 get nothing at all. In 65 percent of the aspirin group, the headache disappears. In the other two groups the "cure" rates are 35 and 5 percent, respectively. Other than the drug condition, the participants are treated identically. This study:
is an experimental study
Evidence of the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy:
is generally limited to case studies
Evidence of the effectiveness in psychodynamic therapy
is limited to case studies
Defining abnormal behavior, using "the four Ds":
is still often vague and subjective
freud believed that the source of energy that fuels the id
is the libido
Which of the following statements about the DSM-V, the most widely used classification system of mental disorders, is FALSE?
it uses dimensional information
endogenous depression
jamal is experiencing a major depressive episode that appears to have begun 3 weeks ago. He is miserable and suffers from at least 5 sx of depression. No unusually stressfuk events have occured in the past year, based on these date, the dx would be:
studies show that if you want the MOST accurate assessment of a psychological disorder, what is better, judgements or clinicians or models and actural tables
judgements of computer models and actuarial tables. they are about 10 percent more accurate.
David Rosenhan sent "pseudopatients" to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. The results led him to conclude that ______ greatly impacts mental illness.
labeling
david rosenhan sent pseudo patients to a mental hospital, where they pretended to be disturbed. The results led him to conclude that____ greatly impacts mental illness.
labeling
Anoxia, one possible source of intellectual developmental disorder, involves brain damage resulting from:
lack of oxygen during or after delivery.
Psychodynamic and humanistic therapies have in common their
lack of strong support from controlled studies
Personality assessment using projective tests is designed to:
learn about unconscious conflicts in the client.
A person diagnosed with body dysmorphic disorder receives treatment based upon exposure and response prevention. The person could reasonably expect to experience:
less concern about physical defects, and less avoidance of social interactions.
Ellen stopped taking her regular amount of cocaine after using it for months. She will probably experience:
letdown, depressed feelings, and "crashing."
In mindfulness-based therapy techniques, you would be MOST likely to find clients:
letting their thoughts flow, without judgment.
a friend says to you, i wonder how likely i am to qualify for DSM diagnosis
likely. almost half of people would ever qualify for a DSM diagnosis
after a major earthquake, television coverage showed survivors shuffling confusedly through the ruined buildings. if such victims later could not remember the days immediately after the earthquake, the victims would be suffering from what type of amnesia?
localized
divorce
long-term stressors particularly common among those who attempt suicide, include all of the following except:
Psychodynamic therapists believe that people with histrionic personality disorder are trying to defend against a deep-seated fear of:
loss
Based on a structured interview, Diagnostician A classifies an individual's personality disorder in the "odd" cluster. Based on another structured interview of the same type, Diagnostician B classifies an individual's personality disorder in the "dramatic" cluster. If what is described here is typical of what happens when that variety of structured interview is used, one would say the structured interview has:
low reliability and low validity
an assessment tool asks individuals to record all the times they feel sad in order to try to measure tendencies toward depression. however, individuals report wide variation from day to day in terms of the number of sad episodes they record. this assessment tool has
low test- retest reliability and high face validity
An assessment tool asks individuals to record all the times they feel sad, in order to try to measure tendencies toward depression. However, individuals report wide variation from day to day in terms of the number of "sad" episodes they record. This assessment tool has:
low test-retest reliability, and high face validity.
During a recent ambulance call, EMTs gave naloxone to a person who had injected an overdose of fentanyl, a synthetic opioid. This treatment is usually:
make withdrawal symptoms more severe
What Are the Cognitive Treatments for Unipolar Depression? Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Rather than the purely cognitive intervention implied by its name Phase 1: Increasing Activities and Elevating Mood Using behavioral techniques to set the stage for cognitive treatment, therapists first encourage individuals to become more active and confident Clients spend time during each session preparing a detailed schedule of hourly activities for the coming week Phase 2: Challenging Automatic Thoughts Once people are more active and feeling some emotional relief, cognitive therapists begin to educate them about their negative automatic thoughts The individuals are instructed to recognize and record automatic thoughts as they occur and to bring their lists to each session Phase 3: Identifying Negative Thinking and Biases As people begin to recognize the flaws in their automatic thoughts, cognitive therapists show them how illogical thinking processes are contributing to these thoughts Therapists also guide clients to recognize that almost all their interpretations of events have a negative bias and o change that style of interpretation Phase 4: Changing Primary Attitudes Therapists help clients change the maladaptive attitudes that set the stage for their depression in the first place As part of the process, therapists often encourage clients to test their attitudes
What is NOT a biological treatment for generalized anxiety?
Rational Emotive Therapy
If a therapist gave a client homework that required the client to challenge his fault assumptions and replace them with healthier ones, the therapist would be using...
Rational-emotive therapy
mental status exam
Relatively coarse preliminary test of a client's judgment, orientation to time and place, and emotional and mental state; typically conducted during an initial interview.
The biological understanding of generalized anxiety is supported by the finding that...
Relatives of people with generalized anxiety are more likely to have it than non relatives are
What aspect(s) of faith predict(s) suicide?
Religious doctrine may not help prevent suicide as much as the degree of an individual's devoutness. Regardless of their particular persuasion, very religious people seem less likely to commit suicide.
withdrawal design
Removing a treatment to note whether it has been effective. In single-case experimental designs, a behavior is measured (baseline), an independent variable is introduced (intervention), and then the intervention is withdrawn. Because the behavior continues to be measured throughout (repeated measurement), any effects of the intervention can be noted.
Which of the following behaviors BEST describes the effects of compensatory behaviors bulimics use in controlling weight? Vomiting prevents the absorption of 90 percent of calories consumed. Using laxatives almost completely undoes the caloric effects of bingeing. Using diuretics almost completely undoes the caloric effects of bingeing. Repeated vomiting affects one's ability to feel satiated.
Repeated vomiting affects one's ability to feel satiated
experiment
Research method that can establish causation by manipulating the variables in question and controlling for alternative explanations of any observed effects.
association studies
Research strategy for comparing genetic markers in groups of people with and without a particular disorder.
single-case experimental design
Research tactic in which an independent variable is manipulated for a single individual, allowing cause-and-effect conclusions but with limited generalizability (contrast with case study method).
The major disadvantage of using forced tube-feeding for patients with eating disorders who refuse to eat is that the patients
may become distrustful of the therapist and uncooperative with further treatment
What is a ruminative response? Provide examples.
Ruminative response is repeatedly dwelling mentally on their mood without acting to change it. Ex: Continuously thinking about being depressed secondary to a job loss.
What are the advantages of SRIs over MAO inhibitors?
SRI's don't have the diet restriction of MAO inhibitors and it is harder to overdose on these than MOA
reverse anorexia nervosa or muscle dysmorphobia
men who are muscular but see themselves and scrawny and small and therefore continue to lift. 1/3 of them display binge eating
Behavior that is psychologically abnormal is called all but which of the following?
mental instability (it is called psychotherapy, mental illness, emotional disturbance)
enmeshed family pattern
Salvador Minuchin, often leads to eating disorder. Family members are overinvolved in each other's affairs and overconcerned with the detail of each other's lives. Can be affectionate and loyal. Can be clingy and foster dependency.
Stress and Unipolar Depression
Seem to be triggered by stressful events Reactive (Exogenous) Depression Follows clear-cut events Endogenous Depression Response to internal factors
Genetic Factors Family Pedigree Studies
Select people with unipolar depression, examine their relatives, and see whether depression also affects other members of the family If a predisposition to unipolar depression is inherited, the relatives should have a higher rate of depression than the population at large Researchers have in fact found that as many as 20% of those relatives are depressed
an interviewer who asks a client where are you now? why are you here? and who are you? is probably conducting a
mental status exam
Which of the following medical problems associated with anorexia is MOST likely to lead to death? growth of lanugo amenorrhea skin and nail dryness metabolic and electrolyte changes
metabolic and electrolyte changes
The "club drug" that damages nerve endings and is associated with high rates of HIV-positive tests, but is not considered hallucinogenic, is:
methamphetamine.
death ignorer
miguel lost all of his family when his village was bombed. he throws himself off a cliff to die in order to be reunited with them. miquel is classified as a:
"Your worries? They're only thoughts. Don't let them upset you so much." This statement MOST likely would come from someone using which form of therapy for generalized anxiety disorder?
mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
the only test among the following this is not a projective test is the
minnesota multiphastic personality inventory
the cognitive explanation for panic disorders is that people who have them:
misinterpret bodily sensation
multiple baseline
Single-case experimental design in which measures are taken on two or more behaviors or on a single behavior in two or more situations. A particular intervention is introduced for each at different times. If behavior change is coincident with each introduction, this is strong evidence the intervention caused the change.
Jan is very fearful of speaking in public and will do everything she can to avoid being evaluated by others, which causes her significant impairment. The most accurate diagnosis would be...
Social Anxiety Disorder
Someone interested in effects of social change, poverty, and race on the risk for generalized anxiety disorders represents the ___________ perspective
Sociocultural
The cognitive explanation for panic disorders is that people who have them:
misinterpret the physiological events that are occurring within their bodies
The test with the highest validity in identifying psychological disturbances is the:
mmpi
"Experiences of observation teach us early in life that certain objects are legitimate sources of fear." The person who believes this espouses the ______ explanation of the development of phobias.
modeling
What is the difference between somatic symptom disorder (somatization pattern) and somatic symptom disorder (predominant pain pattern)?
Somatic Symptom disorder: Disorder in which persons become excessively distressed, concerned, and anxious about bodily symptoms that they are experiencing, and their lives are greatly and disproportionately disrupted by symptoms → somatization pattern: These people experience many long-lasting physical ailments that have little or no physical basis. Example include pain sx, gastrointestinal sx, sexual sx, and neurological sx → more often women than men → predominant pain pattern: Pain is key symptom
The Multicultural Perspective Gender and Depression The body dissatisfaction explanation
States that females in Western society are taught, almost from birth, to seek a low body weight and very slender body shape, goals that are unreasonable, unhealthy, and often unattainable As girls approach adolescence, peer pressure may produce greater and greater dissatisfaction with their weight and body
Animals and humans learn without reinforcement. They learn just by watching. This form of learning is called:
modeling
Case studies are useful for:
Studying unusual problems
According to the DSM-5, all but which of the following may be a part of a diagnosis of Neurocognitive Disorder due to Alzheimer's Disease?
Symptoms must contain behavioral difficulties.
prototypical approach
System for categorizing disorders using both essential, defining characteristics and a range of variation on other characteristics.
taxonomy
System of naming and classification (for example, of specimens) in science.
Sal is suffering from arachnophobia. His therapist first has him go through relaxation training and then has him construct a fear hierarchy. Finally, the therapist has him go through a phase of graded pairings of spiders and relaxation responses. This approach is called...
Systematic desensitization
clinical assessment
Systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in a person presenting with a possible psychological disorder.
longitudinal design
Systematic study of changes in the same individual or group examined over time (contrast with cross-sectional design).
Which of the following BEST supports the idea that teenagers who attempt suicide are more uncertain about killing themselves than elderly people are?
Teenagers succeed at suicide only in about 1 in 200 attempts.
Teenagers who attempt suicide. What percent succeed the first time? What percent try again?
Teenagers who attempt suicide is 200 to 1. Up to half of teenage attempters make new suicide attempts in the future, and as many as 14% eventually die by suicide.
patient uniformity myth
Tendency to consider all members of a category as more similar than they are, ignoring their individual differences.
The Multicultural Perspective Gender and Depression Rumination theory
Tendency to keep focusing on one's feelings when depressed and to consider repeatedly the causes and consequences of that depression It turns out women are more likely than men to ruminate when their moods darken
Which of the following would be the MOST common type of hallucination?
That dog is singing to me and asking me to sing along. (auditory)
One of the subpersonalities of a person receiving treatment for dissociative identity disorder has just become a "protector." How far along in therapy has the person probably progressed?
moderately far because a protector usually emerges before subpersonality integration
Assume that you are alone in a room with a child suffering from a disorder of childhood. If you didn't know what the child's diagnosis was, what behavior of the child's might start to convince you that the disorder is autism spectrum disorder?
The child is not responsive to other people.
What are the cost-benefits of Sober High Schools?
The cost is incredibly high and many sober high schools are being shut down due to large state deficits but according to supporters, "Recovery school is a fraction of the cost of incarceration." The benefits are the resources available to the students like counselors, psychologists, and ongoing mental health support.
Which of the following statements MOST accurately the relationship between religion and suicide?
The degree of one's devoutness is a more important predictor of suicide than one's specific religion.
A personality change that often accompanies dissociative fugues is that people become:
more outgoing
DSM 5 is the classification system for abnormal behaviors that is
most widely used in the united states
The diagnostic features of which of the following personality disorder bear the greatest similarity to people who are diagnosed with social anxiety disorder (social phobia)?
narcissistic
General principles that explain the underlying causes or nature of abnormal behavior are called:
nomothetic
If binge eating is followed by a period of strenuous exercise to compensate for the food, the diagnosis is probably:
nonpurging-type bulimia nervosa.
Panic disorder appears to be related to abnormal activity of which neurotransmitter?
norepinephrine
The stated and unstated rules for proper conduct that a society establishes are referred to as:
norms
How difficult is it for a typical person to buy an intelligence test or view Rorschach cards?
not difficult at all; one can buy intelligence test and view cards online
How strong is the evidence supporting the usefulness of client-centered therapy for those with generalized anxiety disorder?
not very strong: case reports of client-centered therapy's usefulness are not strongly supported by controlled studies
a clinician who is using naturalistic observation would be MOST likely to do which of the following?
observe parent-child interactions in the family home
Sally is never sure of the right thing to do. She married Todd and has been wondering for years if that was the right thing to do. She is exhibiting:
obsessive doubts
If a professor had the notion that there were germs lurking everywhere, the professor would be experiencing:
obsessive idea
Maxine started worrying about cleanliness when her first child was born. That worry has intensified and she cannot stop thinking that germs lurk everywhere. She is exhibiting a(n):
obsessive idea
Jethro hates his mother-in-law and can't seem to stop imagining her lying in a pool of blood, in pieces. These thoughts are interfering with his daily life. He is exhibiting:
obsessive wishes
The cluster of "anxious" personality disorders includes avoidant, dependent, and __________ personality disorders.
obsessive-compulsive
When someone checks the stove ten times to make sure it is turned off before leaving in the morning, he or she is exhibiting a(n):
obsessive-compulsive disorder
a college student who is so anxious that he can't function unless his clothes are arranged by color and type in his closet is experiencing:
obsessive-compulsive disorder
Immediate stressors particularly common among those who attempt suicide include all the following EXCEPT:
occupational stress
1/3
of recovered patients, anorexic behaviors recur usually triggered by new stresses
What are examples of psychological treatments for physical illnesses. Be sure to include relaxation training, meditation, and so on.
The field of treatment that combines psychological and physical approaches to treat or prevent medical problems is known as behavioral medicine. Relaxation training is used to relax muscles at will to ruduce feelings of anxiety or prevent or treat medical illnesses related to stress. Biofeedback training is when one is connected to machinery that gives them continuous readings about their involuntary body activities. This information enables them to gradually gain control over those activities. Somewhat helpful in tx of anxiety disorders and has been applied in a growing number of physical disorders. Meditation turns off one's concentration inward, achieving a slightly changed state of consciousness, and temporarily ignoring all stressors. Hypnosis, cognitive interventions (self instruction training: ID and rid themselves of unpleasant thoughts that keep emerging during pain episodes), support groups and emotion expression, & combination approaches.
Which of the following statements is true with regard to suicide and the elderly?
The rate of suicide for the elderly is approximately one-third higher than it is for the general population of the United States.
"I've been diagnosed with gambling disorder," a friend says and then asks, "What kind of therapy works best?" Based on current research, your BEST response is:
The research is still limited and there is no best choice."
Where would one be MOST likely to see the sentence, "Nothing tastes as good as skinny feels"? on a pro-annorexia Web site on a bulimia blog in an obesity prevention program in a treatment program for those with anorexia
on a pro-anorexia web site
a manic phase of bipolar 1 disorder
on an impulse david decides to throw a party. it takes 4 days of work to get ready. then david welcomes 400 guest. when the police stop by, he flies into rage. most likely, david is experiencing:
A heroin overdose is likely to occur when
one has been without heroin for a period of time and then takes one's usual dose.
The best example of the sub personalities in dissociative identity disorder differing in their vital statistics occurs when
one personality is a woman and the other is a man
A correlational study of college employees shows a strong positive correlation between self-reported stress levels and days of work missed for illness, allowing the researcher to conclude that:
The researcher can make a fairly accurate prediction of days a person will miss for illness if the person's stress level is known
Dr. Tim required half of a group of healthy volunteers to study a reading passage for 1 hour. The other half of the participants studied for 15 minutes. Dr. Tim then administered a test of participants' memory of details from the passage. What was the dependent variable?
The results of the memory test
The controversy regarding research with animals centers on:
The rights of animals versus their usefulness in understanding human problems
In correlational research, external validity is established when:
The sample is representative of the larger population
According to ancient views of abnormality, if a standard exorcism failed to rid a person of their abnormal behaviors, which of the following steps would be taken?
The shaman would perform a more extreme exorcism, such as whipping or starving the person.
The Cognitive Model Cognitive Triad
The three forms of negative thinking that Aaron Beck theorizes lead people to feel depressed The triad consists of a negative view of one's experiences, oneself, and the future The individuals repeatedly interpret Their experiences Themselves Their futures In negative ways that lead them to feel depressed
Juanita has multiple personality disorder. Big Tony and Smart Alice are two personalities who are aware of all of the others. None of her other personalities are aware of each other. This would be called a:
one-way amnesic relationship.
A researcher ed an experiment to study the causes of aggression in children. Half the children ate a sugared cereal; the remaining half ate cornflakes. The researcher then recorded the number of aggressive acts displayed by the children in a one-hour play period after breakfast. In this experiment:
The type of cereal is the independent variable, and the number of aggressive responses is the dependent variable.
Psychodynamic and humanistic therapies have in common...
Their lack of strong support from controlled studies
The only time that timmy gets attention is when he misbehaves in a bizarre way. this is an example of
operant conditioning
What is relapse prevention training? What aspect of it would AA be opposed to?
Therapists have clients keep track of their drinking behavior. Therapists teach clients coping strategies to use when risky situations arise. Therapists teach clients to plan ahead of time. The aspect of techniques that control the rate of drinking like spacing their drinks or sipping would be opposed by AA since AA believes that it is a "fact" that they are powerless over alcohol and that they must stop drinking entirely and permanently if they are to live normal lives.
The drug that, when misused, would MOST quickly result in dependence or addiction would be:
opium
The MOST accurate summary of what has happened int he United States in the last 50 years to protect the rights of human research participants would be that:
There has been important progress, but concerns remain
What are the odds of a woman who has experienced post-partum depression experiencing it again with the birth of another child?
There is a 25-50% chance of developing it again with a subsequent birth.
If the correlation between severity of depression and age is -.05, it means that:
There is no consistent relationship between age and severity of depression.
What do Parkinson-like symptoms, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and tardive dyskinesia have in common?
They all involve disruption of motor control.
Which of the following is a true statement regarding the childhood disorders covered in this chapter?
They are mostly more prevalent in boys than in girls.
What Are The Psychodynamic Treatments for Unipolar Depression?
They encourage the client to associate freely during therapy Suggest interpretations of the client's associations, dreams, and displays of resistance and transference Help the person review past events and feelings Two features of this approach may help limit its effectiveness Depressed clients may be too passive and feel too weary to join fully into the subtly therapy discussions They may become discouraged and end treatment too early when this long-term approach is unable to provide the quick relief they desperately seek
How do Hispanic Americans compare on blood pressure and cholesterol to White and African Americans? (The only reason I believe this one is bc I believe in science. I mean lard in the refried beans, and all that extra good comfort food!!)
They have lower rates of high blood pressure, high cholesterol, asthma, and cancer when compared to White and African Americans.
The drug which, when misused, would MOST quickly result in dependence or addiction would be:
opium.
Children who argue repeatedly with adults, lose their temper, ignore rules and requests, and blame others for their mistakes and problems might best be diagnosed with:
oppositional defiant disorder.
Early onset Alzheimer's disease may be brought on by all but:
orbital difficulties
A neurologist who was working with a person with obsessive-compulsive disorder would be suspicious of abnormality in what region of the brain?
orbitofrontal cortex and the caudate nuclei
If you were trying to convince a friend not to be a cocaine user, what would you cite as the GREATEST danger stemming from cocaine use?
overdose effects
What is the difference between tolerance and withdrawal?
Tolerance: adjustment of the brain and the body make to the regular use of certain drugs so that ever larger doses are needed to achieve the earlier effects Withdrawal: Unpleasant sometimes dangerous reactions that may occur when people who regularly use a drug stop taking or reduce their dosage of the drug
Which medical conditions are strongly influenced by psychological factors?
Ulcers, Asthma, Insomnia, tension headaches, migraines, hypertension, Coronary heart disease.
What is not a component of social anxiety disorder, according to research by cognitive theorists?
Underestimating how badly a social event went
Hippocampus
Undersized Productions of new neurons is low
Someone says to you, "Homeless people scare me. They're all crazy." What is your BEST response?
Unfortunately, about a third of homeless people are mentally ill."
When jose did not get the job he was sure that everything was going wrong that his life was completely off track this thought is an example of
overgeneralization
If you were to graph the relationship between the numbers of negative life events experienced in the last month and people's perceptions of stress, you would probably find a(n):
Upward-sloping line (to the right)
Psychodynamic theorists would predict that high levels of anxiety in adulthood would be positively related to earlier:
overprotectiveness?
If a child with conduct disorder displays openly aggressive and confrontational behaviors, which pattern of the disorder would that child be displaying?
overt-destructive
Rosa's heart was racing from the four cups of coffee she had just finished, but she thought she might be having a heart attack. Her fear seemed to be increasing without end. This might be the beginning of a:
panic attack
Why is the use of methadone in drug maintenance programs controversial?
Used to substitute one addiction with another one but under medical supervision → turns out Methadone is sometimes harder to withdraw from than other drugs and come become an addiction itself
confounding variable
Variable in a research study that was not part of the intended design and that may contribute to changes in the dependent variable.
You notice someone who is sweating, experiencing shortness of breath, choking, feeling dizzy, and is afraid of dying. If it is not a heart attack but an indicator of anxiety disorder, it is probably a:
panic attack
A phobic person exposed to computer graphics that simulate real-world situations. This is an example of the _____ technique.
Virtual Reality
Which of the following is TRUE regarding war veterans' risk of suicide once they return home?
War vets are about twice as likely to commit suicide as similar nonveterans.
Immune System
When people are under intense stress, for a while their immune systems may become dysregulated, leading to lower functioning of important white blood cells and increased production of C-Reactive Protein A protein that spreads throughout the body and causes inflammation and various illnesses
The Cognitive Model Attribution-Helplessness Theory
When people view events as beyond their control, they ask themselves why this is so If they attribute their present lack of control to some internal cause that is both global and stable "I am inadequate at everything and I always will be" They may well feel helpless to prevent future negative outcomes and may experience depression
You notice someone who is sweating, experiencing shortness of breath, choking, feeling dizzy, and is afraid of dying. If what is happening is not a heart attack but an indicator of an anxiety disorder, the person is MOST likely experiencing a:
panic attack
Antidepressants and alprazolam (Xanax) have been found to be successful in treating:
panic attacks
A person who experiences unpredictable panic attacks combined with dysfunctional behavior and thoughts is probably experiencing:
panic disorder
A person who eats large amounts of food in a short period, and does this repeatedly, with no other symptoms, would be said to have
a binge-eating disorder
may have increased, since the person may have the energy to act on the suicidal impulse
a clinically depressed individual who has been threatening suicide finally shows diminishing of depressive sx. this persons risk of committing suicide:
The basic structure of personality may consist of five "supertraits," which do not include:
paranoia
increases suicide risk for some individuals, but decreases the overall suicide risk
a developing body of research shows that antidepressant use in children and adolescents:
a clinician can include three kinds of information in making a diagnosis......according to the DSM 5 a clinician is required to include
a diagnostic category and a severity rating but not additional information
Of the following, who is MOST at risk for misinterpreting a cultural response as pathology?
a dominant-culture assessor
Which of the following statements MOST accurately reflects what is being done in the area of "Internet use disorder" at the present time?
a lot; Internet use disorder is not a DSM-5 category, but people who meet the disorder's criteria act similarly to those with gambling disorder, which is in the DSM-5
Which of the following would be MOST likely to develop alcoholism?
a lower socioeconomic class person living in a high unemployment area
A child has autism spectrum disorder and does not like much variation in his life. He puts his toys on a shelf in a particular order and throws a tantrum if his mother moves any of them. Any one of several trivial changes in his daily routine can set him off. This is an example of:
a perseveration of sameness.
so called " new wave of cognitive therapy" differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes
accepting problematic thoughts
egoistic suicides
according to durkheim, suicides by people over whom society has little or no control and who are not concerned with the norms and rules of society are called:
Multicultural Factors: Racial and Ethnic Differences
african american women were more positive than white american women in eating behaviors and attitudes but now are changing. hispanics are equal to americans.
The "odd" cluster of personality disorders consists of which personality disorders?
paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal
Fetishtic Disorder
paraphilic disorder consisting of recurrent and intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors that involve the use of a nonliving objector nongenital part, often to the exclusion of all other stimuli.
Wes has a drink in the morning on rising. He has a cocktail with breakfast. He usually sneaks a snort during the morning ("just to get through the day") and then drinks during his lunch. When he gets home after work he goes to a singles bar and immediately has a drink to ease his nerves about approaching the women there. Later, at home, he generally has a small dinner and then sits in front of the TV watching sports and drinking beer (as many as 12 cans). Somehow he manages to get up and go to work the next morning. Wes is displaying:
alcohol abuse.
According to the chart in your textbook, teenagers say that the drug easiest for them to obtain is:
alcohol.
surveys show that over 1/3 (33 percent) of americans
all answers are correct
access to pro suicide sites on the internet
all of the following have been linked to increased suicide risk among teenagers except:
The practice of trephination was probably used to:
allow the release of evil spirits
serotinin
although initially thought to be due to an excessive amount of a particular neurotransmitter, mania has been found to be due to low levels of which neurotransmitter?
honors those who kill themselves for a higher good
altruistic suicide is most likely to occur in a country that:
death darer
ambivalent about dying, jay repeatedly played a dangerous game involving gas and a cigarette lighter. jay is an example of:
The medical problem that is twice as frequent in anorexic women as it is in bulimic women is
amenorrhea
the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders ...DSM 5 was developed by
american psychiatric association
A person would be LEAST likely to feel drowsy soon after taking a moderate dose of which type of drug?
amphetamines
People with ___________ personality disorder are sometimes described as "psychopaths" or "sociopaths."
antisocial
Ben set up an elaborate scheme to mine gold in the Rockies. He had a large town meeting and made a presentation of his stock. The shares were only $5 each, and everyone could afford them. He showed pictures of the mine and explained how the company expected to gross $100 million each month. As it turns out, he was a terrific con artist who had made several "successful" proposals such as this in towns across America in the last couple of years. He is MOST likely suffering from:
antisocial personality disorder.
The cluster of "dramatic" personality disorders includes which of the following personality disorders?
antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic
Research has found that individuals with antisocial personality disorder often seem to experience less___________ than other people, a key ingredient to learning.
anxiety
The most common mental disorders in the US is the:
anxiety disorder
The MOST common mental disorders in the United States are
anxiety disorders
the MOST common mental disorders in the U.S are the:
anxiety disorders
Ted has a high degree of:
anxiety sensitivity
Which would lead to the most reliable diagnosis of ADHD?
parent and teacher reports, clinical observations, interviews, psychological tests, and rating scales
The dean of academic affairs visits a professor's class as part of a tenure review. At the conclusion of the lecture, the dean exits hurriedly, without saying a word to the professor. The professor, who is prone to depression, concludes, "The dean hated my class so much he was too embarrassed to speak to me." This is an example of a(n):
arbitrary inference.
If the state-dependent learning explanation of dissociative disorders is correct, a person may not remember stressful events because he or she is:
at a different arousal level after the stress is over.
people with similar political points of view
at a political protest, two activist leap from a bridge in a highly publicized double suicide. those most at risk for modeling these suicides are:
assessing suicidal potential
at a suicide prevention center, you hear the following from the counselor "do you have a gun. is it loaded and do you know how to use it?". Which one of the goals of suicide prevention do these questions best represent?
MOST children with intellectual developmental disorder live:
at home
A recent local news report showed pictures of a "huffer" who had inhaled spray fumes, and then been arrested for disorderly conduct, among other things. Besides being illegal, "huffing" of some sort has been tried by:
at least 6 percent of people in the United States, and is a form of inhalant use disorder
one who takes an evolutionary perspective with respect to abnormal behavior would be most likely to agree that
at one time what is now often seen as abnormal helped us survive
Which of the following is not a quality/skill that may shift in a sufferer of borderline personality disorder?
athletic ability
Pat does not follow what the teacher is doing and has difficulty focusing on the task at hand. His behavior in class is disruptive because he cannot sit still, which leads to poor grades in school. These symptoms MOST likely indicate:
attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder.
Andrea Yates, showing symptoms of postpartum psychosis, drowned her five children in 2001. Assuming she was suffering from postpartum psychosis, her actions were:
atypical; less than 10 percent of women with postpartum psychosis harm or attempt to harm their offspring.
the proper conclusion from research studies that show a relationship between deviant religious people who see God as warm and caring and psychological health is that
people who are more devout are also psychologically healthier
what they eat
people who take MAO inhibitors and want to decrease the risk of neg effects should make the greatest changes in what aspect of their life
According to the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia:
people with a biological predisposition for schizophrenia will develop it if certain psychosocial stressors are also present.
As a political protest, two activists leap from a bridge in a highly publicized double suicide. Those MOST at risk for modeling these suicides are:
people with a history of emotional problems.
Someone who is anxious unless her books are perfectly lined up on her desk and who must eat the food on her plate in a balanced order is exhibiting a:
balance or order compulsion
a person who believes that it is awful and catastrophic when things are not the way he or she would like them to be is displaying a:
basic irrational assumption
A person who believes that one should be thoroughly competent, adequate, and achieving in all possible respects is displaying:
basic irrational assumptions
Clients check off either "applies" or "does not apply" to a series of 200 items dealing with what they do and what they think in a variety of situations. The kind of test they are taking MOST likely is a
personality inventory
Systematic desensitization has been shown to be especially effective in the treatment of:
phobias
your friend says i will trust my first impressions of people even when the first impression is negative. based on research dealing with clinical interviews your best answer would be
be careful the research shows that first impressions, especially negative ones may be inaccurate.
If the psychodynamic explanation for suicide is correct, then suicide rates should:
be higher in nations with low murder rates.
One of the MOST frequent reasons for the institutionalization of Alzheimer's patients is:
because home caregivers are overwhelmed.
systematic desensitization has been shown to be especially effective in the treatment of
phobias
" its obvious that the patient observed friends who had symptoms of illness, then imitated those symptoms to get attention" says the therapist. Most likely the therapist has which theoretical perspective
behavioral
"It seems to me that people with illness anxiety disorder simply model what they see others doing." A person with which theoretical view would be MOST likely to say this?
behavioral
"an abused childs thoughts occasionaly drift to other, less anxiety arousing, topics; this anxiety reduction thus serves to strengthen other thoughts, while weakening the thoughts about abuse" a psychologist with which theoretical background would be most likely to offer this quotation as an explanation for the development of dissociative disorders?
behavioral
An intense, persistent, and irrational fear that is accompanied by a compelling desire to avoid the object of the fear to the point of interfering with the life of the person is called
phobic disorder
artifact theory
pierre feels terrible, sad, tired, and depressed.. but he refuses to show it. this is consistent with the:
the clinical interviewer most interested in stimuli that trigger abnormal responses would have what orientation?
behavioral
a therapist treating a client with illness anxiety disorder repeatedly shows the client how the clients body is less than perfect, while not allowing the client to seek medical attention. MOST likely the therapist viewpoint is,
behavioral and the therapy is called exposure and response prevention
Delusions, disorganized thinking and speech, heightened perceptions and hallucinations, and inappropriate affect are examples of ______ symptoms of schizophrenia.
positive
Among many clinicians, _______ is the preferred treatment for autism, because the gains from the treatment continue for a significant period of time.
behavioral therapy
Evidence in support of the biological understanding of generalized anxiety is supported by the finding that:
benzodizapines provide relief from anxiety
The molecules that are found in sphere-shaped deposits in spaces between neurons in the hippocampus in individuals with Alzheimer's disease are called:
beta-amyloid protein.
According to current research, using relaxation training to treat generalized anxiety disorder is
better than nothing and about as effective as meditation
According to current research, using relaxation training to treat generalized anxiety disorder is:
better than nothing, and about as effective as meditation.
The central feature of bulimia nervosa is
binge eating followed by a compensatory behavior
A person who loses weight by forcing herself to vomit after meals or by using laxatives, and who otherwise fits the definition of anorexia is experiencing
binge-eating/purging anorexia nervosa
Millie sees pretty colored butterflies on all the walls. She also hears gentle music, which is not actually there. The presence of these behaviors illustrates ______ symptoms of schizophrenia.
positive
Assume a researcher finds that overuse of a drug reduces the body's production of neurotransmitters. Thus, if an abuser of this drug stops taking the drug, withdrawal symptoms occur until the brain begins producing normal levels of neurotransmitters again
biochemical
Devon is being treated for anxiety. He is connected to an instrument that records muscle tension. His job is to try to reduce muscle tension. This is an example of:
biofeedback
A researcher's expectation about a study can affect it's outcome. The type of research design used to specifically address this problem is called a
blind design
The purpose of an antagonist drug is to:
block or change the effect of an addictive drug
People with _________ personality disorder display great instability, major shifts in mood, an unstable self-image, and impulsivity.
boderline
Lisa felt like she was on an emotional roller coaster. She felt angry and empty. Lisa's feelings are MOST similar to those of someone with:
borderline personality disorder.
In terms of cognitive theories explaining generalized anxiety disorder, a good deal of research supports
both metacognitive and intolerance of uncertainty theory
In terms of cognitive theories explaining generalized anxiety disorder, a good deal of research supports:
both metacognitive theory and intolerance of uncertainty theory.
Research supporting a Freudian view of suicide has shown that later suicidal behavior is related to:
both real and symbolic losses in childhood.
ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
bottom and middle area, reduces hunger when it's activated.
The "typical" child who commits suicide is a:
boy who understands what death really is.
An individual with retrograde amnesia:
can learn new information but does not recall events of the past.
Of the following, which has the LOWEST risk/risks for drug dependency and long-term behavioral change?
cannabis
Of the following, which has the LOWEST risks for drug dependency and long-term behavioral change?
cannabis
__________ can take a heavy toll on the close relatives of people with neurocognitive disorder.
caregiving
Concerns about the reliability and validity of the DSM-5 diagnoses are MOST likely to center on which factors?
categories based on weak research, and reflecting bias (for example, gender or racial bias)
..during a rainstorm. Today, he is extremely afraid of trees. A behaviorist would say he acquired this fear by:
classical conditioning
According to behavioral theory, specific learned fears become a generalized anxiety disorder through a process of:
classical conditioning
When he was five years old, Samir was almost struck by lightning while walking through a forest during a rainstorm. Today, he is extremely afraid of trees. A behaviorist would say that he has acquired this fear by:
classical conditioning
the existence of disorders such a moro,gusto, amok, and winding remind us that
classifications applied in one culture may not be appropriate in another
The existence of disorders such as koro, susto, amok, and windigo remind us that:
classifications applied in one culture may not be appropriate in another.
alexithymic
clinicians descriptions of people with an eating disorder. they have great difficulty putting descriptive labels on their feelings
Teaching people to accept their worries and live in the present moment-- mindfulness therapy-- is MOST consistent with which theoretical approach?
cognitive
The form of therapy that helps clients recognize errors in logic and to try out new interpretations of events is
cognitive
A response inventory that asks individuals to provide detailed information about their typical thoughts and assumptions is an
cognitive inventory
a response inventory that asks individuals to provide detailed information about their typical thoughts and assumptions is a(n):
cognitive inventory
"Everyone has unwanted thoughts. ...they act in ways that they hope will neutralize the thoughts." The type of theorist most likely to agree with this quote would be a:
cognitive theorist
According to research studies, the success rate for interpersonal therapy is about the same as that for:
cognitive therapy
If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel, and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving:
cognitive therapy
if you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving
cognitive therapy
That people with somatic symptom disorders use their symptoms to express emotions they cannot easily express otherwise reflects the
cognitive view
if a new assessing anorectic tendencies produces scores comparable to those of other tests for assessing anorectic tendencies, then the new test has high
concurrent validity
A child is bitten by a vicious dog in front of a park. The child is later very afraid of the park. According to classical conditioning, the park is a(n):
conditioned stimulus
A child is bitten by vicious dog in front of the park. The child is later very afraid of the park. According to classical conditioning, the park is a
conditioned stimulus
The two childhood disorders that have been related to later antisocial personality disorder are:
conduct disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Children with _________ and an accompanying ________ disorder apparently have a heightened risk of developing antisocial personality disorder.
conduct disorder; attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Dr. martin just asked a potential client to talk about herself.....there are a few constraints on the conversation. Dr. Martin has just
conducted an unstructured interview.
if a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely to be practicing
conjoint family therapy
DSM5 tried to ensure the validity of the new edition by using all of the following procedures except
consulting with clinical advisors
Cocaine abusers on an inpatient ward earn rewards and eventually are released from the program if they produce periodic urine samples that are free of the drug. The program they are in is a form of:
contingency management.
Ever since the auto accident during which she was miraculously unhurt, Pat has not been the same. She forgets appointments, friends' names, and even things done in the last few days. Pats amnesia is termed:
continuous
A 35-year-old woman hobbles into the office of a physician complaining of a debilitating illness that has robbed her of the use of her left leg and right arm. The physician finds no physical basis for her symptoms. She appears totally unaware that the cause of her symptoms may be psychological. The diagnosis would be:
conversion disorder
A person experiencing blindness or loss of feeling may also be said to be displaying
conversion disorder
somatic symptom disorders differ from conversion disorders in that
conversion disorders usually last less time
Sobriety High and Drug Court recovery-type programs:
cost more than regular educational programs but save society money in the long run.
Someone who can tell you exactly how many ceiling tiles there are in each classroom and how many people's names were in the credits of the movie he watched last night is exhibiting a:
counting compulsion
Knowing she was terminally ill, Bonnie swallowed a handful of barbiturates in order to save herself and her family from the final painful months of life. Bonnie is an example of what Edwin Shneidman refers to as a:
death initiator
Which of the following is a negative effect of cannabis use?
decrease in fertility
Research prompted by the "black box" controversy about using second-generation antidepressants with younger patients shows that taking second-generation antidepressants:
decreases younger patient suicide rates overall, although some individuals are more likely to commit suicide.
according to freud, a generalized anxiety disorder is most likely to result when:
defense mechanisms are too weak to cope with anxiety
If an individual has damage to the prefrontal cortex, which of the following symptoms would MOST likely be observed?
deficits in planning, self-control, and decision making
Someone who has AIDS is also at risk for developing:
dementia
The paradigm or model adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior would have been:
demonlogical
The paradigm or model adopted by people in the Middle Ages to explain abnormal behavior would have been
demonological
A personality disorder characterized by a pattern of clinging and obedience, fear of separation, and ongoing need to be taken care of is:
dependent personality disorder
display psychological problems
depression, anxiety, low self-esteem, and insomnia or other sleep disturbances. substance abuse. OCD pattern
Deciding that a client's psychological problems represent a particular disorder is called:
diagnosis
deciding that a clients psychological problems represent a particular disorder is called
diagnosis
one very interesting study investigated the physiological responses of sub personalities of those with dissociative identity disorder, and the physiological responses of the "sub personalities" of those instructed to fake dissociative identity disorder. the study showed that the physiological responses of sub personalities of those with dissociative identity disorder:
differed from one another, but the sub personalities of those faking dissociative identity disorder did not
Alzheimer's is a brain _______ while stroke is a brain _______.
disease; injury
of the following disorders, the one for which an individual would least likely need therapy to avoid a recurrence and to recover most memories is:
dissociative fugue
people with which dissociative disorder typically do not eventual recover without receiving treatment?
dissociative identity disorder
Jess thought she was taking an aspirin, but later, when she had a glass of wine and became very nauseated, she realized she had taken:
disulfiram.
In the United States, the highest depression rate is found in:
divorced people
The MOST accurate summary of the field of abnormal psychology at the present time is that clinical psychologists generally:
do not accept one definition of abnormality, and practice more than one form of treatment.
feeling that your hands and feet are smaller or bigger than usual or that you are in a dreamlike state is called
doubling
Which two treatment modalities are most commonly applied for ADHD.
drug and behavioral therapy
Which of the following treatment approaches is of limited help for sufferers of paranoid personality disorder?
drug therapy
The best treatment recommendation you could give someone experiencing bipolar disorder is:
drug therapy, perhaps accompanied by psychotherapy.
Which aspect of the definition of abnormality includes the inability to care for oneself and work productively?
dysfunction
What were once referred to as frigidity and impotence are dysfunctions that occur during the ______ phase of sexual arousal.
excitement
If a person experienced anxiety or depression following a significant natural disaster, we would say that the person was:
exhibiting a typical reaction
"Humans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential." The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be:
existential
A therapist who believes people often hide from their responsibilities and therefore often feel alienated depressed inauthentic---empty--would MOST likely be
existential
the model with is its roots in the philosophical idea that people are dynamic begins giving meaning to their existence through their actions is the
existential model
A man appeared at the emergency room complaining of bloody diarrhea. The doctor who examined him found that the man was intentionally creating the diarrhea through use of laxatives and anticoagulant medication, and liked being a patient. The man is MOST likely:
experiencing a factitious disorder.
An abnormal-psychology instructor asks in class, "what kinds of treatments are commonly used to treat obsessive-compulsive-related disorders?" Confidently (and accurately), a student replies..
"Exposure therapies and antidepressant drugs"
A young woman who formerly had a fairly high sex drive, and who reports no new medical problems, nonetheless experiences an unexpected drop in sex drive. What would be an important question to ask her, before recommending some sort of psychotherapy?
"Have you recently started taking birth control pills?"
Which of the following might be an example of an analogue experiment?
exposing lab rats to high levels of stress and having human participants live in a simulated mental hospital would each be an example of an analogue experiment
An obsessive-compulsive person who was told that everyone was required to wear shoes at all times in the hose and not to vacuum for a week, would be experiencing what therapy procedures?
exposure and response prevention
Imagine that you have a body dysmorphic disorder centered around your feet. Your therapist keeps reminding you of your ugly feet and makes you wear sandals. What sort of treatment is your therapist MOST likely using?
exposure and response prevention
imagine that you have a body dysmorphic disorder centered around your feet. your therapist keeps reminding you of your ugly feet and makes you wear sandals. what sort of treatment is your therapist MOST likely using?
exposure and response prevention
One of the problems with animal research is the question of whether the results can apply to human beings. This is a question of:
external validity
A person says, "I've been diagnosed with social anxiety disorder, and my therapist wants me to use drug therapy, not psychological therapy. I don't know which to chose." Based on current research, the best answer would be...
"Some therapists think psychological therapy should always be used, even with drug therapy; there's less chance of relapse."
imagine that you are asked to give a scientific opinion on the use of polygraphic evidence. your BEST response would be
"although they are used widely, they are not particularly reliable"
if you were a therapist with a behavioral view, which of the following questions would you be MOST likely to ask someone you suspected might have a somatic symptom disorder?
"has any friend of yours had similar symptoms recently?"
when i took abnormal psychology as an undergraduate, i was convinced i had symptoms of many of the earlier disorders we covered. As soon as we moved on to new disorders i was convinced i had some of their symptoms as well. my experiences were similar to those of some people with a form of illness anxiety disorder sometimes called
"medical student's disease"
Darius thinks that his poor performance in math was due to a bad teacher, but he believes that he is good in language-based subjects. He is sure that he will do better next year. This is an example of ______ attribution.
external, specific, unstable
Some __________ theorists believe that people can control their drinking by drinking in moderation rather than engaging in strict abstinence.
...
Studies of the effectiveness of exposure and prevention therapy most often have focused on ____ compulsions.
...
Which drug increases the activity of the central nervous system?
...
________ is the world's most widely used stimulant.
...
What are the odds of the general population have a dx of bipolar ds? Close relatives? Identical twins?
1 and 2.6% of all adults suffer from a bipolar disorder at any given time. Identical twins of persons with a bipolar disorder have a 40% likelihood of developing the same disorder. Other close relatives have a 5-10% chance.
Internet use disorder" is not in the DSM-5, but if it is included in the next edition, a research-based estimate of the percentage of people in the United States who would fit the diagnostic criteria would be about:
1 percent
goals for treating eating disorder
1) correct the dangerous eating pattern asap (regain lost weight, recover malnourishment, eat normally again) 2) address the broader psychological and situational factors that have led to and maintain the eating problem
What are the sub-goals of counselors who work at suicide prevention centers? For example, one of the sub goals is to establish a positive relationship.
1. Establishing a positive relationship. 2. Understanding and clarifying the problem. 3. Assessing suicide potential 4. Assessing and mobilizing the caller's resources 5. Formulating a plan
What percentage of children and adolescents in North America suffer from a diagnosable psychological disorder?
1/5
About what proportion of the normal population become irritated if forced to depart from their normal routine?
40%
According to a large body of research with diverse populations, how many "supertraits," or factors, may describe the basic structure of personality?
5
If a friend is considering ECT, what would you tell them about its effectiveness and possible side-effects?
60-80% of ECT patients have improved sx of depression and it is safe. Side effects include memory loss with it more with the events happening before and after tx → some pts may experience gaps in more distant memory and can become permanent
In addition to having an IQ score of approximately _____ or below, to be diagnosed with intellectual developmental disorder a person must have poor adaptive behavior.
70
Which mental disorder is the most like to commit suicide?
70% of suicide victims had been experiencing severe depression, soooo Major Depressive Disorder? Borderline personality disorder is also likely.
patients receiving therapy for a psychological problem on average experience improvement greater than do___ of people with similar problems who do not receive treatment
75 percent
If, after conditioning, the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented alone (without the unconditioned stimulus), it will eventually stop eliciting the conditioned response through a process called:
extinction
Sam can't leave for work without going back into his house and making sure that he has taken all of his writing materials. He does this several times before he allows himself to start the car and drive to work. He is frequently late for work because he is so unsure about remembering everything. Sam is displaying...
A checking compulsion
idiographic strategy
A close and detailed investigation of an individual emphasizing what makes that person unique. (Compare with nomothetic strategy.)
What Are the Biological Treatments for Unipolar Depression Antidepressant Drugs Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
A group of second-generation antidepressant drugs that increase serotonin activity specifically, without affecting other neurotransmitters Harder to overdose on them than other kinds of antidepressants They do not work for everyone
Diagnosing Unipolar Depression
A major depressive episode is a period of two or more weeks marked by at least five symptoms of depression, including sad mood and/or loss of pleasure In extreme cases, the episode may include psychotic symptoms Ones marked by a loss of contact with reality such as delusions Bizarre ideas without foundation Hallucinations Perceptions of things that are not actually present
Biochemical Factors Serotonin
A neurotransmitter whose abnormal activity is linked to depression, OCD, and eating disorders
Transvestite
A paraphilic disorder consisting of repeated and intense sexual urges, fantasies, or behaviors that involve dressing in clothes of the opposite sex. Also known as transvestism or cross-dressing.
What is a recidivist?
A person who is arrested who has a record of previous arrest.
The term "eugenics" refers to which of the following?
A political policy of preventing those who suffer from mental illness from reproducing.
"The heavier you are, the more food you are likely to eat." If true, this statement expresses:
A positive correlation
Transgendered
A sense that one's actual gender identity is different from the gender category to which one was born physically or that lies outside the usual male versus female categories.
Psychological Models of Unipolar Depression The Psychodynamic Model Psychodynamic Explanations
A series of unconscious processes is set in motion when a loved one dies Unable to accept the loss, mourners at first regress to the oral stage of development The period of total dependency when infants cannot distinguish themselves from their parents By regressing to this stage, the mourners merge their own identity with that of the person they have lost, and so symbolically regain the lost person
Steve is afraid of eating in public, expecting to be judged negatively and to feel humiliated. As a result, he makes up excuses when asked out to eat. His diagnosis would probably be...
A social phobia
Mania
A state or episode of euphoria or frenzied activity in which people may have an exaggerated belief that the world is theirs for the taking
effect size
A statistical process that eliminates how large a change in measure occurred. Often used before and after a clinical treatment to determine its relative success.
Family-Social Treatments Couple Therapy
A therapy format in which the therapist works with two people who share a long-term relationship Therapists who offer behavioral marital therapy help spouses change harmful marital behavior by teaching them specific communication and problem-solving skills When the depressed person's marriage is filled with conflict, this approach and similar ones may be as effective as individual cognitive therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, or drug therapy in helping in reduce depression
What Are the Biological Treatments for Unipolar Depression Electroconvulsive Therapy
A treatment for depression in which electrodes attached to a patient's head send an electrical current through the brain, causing a convulsion Patients who receive ECT often have difficulty remembering certain events in their lives, particularly ones that ook place immediately before and after their treatments ECT is clearly effective in treating unipolar depression, although it has been difficult to determine why it works so well 60-80% improve Particularly effective in severe cases of depression that include delusions
a woman complains of an assortment of psychological ailments. You think she is intentionally producing the physical symptoms in order to appear sick, which fills some psychological need, you would diagnose:
factitious disorder
Family-Social Treatments Interpersonal Psychotherapy
A treatment for unipolar depression that is based on the belief that clarifying and changing one's interpersonal problems will help lead to recovery First, depressed persons may, as psychodynamic theorists suggest, be experiencing grief reaction over an important interpersonal loss Loss of a loved one Encourage clients to explore their relationship with the lost person and express any anger Second, depressed people may find themselves in the midst of an interpersonal role dispute Role disputes occur when two people have different expectations of their relationship and of the role each should play Depressed people may also be experiencing an interpersonal role transition, brought about by major life changes such as divorce or the birth of a child They may feel overwhelmed by the role changes that accompany the life change Finally, some depressed people display interpersonal deficits, such as extreme shyness or social awkwardness, that prevent them from having intimate relationships
What Are the Biological Treatments for Unipolar Depression Antidepressant Drugs Brain Stimulation Deep Brain Stimulation
A treatment in which a pacemaker powers electrodes implanted in Brodmann Area 25, thus stimulating that brain area
What Are the Biological Treatments for Unipolar Depression Antidepressant Drugs Brain Stimulation Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
A treatment in which an electromagnetic coil, placed on or above a person's head, sends a current into the brain
What Are the Biological Treatments for Unipolar Depression Antidepressant Drugs Brain Stimulation Vagus Nerve Stimulation
A treatment in which an implanted pulse generator sends electrical signals to a person's vagus nerve The nerve, in turn, stimulate the brain
Which is NOT considered a research method?
A treatment plan for an individual
Bipolar II Disorder
A type of bipolar disorder marked by mild manic and major depressive episodes
vomit does what?
fails to prevent the absorption of half of the calories consumes during a binge. affects one's general ability to feel bored. relieves the uncomfortable physical feelings of fullness or reduce feelings of anxiety temporarily.
An elderly person has been diagnosed with a neurocognitive disorder, but the disorder is not Alzheimer's disease. Among the elderly, such a diagnosis is:
fairly common—about a third of neurocognitive disorders are not Alzheimer's disease.
a higher than chance rate of depression amoung the families of depressed pt
family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a genetic predisposition for unipolar depression. these studies have found:
How does an MRI make a picture of the brain?
A. It measures the degree of activity in the various areas scanned. B. It uses X rays, and pictures are taken at several different angles. C. It relies on the magnetic properties of the atoms in the cells scanned. Correct D. It uses a recording of the electrical impulses produced by the neurons in the brain.
Which of the following statements BEST reflects the current care for people with less severe disturbances?
A. Many are treated by generalists who specialize in a number of different types of disorders. B. Private insurance companies are likely to cover outpatient treatment. Correct C. It is difficult to find treatment for someone experiencing a "problem in living." D. Private psychotherapy is available only to the wealthy.
The only test among the following that is NOT a projective test is the:
A. Rorschach Test. B. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. Correct C. Draw-a-Person Test. D. Thematic Apperception Test.
Of the following statements, which is MOST accurate?
A. The DSM in some form has been in use for over 100 years. B. The DSM was originally developed by the American Psychoanalytic Association. C. The DSM served as the model for the classification system Kraepelin later developed. D. The classification system Emil Kraepelin developed served as the model for the DSM. Correct
Which of the following statements is the BEST example of the biopsychosocial perspective?
A. There is one legitimate approach to understanding mental disorders. B. Abnormality is best explained by sociocultural stresses a person experiences. C. Eclectic approaches fail to take interactions of various models into account. D. Abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, emotional, and cultural influences. **correct
Which of the following is the BEST conclusion you could draw about the effectiveness of the various assessment techniques?
A. There is one standard assessment battery used by all clinicians. B. When all is said and done, no technique stands out as superior. Correct C. Clinicians have abandoned the use of assessment. D. Assessment is used at the beginning of therapy but not thereafter.
According to psychoanalytic theory, which of the following is true regarding dreams?
A. They are without real importance. B. They reflect our unconscious desires and needs. Correct C. They are a means of reprocessing information necessary for survival. D. They are the brain's attempts to understand abnormal electrical activity.
Under the instructions of a psychologist, Tina's mother records the number of times Tina hits her brother at home, and what happens immediately prior to the hitting. In this situation, Tina's mother is:
A. a participant observer. Correct B. demonstrating observer bias. C. conducting structured observations. D. engaging in self-monitoring behavior.
A psychologist focuses on optimism, wisdom, happiness, and interpersonal skill. The psychologist is MOST likely:
A. a psychoanalyst. B. a positive psychologist. Correct C. a community mental health worker. D. a rehabilitation specialist.
Until recently, the evidence that GAD is related to biological factors come largely from:
family pedigree studies
Which of the following is an example of a case study?
A. a study involving a control group B. a long-term study of a clinical client Correct C. a study of all the cases of a disorder in a community D. the creation of a disorder in a group of lab rats
The MOST accurate summary of the field of abnormal psychology at the present time is that clinical psychologists generally:
A. accept one definition of abnormality and practice one form of treatment. B. do not accept one definition of abnormality but practice one form of treatment. C. accept one definition of abnormality but practice more than one form of treatment. D. do not accept one definition of abnormality and practice more than one form of treatment. Correct
Freud believed that the source(s) of energy that fuels the id:
A. are defense mechanisms. B. is the libido. Correct C. is conscious. D. is learned.
An assumption of determinism is that abnormal behaviors:
A. are learned. B. are not accidental. Correct C. have physiological bases. D. are due to unconscious conflicts.
Current research suggests that schizophrenia may be related to:
A. bacterial infections at the time of puberty. B. a resistance to antibiotics. C. viral infection in utero. Correct D. hormonal imbalances.
"Humans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential." The psychologist who would MOST closely agree with this statement would be:
A. behavioral. B. humanistic. C. existential. Correct D. psychodynamic.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of eccentrics noted by researchers in the field?
A. being a poor speller B. having a diagnosable mental illness Correct C. being creative D. enjoying one's life
Concerns about the reliability and validity of the DSM-5 diagnoses are MOST likely to center on which factors?
A. categories based on weak research, and reflecting bias (for example, gender or racial bias) ****correct B. categories based on field research, and reflecting bias (for example, gender or racial bias). C. categories that reflect overly restrictive descriptions D. categories too few in number to represent the breadth of human psychological disorders
So-called "new-wave cognitive therapy," differs from traditional cognitive therapy in that it emphasizes:
A. challenging irrational cognitions. B. accepting problematic thoughts. Correct C. working to change unacceptable thoughts. D. researching the effectiveness of the therapy.
One group of patients is treated with medication in a hospital. Another group is treated with the same medication on an outpatient basis. The diagnoses of the two groups of patients are equally serious. The BEST example of a confound in this study is the:
A. characteristics of the hospital. Correct B. type of medication given. C. seriousness of the diagnoses. D. level of improvement.
"The force that operates on the 'reality principle' is an independent, powerful force in human functioning." The kind of theorist who would agree MOST strongly with this statement would be a(n) ______ therapist.
A. classical Freudian B. self C. object relations D. ego correct
"When we try to establish how abnormality develops, we need to consider how individuals deal with the meaning of life, and with the value they find in living." A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement?
A. cognitive-behavioral B. humanistic-existential Correct C. psychodynamic D. cognitive
The first step in using the treatment called "systematic desensitization" is to:
A. construct a fear hierarchy. B. construct a list of useful reinforcers. C. confront the client with the feared stimulus or thought. D. teach the skill of relaxation over the course of several sessions. Correct
A study includes 60 people suffering from an ordinary headache. Twenty get aspirin, 20 get a sugar pill that looks like aspirin, and 20 get nothing at all. In 65 percent of the aspirin group, the headache goes away. In the other two groups, the "cure" rates are 35 and 5 percent, respectively. Other than the drug condition, the participants are treated identically. This study:
A. demonstrates a double-blind design. B. is an experimental study. Correct C. contains an important confound. D. has three dependent variables.
Surveys of very successful therapists show that they generally do all of the following EXCEPT:
A. disregard ethical principles when they think their clients might benefit. correct B. help clients focus more on the clients' behaviors and thoughts. C. pay attention to their interactions with their clients. D. give feedback to clients.
One limitation of the clinical interview as an assessment tool is that:
A. each client is different. B. the approach is too rigid. C. the client may give an overly positive picture. Correct D. the clinician sees the client too infrequently.
Which of the following "new diagnoses" would someone experiencing overwhelming concern about the security of travel on planes and subways MOST likely receive?
A. eco-anxiety B. terrorism terror Correct C. crime phobia D. cyber fear
Efforts to help people develop personally meaningful activities and healthy relationships are a part of:
A. eco-anxiety treatment. B. a somatogenic approach to treatment. C. the clinical practice of positive psychology. Correct D. an eccentric's level of creativity.
The role of the unified personality is a central theme of:
A. ego theory. B. self theory. correct C. psychoanalytic theory. D. object relations theory.
A researcher set up two groups: a group of 10 men and a group of 10 women to study gender differences. The two groups were treated exactly the same and each participant was given a test of psychological function. The results were then compared. This study is an example of a(n):
A. experiment. B. analogue study. C. correlational study. D. quasi-experimental study. Correct
A researcher's expectations about a study can affect its outcome. The type of research design used specifically to address this problem is a(n):
A. experiment. B. random-assignment design. C. matched control group design. D. blind design. Correct
A prisoner eligible for parole is required to take a polygraph test. Although the prisoner tells the truth in response to a question, the polygraph operator records the response as a lie. According to recent research, this kind of error is
A. extremely common; over one third of true statements are interpreted as lies. B. unusual; less than 10 percent of true statements are interpreted as lies. Correct C. rare; less than 3 percent of true statements are interpreted as lies. D. very rare; less than 1 percent of true statements are interpreted as lies.
In mindfulness-based therapy techniques, you would be MOST likely to find clients:
A. focusing on setting goals for the future. B. letting their thoughts flow, without judgment. correct C. rejecting thoughts that are not rational. D. trying to figure out the source of their troublesome thoughts.
Are people ever harmed by therapy for DSM-diagnosed disorders?
A. frequently; about 35 percent of those treated seem to get worse, although most of the rest seem to improve. B. occasionally, about 20 percent of those treated seem to get worse. C. sometimes; at most, about 5-10 percent of those treated seem to get worse. Correct D. almost never; although only about 55 percent seem to improve, only 1-2 percent of those treated seem to get worse.
Multicultural theorists would explain the higher levels of mental illness among poor people as MOST likely due to:
A. genetic make-up. B. social factors leading to stress. Correct C. irrational patterns of thinking. D. fixation at a lower level of ego functioning.
Compared to projective tests, personality inventories:
A. have higher validity. Correct B. are less standardized. C. have lower reliability. D. are more difficult to administer and evaluate.
Imagine that you are doing an ABAB reversal design study in which you are measuring level of depression with and without the addition of an exercise program. What is the first "A" in the study?
A. healthy eating habits B. exercise C. no exercise D. depression Correct
Immigration trends and differences in birth rates among minority groups in the United States have caused psychological treatment to become more:
A. hospital focused. B. multicultural. Correct C. positive. D. dependent on the use of medication
If you are being encouraged to see the link between the way you interpret your experiences and the way you feel, and to question the accuracy of your interpretations, you are probably receiving:
A. humanistic therapy. B. existential therapy. C. cognitive therapy. Correct D. psychoanalytic therapy.
Freud believed that the three central forces that shape the personality were the:
A. instincts, the ego, and the self. B. biological forces, culture, and learning. C. consciousness, unconsciousness, and instincts. D. instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. Correct
A test is constructed to identify people who will develop schizophrenia. Of the 100 people the test identifies, 93 show signs of schizophrenia within five years. The test may be said to have high:
A. internal reliability. B. predictive validity. Correct C. concurrent validity. D. test-retest reliability.
Factors other than the independent variable may also act on the dependent variable. If these factors vary systematically with the independent variable, they are called ______ variables.
A. irrelevant B. confounding Correct C. blind D. controlled
Evidence of the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy:
A. is biologically based. B. comes from pharmaceutical companies. C. comes from double-blind studies. D. comes mostly from case studies. Correct
A researcher finds a strong positive correlation between ratings of life stress and symptoms of depression. Therefore, the researcher may be confident that:
A. life stress causes symptoms of depression. B. symptoms of depression cause life stress. C. something other than life stress causes stress and depression. D. life stress and depression are related. Correct
Correlation coefficients indicate the:
A. magnitude and direction of the relationship between variables. Correct B. cause-and-effect relationship between variables. C. internal and external validity between variables. D. significance and variability between variables.
In order to study the general effectiveness of treatment, Smith and Glass (1980, 1977) and their colleagues performed a(n):
A. meta-analysis of many studies. correct B. analysis of their clinical cases. C. survey of many clients who had received therapy. D. controlled study that involved random assignment of subjects to treatment conditions.
Based on the number of men and women majoring in psychology as undergrads, we would predict that in the future:
A. most psychologists will be men. B. most psychologists will be women. Correct C. there will be about equal numbers of male and female psychologists. D. there will be an overabundance of psychologists.
Imagine that you know you are being observed and change your behavior in order to make a good impression. This is known as:
A. observer drift. B. observer bias. C. reactivity. Correct D. naturalistic change.
Of the people who would qualify for a DSM diagnosis in their lifetime, surveys show what percent would show comorbidity?
A. over 50 percent ** correct B. about 2 percent C. about 10 percent D. less than 2 percent
Compared to the original DSM, which appeared in the 1950s, the DSM-5 has:
A. over five times as many diagnostic categories. correct B. about twice as many diagnostic categories. C. slightly more diagnostic categories. D. slightly fewer diagnostic categories.
Parity laws for insurance coverage of mental health treatment mandate that:
A. physicians and psychologists must have the same level of education. B. coverage for mental and physical problems must be reimbursed equally. Correct C. the number of sessions allowed for treatment of mental and physical treatment must be equal. D. patients must be allowed to choose the therapist they want for treatment.
An athlete who is actually well-prepared nevertheless thinks just before a contest, "I can't do this! I need to be perfect, and I know I'm going to fail!" The theorist who would emphasize the illogical thinking process of this athlete as a source of poor performance MOST likely would support which model of abnormality?
A. psychodynamic B. behavioral C. existential D. cognitive Correct
The model that proposes that humans strive to self-actualize is the:
A. psychodynamic model. B. cognitive model. C. humanistic-existential model. Correct D. behavioral model.
The form of therapy that helps clients recognize errors in logic, and try out new interpretations of events, is:
A. psychodynamic. correct B. Gestalt. C. cognitive. D. humanistic.
A medical researcher develops a drug that decreases symptoms of depression and other "mood" disorders. The general term for this type of drug is:
A. psychogenic. B. somatogenic. C. psychotropic. Correct D. somatotropic.
What is the term for studies that have the structure of experiments, except they use groups that already exist, instead of randomly assigning participants to control and experimental groups?
A. quasi-experiments Correct B. natural experiments C. correlational experiments D. developmental experiments
Studies show that most therapists these days are MOST likely to learn about the latest information on treatment of psychological disorders from:
A. reading research articles. B. talking with professional colleagues. Correct C. conducting their own research. D. writing grants.
Skillful frustration is designed to help clients:
A. realize the extent to which they are expressing their id impulses. B. recognize that past experiences control current behavior. C. face their own manipulative behavior. D. express frightening emotions. ****correct
Culturally sensitive therapists would be expected to do all of the following EXCEPT:
A. recognize that children of immigrants have special challenges. B. help clients express anger and pain related to their life situation. C. encourage clients to become fully acculturated into the dominant culture. correct D. focus on raising the client's self-esteem.
Infants tend to do things that feel good. This is in accord with what Freud called:
A. reflex. B. the pleasure principle. Correct C. primary process thought. D. secondary process thought.
A patient's initial reaction to being told she has an STI is to insist that the nurse made a mistake with the test. The defense mechanism that BEST explains this behavior is:
A. regression. B. sublimation. C. denial. Correct D. rationalization.
Another term for developing norms for an assessment tool is:
A. reliability. B. face validity. C. predictive validity. D. standardization. Correct
If a patient relives past repressed feelings, that patient is said to have experienced ______, according to psychoanalysts.
A. repression B. transference C. resistance D. catharsis Correct
A friend says to you, "I just think the Red Sox win more games on Tuesdays than on any other day." Although your friend's statement is not very scientific, it is a(n):
A. research finding. B. hypothesis. Correct C. example of a case study. D. research conclusion.
Animals and humans learn without reinforcement. They learn just by watching. This form of learning is called:
A. shaping. B. modeling. Correct C. operant conditioning. D. classical conditioning.
"Let's just do away with diagnosis," says a clinician, "all we do is make things worse." That clinician's viewpoint is:
A. shared by a solid majority of those working in the area of abnormality. B. shared by almost nobody working in the area of abnormality. C. shared by some of those working in the area of abnormality. Correct D. represented in the DSM-5, which does not require a specific diagnosis.
A response inventory that asks individuals to provide detailed information about their typical thoughts and assumptions is a(n):
A. social skill inventory. B. cognitive inventory. Correct C. affective inventory. D. behavioral inventory.
Mesmer became famous—or infamous—for his work with patients suffering from bodily problems with no physical basis. His patients' disorders are termed:
A. somatogenic. B. hysterical. Correct C. phlegmatic. D. bilious.
Jena is experiencing sadness, lack of energy, and low self-worth. . The condition is chronic and severe. If her psychiatrist prescribed medication it would likely be a(n):
A. stimulant drug. B. antianxiety drug. C. antipsychotic drug. D. antidepressant drug. correct
Case studies are useful for all of the following EXCEPT
A. studying unusual problems. B. learning a great deal about a particular patient. C. suggesting new areas for further study. D. determining general laws of behavior. Correct
If a person experienced anxiety or depression following a significant natural disaster, we would say that the person was:
A. suffering from a mental illness. B. deviant but not dangerous. C. exhibiting a typical reaction. Correct D. statistically deviant.
Which of the following is designed to disclose a patient's patterns of thinking?
A. the MMPI-2 B. the Rorschach C. an affective inventory D. a cognitive inventory Correct
Those who are MOST likely to visit "suicide sites" on the Internet—sites that celebrate suicide and describe ways to commit suicide are:
A. the elderly, who are at low risk for imitative suicidal behavior. B. the elderly, who are at high risk for imitative suicidal behavior. C. teenagers and young adults, who are at low risk for imitative suicidal behavior. D. teenagers and young adults, who are at high risk for imitative suicidal behavior. Correct
During the Middle Ages in Europe, demonology dominated views of abnormality for all of the following reasons EXCEPT:
A. the power of the clergy increased greatly. B. the church rejected scientific forms of investigation. C. the church controlled education. D. the culture rejected religious beliefs.
When Rorschach testers ask questions like, "Did the person respond to the whole picture or to specific details?" or "Did he or she focus on the blots or on the white spaces?," they are interested in the ______ of the response.
A. theme B. content C. style correct D. images
A clinical psychologist you know says, "How do I decide on the best treatment? Simple—I make sure to read the most recent research studies in therapy, and follow their advice." The clinical psychologist you know is:
A. typical; almost all therapists read about and use the most current forms of therapy. B. common; most therapists read about and use the most current forms of therapy. C. unusual; most therapists base therapy decisions on something besides what they can read in research journals. correct D. rare; almost all therapists make treatment decisions based upon what's available on Web sites.
When a young child yells and throws toys ("temper tantrum"), the parents give the child a good deal of attention. As time goes on, the temper tantrums become more and more common. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from:
A. unresolved intrapsychic conflict. B. operant conditioning. Correct C. unconditional positive regard. D. neurotransmitter imbalances.
Dr. Martin has just asked a potential client to talk about herself. As she responds, the doctor's next question is based on some interesting point she brought up. There are few constraints on the conversation. Dr. Martin has just:
A. used free association. B. conducted an unstructured interview. Correct C. used a behavioral assessment technique. D. employed (Rogers') nondirective therapy.
Hippocrates thought that abnormal behavior resulted from an imbalance in the four humors, one of which was:
A. water. B. lymph gland fluid. C. phlegm. Correct D. cerebrospinal fluid.
Correlational research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people:
A. without any religious belief are the psychologically healthiest. B. who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the psychologically healthiest. Correct C. who are devout and see God as cold and unresponsive are the psychologically healthiest. D. who are not religious cope better with life stressors like war and illness.
Which is TRUE about alcohol use and suicide?
ALL: Most people who attempt suicide drink alcohol just before the act. About one-fourth of people who commit suicide are legally drunk. Alcohol impairs judgment and lowers inhibitions.
The mockingbird gets its name from the fact that it often imitates the call of other birds, without conveying any particular message. A child who imitates others' speech without any sign of understanding it, MOST likely would be diagnosed with:
ASD
Psychological Models of Unipolar Depression The Psychodynamic Model Symbolic Loss
According to Freudian theory, the loss of a valued object that is unconsciously interpreted as the loss of a loved one Also called imagined loss Ex:) A college student may, for example, experience failure in a calculus course as the loss of her parents, believing they love her only when she excels academically
self-monitoring
Action by which clients observe and record their own behaviors as either an assessment of a problem and its change or a treatment procedure that makes them more aware of their responses. Also known as self-observation.
Generalized Anxiety disorder is more common in...
African Americans than in white Americans
Which behavior pattern is not listed in the DSM-5 as an obsessive-compulsive-related disorder?
Agoraphobia
Hanna goes to a meeting because her husband is an alcoholic who only occasionally can abstain from alcohol. The meetings with other people in similar situations help her cope. She probably attends meetings of:
Al Anon.
Alcohol binds to selective for ______________?
Alcohol binds to the neurotransmitter GABA → relaxes the drinker
Which of the following is not a problem with the DSM-5 categories of personality disorders?
All of the personality disorders are seen more in men than in women, suggesting a bias in diagnostic criteria.
The most common form of neurocognitive disorder is:
Alzheimer's disease.
DSM-5 was developed by:
American Psychiatric Association
What is a synergistic effect? What are common synergists (in other words, how is it easy to overdose if you mix drug 1 with drug 2)?
An increase of effects that occurs when more than one substance is acting on the body at the same time → aka alcohol and barbiturates which decrease CNS activity → Very easy to overdose if drug 1 +2 have the same effects
According to Freud, obsessive-compulsive disorders have their origin in the ___________ development
Anal
The most common mental disorders in the United States
Anxiety Disorders
People who experience a positive event, get excited, breath harder, and have an increase in their heart rate, then interpret the symptoms as a heart attack, are experiencing what cognitive theorists call...
Anxiety sensitivity
analog model
Approach to research that employs subjects who are similar to clinical clients, allowing replication of a clinical problem under controlled conditions.
A researcher is considering whether to gather online data are being used in terms of research ethics, which question is the MOST relevant?
Are Facebook postings considered "public behavior"?
How Common is Unipolar Depression?
Around 8% of adults in the United States suffer from severe unipolar pattern of depression in any given year, while as many as 5% suffer from mild forms Around 19% of all adults experience an episode of severe unipolar depression at some point in their lives Women are at least twice as likely as men to experience episodes of severe unipolar depression Approximately 85% of people with unipolar depression recover, some with treatment Around 40% of them have at least one other episode of depression in their lives
false negative
Assessment error in which no pathology is noted (that is, test results are negative) when one is actually present.
false positive
Assessment error in which pathology is reported (that is, test results are positive) when none is actually present.
neuropsychological testing
Assessment of brain and nervous system functioning by testing an individual's performance on behavioral tasks.
classification
Assignment of objects or people to categories on the basis of shared characteristics.
negative correlation
Association between two variables in which one increases as the other decreases.
positive correlation
Association between two variables in which one increases as the other increases.
All opioid drugs are collectively called "narcotics." These drugs normally attach to sites receptive to WHAT neurotransmitter?
Attach to neurotransmitter site endorphins that help relieve pain and reduce emotional tensions
Fear differs from anxiety in that:
fear- physiological and emotional response to a serious treat to one's well-being; anxiety- ...response to a vague sense of threat or danger
Which of the following is the BEST example of "reduced responsiveness" as it relates to posttraumatic stress disorder?
feeling detached or estranged from others and loss of interest in activities
someone who is experiencing "doubling" is:
feeling like his or her mind is floating above him or her
Someone who is experiencing "doubling" is:
feeling like his or her mind is floating above him or her.
A pattern of abnormalities, including, head and facial deformities, heart defects, and intellectual development disorder, characterizes someone with:
fetal alcohol syndrome.
The therapist who developed a cognitive therapy for anxiety disorders that is based on his therapy for depression is:
Beck
Which of the following terms, which has come to mean "a chaotic uproar" derived its name from a London hospital where mentally ill patients were treated in horrendous ways?
Bedlam
Which theoretical position explains the origin of phobias as due to classical conditioning?
Behavioral
What is the behavioral explanation of CD and Somatic Symptom Disorder (SSD)? Provide examples. How might the behaviorist treat this disorder given the explanation?
Behavioral theorists propose that the physical symptoms of conversion and somatic symptoms disorders bring rewards to sufferers. Ex: Remove the individuals from an unpleasant relationship or bring attention from other people. Behavioral therapists use exposure treatments as they expose clients to features of the horrific events that first triggered their physical symptoms, expecting that the individuals will become less anxious over the course of repeated exposures and subsequently able to face those upsetting events directly rather than through physical channels.
What Are the Behavioral Treatments for Unipolar Depression?
Behavioral therapists use a variety of strategies to help increase the number of rewards experienced by their depressed clients First, the therapist selects activities that the client considers pleasurable Second, while reintroducing pleasurable events into a client's life, the therapist makes sure that the person's various behaviors are rewarded correctly Behaviorists argue that when people become depressed, their negative behaviors keep others at a distance, reducing chances for rewarding experiences and interactions Finally, the behavioral therapist may train clients in effective social skills
The Cognitive Model
Believe that people with unipolar depression persistently view events in negative ways and that such perceptions lead to their depression The two most influential cognitive explanations are the theory of learned helplessness and the theory o f negative thinking
Behavioral Model
Believe that unipolar depression results from significant changes in the number of rewards and punishments people receive in their lives They treat depressed people by helping them build more desirable patterns of reinforcement
Cognitive theorists have found that people who develop obsessive-compulsive disorder also...
Believe their thoughts are capable of causing harm to themselves or others
Which medications work primarily by enhancing the effectiveness of GABA?
Benzodiapines
If all you know about someone is that the person has been binge drinking in the past month, then you know the person had at least:
five drinks at a time at least once, and probably is a male.
A phobic person is taken to a snake-handling convention in order to actually confront snakes as part of desensitization training. This is an example of the ____ technique.
flooding
Your fear of spiders is debilitating because because you are an entomologist. To treat this phobia, your therapist puts you in a room with spiders, even asking you to handle them. This technique might be used in:
flooding
compensatory behaviors
forcing themselves to vomit; misusing laxative, diuretics, or enemas; fasting; or exercising excessively.
The clinical practitioner would be more likely than the clinical researcher to rely on which method of investigation?
Case study with a single participant
A neurologist who was working with a person with obsessive-compulsive disorder would be suspicious of abnormality in what region of the brain?
Caudate Nuclei
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
Characterized by a combination of persistent depressive symptoms and recurrent outbursts of severe temper
What Are the Treatments for Bipolar Disorders? Lithium and Other Mood Stabilizers Second Messenger
Chemical changes within a neuron just after the neuron receives a neurotransmitter message and just before it responds
What is the most accurate statement about child sexual abuse?
Child sexual abuse appears to be equally common across all socioeconomic classes, races, and ethnic groups.
How does classical conditioning explain drug cravings?
Classic conditioning: objects present in the environment at the time drugs are taken may act as classically condition stimuli and come to produce some of the the same pleasure brought on by the drugs themselves → example: Drug addict sees a needle can comfort people are are addicted to drugs
Which of the following statements about genetic factors in schizophrenia is accurate?
Close relatives of those with schizophrenia are more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than distant relatives of those with schizophrenia.
Which therapy is an effective long-term, non pharmacological treatment for panic attack that involves teaching patients to interpret their physical sensations accurately?
Cognitive
How effective is cognitive therapy for depression?
Cognitive therapy is very effective for depression, specifically CBT, which about 50-60% of depressed adults show a near-total elimination of their symptoms.
sequential design
Combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal designs involving repeated study of different cohorts over time.
When someone who is about to leave for work checks the stove 10 times to make sure ti is turned off, that person is exhibiting a(n)...
Compulsion
correlation coefficient
Computed statistic reflecting the strength and direction of any association between two variables. It can range from 21.00 through 0.00 (indicating no association) to 11.00, with the absolute value indicating the strength and the sign reflecting the direction.
If a person criticized everything that he did, looking for flaws, and never could measure up to his personal standards, he would be exhibiting what Rogers called...
Conditions of worth
Depression
found in bulimia people. sets the state for eating disorders. Four evidence: qualify for a clinical diagnosis of MDD, relatives seem to have a higher rate of depressive disorders, low activity of the neurotransmitter serotonin, and helped with the same antidepressant drug that reduce depression
reliability
Degree to which a measurement is consistent-for example, over time or among different raters.
validity
Degree to which a technique measures what it purports to measure.
clinical significance
Degree to which research findings have useful and meaningful applications to real problems.
Behavioral Symptoms of Depression
Depressed people are usually less active and less productive They spend more time alone and may stay in bed for long periods
Motivational Symptoms of Depression
Depressed people typically lose the desire to pursue their usual activities Almost all report a lack of drive, initiative, and spontaneity Suicide represents the ultimate escape from life's challenges Between 6 to 15% of people who suffer from severe depression commit suicide
The Behavioral Explanation Social Rewards
Depressed persons experience fewer social rewards than nondepressed persons and that as their moods improve, their social rewards increase
Why do behaviorists believe that depressed people should improve their social skills?
Depressed persons often experience fewer social rewards than nondepressed people. Improving social skills via group therapy allows members to work together to improve eye contact, facial expressions, posture, and other behaviors that send social messages. This helps reduce depressive symptoms.
The Sociocultural Model of Unipolar Depression The Family-Social Perspective
Depression has been tied repeatedly to the unavailability of social support such as that found in a happy marriage People who are separated or divorced display at least three times the depression rate of married or widowed persons display at least three times the depression rate of people who have never been married Researchers also have found that people whose lives are isolated and without intimacy are particularly likely to become depressed at times of stress
Bipolar Disorders
Disorders marked by alternating or intermixed periods of mania and depression
The most common of the chromosomal disorders leading to intellectual developmental disorder is:
Down Syndrome
What happens to GABA if one engages in chronic and excessive use of benzodiazepines?
During use of benzodiazepines the GABA receptors bind to the drug and increase GABA's activity at those neurons. Chronic and excessive use of benzodiazepines would result in the lack of response of the body to increase GABA activity on its own and thus, GABA levels will be low when patient is not on benzodiazepines.
What is true about specific phobias?
Each year about 12 percent of people in the United States suffer from a phobia
Ecstasy has both hallucinogenic and stimulant properties. If you stop taking it you have abnormally low levels of serotonin.
Ecstasy has both hallucinogenic and stimulant properties. If you stop taking it you have abnormally low levels of serotonin.
hypothesis
Educated guess or statement to be tested by research.
Brain Anatomy and Brain Circuits
Emotional reactions of various kinds are tied to brain circuits Networks of brain structures that work together, triggering each other into action and producing a particular kind of emotional reaction An array of brain-imaging studies point to several brain areas that are likely members of this circuit
Helen was just discharged from a public mental health facility. She went to live with a group of other former patients in a group-living arrangement. There were staff members to help out but the former patients controlled most of the day-to-day activities. Helen's living arrangement is a:
halfway house
Biological researchers have also learned that the body's endocrine system may play a role in unipolar depression
Endocrine glands throughout the body release hormones Chemicals that in turn spur body organs into actions Abnormally high levels of cortisol One of the hormones released by the adrenal glands during times of stress Abnormally high levels of melatonin Released only in the dark "Dracula" hormone The biochemical explanations of unipolar depression have produced much enthusiasm, but research in this area has certain limitations
The finding that in the United States women have higher rates of anxiety and depression than men is MOST likely due to blank research
Epidemiological
Studies that determine the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a particular population are called:
Epidemiological studies
informed consent
Ethical requirement whereby research subjects agree to participate in a study only after they receive full disclosure about the nature of the study and their own role in it.
The perceptual distortions some drugs produce are called:
hallucinosis.
Exhibitionism
Exposing genitals to others and may act upon it.
An obsessive-compulsive person who was told that everyone was required to wear shoes at all times in the house and not to vacuum for a week would be experiencing what therapy procedures?
Exposure and response prevention
How might a behaviorist treat Illness Anxiety Ds?
Exposure and response prevention. The therapists repeatedly point out bodily variations to the clients while, at the same time, preventing them from seeking their usual medical attention.
internal validity
Extent to which the results of a study can be attributed to the independent variable after confounding alternative explanations have been ruled out.
If a study's findings generalize beyond the immediate study to other persons and situations, then the study has:
External validity
What is the difference between factitious disorder and conversion disorder (CD) regarding intentionality?
Factitious disorder: A disorder in which an individual feings or induces physical or psychological symptoms, typically for the purpose of assuming the role of a sick person → these people pretend they are sick when really they aren't → don't confuse for malingering Conversion Disorder: A disorder in which bodily symptoms affect voluntary motor and sensory function, but the symptoms are inconsistent with known medical diseases
What is the DSM-V dx for abnormalities that have both biological and psychological causes?
Factitious disorders.
Which of the following statements about intellectual developmental disorder is not true?
Fewer than 10 percent of all people with even mild mental retardation eventually marry.
Which one of the following statements about the use of antidepressants, such as Xanax, to treat a panic disorder is MOST accurate?
For the drugs to be effective, one has to keep taking them, even when symptoms are lessened.
Imagine that you are asked to give a scientific opinion on the use of polygraphic evidence. Your BEST response would be:
A. Although they are used widely, they are not particularly reliable. Correct B. The APA endorses their use. C. On average, 50 out of 100 truths are categorized as lies. D. Most courts admit evidence from polygraphs in criminal trials.
Compared to projective tests, personality inventories
have higher validity
Compared to projective tests, personality inventories:
have higher validity
A person who is restless, keyed up, and on edge for no apparent reason is experiencing
Free-floating Anxiety
If one were studying the hypothesis that people with high levels of stress are MORE likely to get cancer and wanted to include a matched control group, that group would:
have low levels of stress
Which of the following tests is a personality inventory?
A. Draw-a-Person B. MMPI-2 Correct C. Rorschach test D. Thematic Apperception Test
If your friend had her brain waves recorded to measure her brain's electrical activity, she MOST likely had a(n):
A. PET scan. B. MRI. C. CAT scan. D. EEG. Correct
A woman being treated for postpartum depression after the birth of her first child is most likely to:
have up to a 50% chance of experiencing postpartum depression with her next child.
Family pedigree and twin studies have been used to look for a genetic predisposition for unipolar depression. These studies have found:
high rates of unipolar depression among dizygotic twins but not among monozygotic twins.
a new test for anxiety shows consistent levels of anxiety across time for people but very few people have taken the test and accurate norms don't exist. the test has
high reliability but inadequate standardization
The MAIN focus of a clinical practitioner when faced with a new client is to gather what type of information?
A. diagnostic B. nomothetic C. idiographic Correct D. dispassionate
Drugs that alleviate the symptoms of mental dysfunction by affecting the brain are called:
A. psychedelics. B. antineurotics. C. psychotropics. Correct D. psychophysiologicals.
The only time that Timmy gets attention is when he misbehaves in a bizarre way. This is an example of:
A. shaping. B. modeling. C. operant conditioning. Correct D. classical conditioning.
Just after doing well in an intramural basketball game-something which left me very happy, and in high state of excitement- I sat down and studied for my abnormal psych test. Research shows that i would perform best on a test if at the time I was:
Happy and Excited
DSM-5 is the classification system for abnormal behaviors that is:
A. used by the World Health Organization. B. most widely used in the United States. Correct C. used for medical disorders. D. used exclusively for children.
The data from studies of the biological and adoptive parents of children who receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia as adults show that the concordance rate of schizophrenia with biological relatives is:
higher than with adoptive relatives
In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on:
prejudice and discrimination faced by women
in explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapist would focus on
prejudice and discrimination faced by women
people with anorexia
preoccupied with food; food deprivation (dreams and talk about food)
Apparently, people develop phobias more readily to such objects as spiders and the dark than they do to computers and radios. This observation supports the idea of:
preparedness
Apparently, people develop phobias more readily to such objects as spiders and the dark than they do to such objects as computers and radios. This observation supports the ______ explanation of phobias.
preparedness
Before the 1950s, almost all outpatient care for psychological disturbances took the form of:
private psychotherapy
According to Thomas Szasz's views, the deviations that some call mental illness are really:
problems in living
The use of methadone in drug maintenance programs is controversial because methadone:
produces withdrawal symptoms sometimes worse than heroin withdrawal symptoms.
Which theoretical model is supported by the finding that monkeys separated from their mothers at birth show signs of depression?
psychodynamic
Which theoretical position explains the origin of anxiety disorders are overrun of defense mechanisms by neurotic or moral anxiety?
psychodynamic
a general term used for theories such as freuds, alders, and junks is
psychodynamic
the model MOST likely to suggest using free association t uncover unconscious process is the ___model
psychodynamic
The model of abnormality that focuses on unconscious internal processes and conflicts in behavior is the:
psychodynamic model
A patient participates in weekly therapy for several years, gradually becoming aware of the impact of early life events on present functioning. The form of psychotherapy the patient is receiving is called
psychodynamic therapy
Which of the following occupations has a particularly high rate of suicide?
psychologists
youssef is the kind of person who breaks laws and rules with no feeling of guilt and is emotionally shallow. he would probably score high on the MMPI-1 scale called
psychopathic deviate
a person who primarily prescribes medication but does not conduct psychotherapy is called a
psychopharmacologist
a psychiatrist says... i am a strong believer in a combined approach to therapy, in fact i participate in combined approaches... based on statement the most likely speciality of the psychiatrist is
psychopharmacology
a client is hooked up to an apparatus that measures galvanic skin response and blood pressure after which the client verbally answers a series of questions. the type of clinical test being used is
psychophysiological
a client is hooked up to an apparatus that measures galvanic skin response and blood pressure, after which the client verbally answers a series of questions. The type of clinical test being used is
psychophysiological
Drugs that alleviate the symptoms of mental dysfunction by affecting the brain are called:
psychotropics
People with alexithymia are NOT able to:
put descriptive labels on what they are feeling.
To study some gender differences, a researcher selected a group of 10 men and to 10 women and treated all participants exactly the same. Each participant was given a test of psychological function.
quasi-experimental
What is the term for studies that have the structure of experiments except that they use groups that already exist, instead of randomly assigning participants to control and experimental groups?
quasi-experiments
Not all participants are the same. Researchers use ______ to reduce the possibility that preexisting differences between groups are responsible for observed differences after experimental manipulation.
random assignment
Combat veterans in a therapy group express a great deal of guilt and rage. MOST likely, the veterans are in a(n):
rap group
the movement that has tried to find the common strategies that good therapists use is called
rapproachment
the movement that has tried to find the common strategies that "good" therapists used is called:
rapprochement
The movement that has tried to find the common strategies that "good" therapists use is called:
rapprochement.
In order to change the high rates of obesity among U.S. children and adolescents, which of the following should be addressed?
rates of exercise and dietary habits
If a therapist gave a client homework that required the client to challenge his faulty assumptions and replace them with healthier ones, the therapist would be using
rational-emotive therapy
If your therapist gave you homework that required you to challenge your faulty assumptions and replace them with healthier ones, the therapist would be using:
rational-emotive therapy
The therapy for GAD developed by Albert Ellis is called:
rational-emotive therapy
if your therapist gave you homework that required you to challenge your maladaptive assumptions and replace them with healthier ones, the therapist would be using:
rational-emotive therapy
A psychodynamic theorist finds that a client is experiencing a battle between anxiety-provoking id impulses and anxiety-reducing ego defense mechanisms. She is sure this underlying conflict explains her client's:
reaction formation
While someone is watching, Jennifer actually eats fewer sweets than usual. This tendency to decrease a behavior while being observed is an example of:
reactivity
imagine that you know you are being observed and you change your behavior in order to make a good impression. This is known as
reactivity
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy:
receives support in therapy applications for a wide range of disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder.
imagine someone gets hit in the nose by a batted ball. The latest research suggest that swearing will
reduce pain
restricting-type anorexia nervosa
reduce weight by restricting intake of food
Which of the following is not one of the biological factors that are common to people with schizophrenia and people with schizotypal personality disorder?
reduced activity of serotonin
Deperonalization______, while derealization_____.
refers to oneself; refers to the external world
a therapist treating an individual with a conversion disorder works to reduce pleasurable outcomes associated with being sick, while increasing pleasurable outcomes associated with being well. This technique is called:
reinforcement
A client receiving treatment for substance abuse keeps track of the times she uses it and develops strategies to avoid the substance when there is an opportunity to use it. The client is MOST likely receiving:
relapse-prevention training.
When children or adolescents cause a peer to be socially isolated, spread rumors about them, and manipulate their friendships, they are engaging in __________ aggression.
relational
The biological understanding of generalized anxiety is supported by the finding that
relatives of people with generalized anxiety are more likely to have it than nonrelatives are
which of the following is a nondrug biological treatment for anxiety that is in general use today?
relaxation therapy
"Please flex your biceps. Now release your biceps. Now flex your thigh. Now release it." These statements might be made by a therapist using:
relaxation training
A friend asks you whether to try relaxation training or biofeedback to reduce anxiety. Based upon present research, your best answer is:
relaxation training
The first step in treatment of systematic desensitization is:
relaxation training
Because alcohol binds to neurons that normally receive the neurotransmitter GABA, it is not surprising that alcohol:
relaxes people
binge eating disorder
repeated eating binges, feel no control over their eating. do not perform inappropriate compensatory behavior. 2/3 people become overweight or even obese.
bulimia nervosa or binge-purge syndrome
repeated episodes of uncontrollable overeating or binges: occurs over a limited period of time (a week to3 months).
According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id, ego, and superego can lead to entrapment at a developmental level. This is called:
repression
Psychodynamic theorists believe that dissociative amnesias and fugues result from:
repression
it was convenient when Rowena awoke blind. she has been terrified about testifying and now she did not have to. This is an example of
repression
psychodynamic theorists believe that dissociative amnesias and fugues result from:
repression
The preoccupation with food characteristic of anorexia nervosa is thought to
result from starvation.
gathering information about a suicide victims past
retrospective analysis involves:
A researcher works to reduce the amount of disruptive talking a child does in school. The researcher first measures the disruptive talking frequency, then institutes treatment, while continuing to measure the behavior. Later, treatment is removed, as measurement continues. Finally the researcher re-introduces the treatment. This type of study is a:
reversal design
Which of the following is the best example of the nomothetic approach?
review of records to see if autism runs in families in general
lithium
rosita swings between periods of bottomless depression and high flying enthusiam. she never hits the middle. her physician is most like to recommend treatment using
Internal validity reflects how well a study:
rules out the effects of all variables except those being studied.
The mood and thoughts of suicidal people are MOST often characterized as:
sad and hopeless.
A middle-aged individual shows many of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and at the same time often appears profoundly depressed. The symptoms have lasted almost a year. This is an example of:
schizoaffective disorder
People with _________ personality disorder persistently avoid and are removed from social relationships and demonstrate little in the way of emotion.
schizoid
In the past, dissociative identity disorder was most likely "misdiagnosed" as
schizophrenia
People with one of the "odd" clusters of personality disorders often qualify for an additional diagnosis of:
schizophrenia
People with _________ personality disorder display a range of interpersonal problems marked by extreme discomfort in close relationships, odd patterns of thinking and perceiving, and behavioral eccentricities.
schizotypal
When Selina sees a report of a train wreck on television, she thinks that it is a sign that she should not take the train to work the next day and so decides to take the bus instead. If she has a diagnosable personality disorder, it is MOST likely:
schizotypal personality disorder.
If a mans behavior elicited kindness and sympathy from his wife when he was mute, he would be receiving_____ gains from his behavior
secondary
What generally happens in the thalamus and the hypothalamus of an individual with Alzheimer's disease?
selected neurons shrink or die
a client reports having infrequent but extremely disturbing tactile hallucinations. The MOST useful of the following ways to gather information about this person would be to involve
self-monitoring
a client reports having infrequent, but extremely disturbing, tactile hallucinations. The MOST useful of the following ways to gather information about this person would involve:
self-monitoring
the neurotransmitter implicated in the control of obsessive-compulsive disorder is:
serotonin
A woman reports having vivid sexual fantasies, yet is unable to experience either clitoral or labial swelling, or vaginal lubrication. The MOST likely diagnosis for this woman would be:
sexual interest arousal disorder
Which is not a personality tendency that would be included in the new DSM-5 diagnosis that is called personality disorder trait specified (PDTS), according to your chapter?
sexual promiscuity
"Let's just do away with diagnosis," says a clinician, "all we do is make things worse." That clinician's viewpoint is:
shared by SOME of those working in the area of abnormality.
lets just do away with diagnosis says a clinician/ all we do is making things worse. that clinicians view point is
shared by some of those working in the area of abnormality
Several people with schizophrenia work at a recycling center, where on-time behavior is expected, and payment is made solely for work completed. The people do not compete with each other. MOST likely, this work takes place at a:
sheltered workshop
The Rosenthal effect
should be avoided using the blind design
if a client centered therapist were treating a very anxious woman the therapist would try to
show unconditional positive regard for her statements
Exposure and response prevention as treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder:
shows improvement that often continues indefinitely.
lateral hypothalamus (LH)
side areas, produces hunger when it's activated.
Cocaine and amphetamines produce:
similar behavioral effects, and similar emotional effects
Which is not given as a theory for why people with antisocial personality disorder experience less anxiety than other people?
slow EKG waves
Steve is afraid of eating in public, expecting to be judge negatively and to feel humiliated. As a result, he always makes up excuses when asked out to eat. His diagnosis would MOST likely be:
social anxiety disorder
If a particularly interested in a client's family background and community influences, that clinician is MOST likely from which orientation?
sociocultural
Someone interested in the effects of social change, poverty, and race on the risk for generalized anxiety disorders probably represents the ______ perspective.
sociocultural
Mild intellectual developmental disorder is linked mainly to:
sociocultural and psychological causes.
MOST cases of mild intellectual developmental disorder seem to be related to:
sociocultural and psychological factors.
The model of abnormality that examines the effets of society and culture is the
sociocultural model
Madeline appeared at the clinic complaining of pain in her knee, shoulder, and abdomen, nausea and vomiting, blurred vision, and exhaustion. The patient history revealed that she had been going to clinics for years trying to get treatment for these complaints and a host of other physical symptoms. The diagnostic consensus was that Madeline suffered from:
somatic symptom disorder
A woman has experienced a wide range of vague but disturbing physical symptoms over a period of several years, Doctors cannot find a cause for the problems; medically the woman appears normal. Based on this information, the BEST diagnosis would be
somatic symptom disorder ( somatization disorder)
if a person complains of a wide variety of physical symptoms over a period of time in the absence of a physical basis for the symptoms, the diagnosis would most likely be
somatization disorder
abnormalities that are thought to have both biological and psychological causes are
somatoform disorders
Hippocrates' model of mental illness would be described as:
somatogenic
If the idea of "preparedness" is accurate, then:
some phobias should be acquired more easily than others.
bipolar 2 rapid cycling
someone who experiences a half dozen alternatives between mild mania and major depression within a 1 year time spam would be classified as
In ___________, people with intellectual developmental disorder are grouped together in a separate, specially designated educational program.
special education
An intense, persistent, and irrational fear that is accompanied by a compelling desire to avoid the object of the fear of interfering with the life of the person is called:
specific phobia
A person who has Alzheimer's although there is no family history of the disease is said to be experiencing:
sporadic Alzheimer's.
Another term for developing norms for an assessment tool is:
standardization
another term for developing norms for an assessment tool is
standardization
Laurent has three subpersonalities. Jackie emerges when Laurent is in an awkward social situation, Grace surfaces during sporting events, and Carlos appears when Laurent is angry. The therapist believes that the mood and conditions under which each subpersonality appears are critical to understanding this disorder, demonstrating a belief in:
state dependent learning
The work of Dorothea Dix led to the establishment of many _____________ around the country.
state hospitals
Cognitive researchers have found that lives full of anxiety most often are associated with:
stressful events
The long-term pattern of maladaptive behavior caused by the regular use of some chemical or drug is called:
substance abuse.
DSM-5 tried to ensure the validity of the new edition by using all of the following procedures EXCEPT:
substantially decreasing the number of diagnostic categories.
A modern explanation of why many anorexic people continually have food-related thoughts and dreams is that
such thoughts and dreams are the result of food deprivation
According to the DSM-5, all of the following are considered symptoms of a manic episode, EXCEPT:
suicidal ideation
According to Freud's psychodynamic theory, the part of the personality that is the conscience is the:
superego
what we would call the conscience is most like what freud would call the
superego
The treatment that has been the MOST popular for restoring weight among anorexic persons is
supportive nursing care and a high-calorie diet
Another term for a cluster of symptoms is
syndrome
a cluster of symptoms that go together and define a mental disorder is called a
syndrome
symptoms such as sadness, loss of appetite, and low energy cluster together to form a:
syndrome
A phobic person is taught to imagine the feared items as part of desensitization training. This is an example of the ____ technique.
systematic desensitization
You are suffering from arachnophobia. Your therapist first has you go through relaxation training, then has you construct a fear hierarchy, and finally, has you go through a phase of graded pairings of spiders and relaxation responses. This approach is called:
systematic desensitization
Pairing the thought of feared objects and relaxation training is:
systematic desensitization.
Women who want to reduce their risk of developing Alzheimer's may benefit if they:
take estrogen for years after menopause.
Probably the WORST thing one who has "partied hard" with alcohol could do right after drinking would be to:
take some barbiturates to fall asleep.
weight gain treatments
takes place in day hospitals or outpatient settings. nursing-care: 3,000 calories/day, gain weight over 8-12 weeks
the first step in using the treatment called systematic desensitization is to
teach the skill of relaxation over the course of several sessions
Gambling disorder is MOST common among:
teenagers and college students who are feeling distressed.
Among the brain areas most important to long-term memory are the _________ lobes and the __________. frontal; cerebellum.
temporal; diencephalon
That many people with severe disturbances are not being treated appropriately is MOSTLY a problem with which level of prevention
tertiary
Providing treatment as soon as it is needed, so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long-term, is called:
tertiary prevention
providing treatment as soon as it is needed, so problems that are moderate or worse do not become long term is called
tertiary prevention
During the preclinical phase of a drug study researchers are
testing the drug on animals
Critics of the "reuptake theory" of tricyclic antidepressant action focus on ______ to explain the mechanism by which tricyclics alleviate depressive symptoms.
the 7- to 14-day lag between the start of its blocking reuptake and its effect on depressive symptoms
If you went to a meeting of a group lobbying for better care for the mentally ill and made up primarily of family members of people with severe mental disorders, you would probably be attending:
the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill.
when a person has organic brain impairment, that person would most likely have difficulty
the bender visual motor gestalt test
which of the following statements about the use of projective techniques by todays clinicians is TRUE
the centrality of projective tests has declined since their introduction
The effects of lithium were discovered during the investigation of:
the effect of toxic levels of uric acid.
Which would most MOST appropriately be studied using a quasi-experiemental design?
the effects of parents with schizophrenia on children's adjustment
Clinicians now recognize that one of the most important aspects of treating Alzheimer?s disease and other forms of neurocognitive disorders is to focus on:
the emotional needs of the caregivers
What aspect of dialectical behavior therapy relates to psychodynamic theory?
the emphasis on the patient-therapist relationship.
pyschodynamic
the fact that very angry people are night significantly more suicidal than other people argues most strongly against which explanation for suicide?
are not supported by significant body of research
the leading theories designed to explain suicie:
Which of the following is an aspect of the experimental approach?
the manipulation of a variable by the researcher
One hundred psychiactric parents were randomly assigned to one of two groups. One group received a new drug in pill form. The other group was given identical-looking placebo pills. A panel of psychiatrists who did not know which pill each participant receives, evaluated all participants for level of agitation. What is the control group?
the ones who got the placebo
The principle of informed consent assumes that:
the participant can understand the explanation.
Electroconvulsive therapy would be MOST recommended when:
the patient has not responded to antidepressant drugs.
In general, behavioral treatments for substance use disorders are MORE successful when:
the person receiving the therapy is highly motivated to continue
infants tend to do things that feel good. This is in accord with what freud called
the pleasure principle
The GREATEST danger of LSD use is:
the possibility of very powerful, sometimes negative, reactions
The model or paradigm an investigator uses influences:
the questions and observations the investigator uses.
Currently, the "Big-Five" approach to personality disorders is:
the recipient of recognition, with a great amount of research being done on it.
There are many obstacles that hinder psychologists' attempts to understand and treat disorders. All of the following are obstacles, EXCEPT:
the relatively rigid, unchangeable behavior and thought patterns of humans.
The assumption behind the use of projective tests as assessment tools is that:
the responses come from the client's unconscious
The assumption behind the use of projective tests as assessment tools is that:
the responses come from the client's unconscious.
the assumption behind the use of projective tests as assessment tools is that:
the responses come from the clients unconscious
As a general rule, if the sample is large, the difference between the groups is large, and the range of scores in the group is small.
the results are likely to be statistically significant
In correlational research, external validity is established when:
the sample is representative of the larger population.
Methods of supplying nicotine to those who are trying to quit smoking include all of the following EXCEPT:
the subcutaneous nicotine pump
Methods of supplying nicotine to those who are trying to quit smoking include all of the following except:
the subcutaneous nicotine pump.
a patient looks at a series of black and white pictures, making up a dramatic story about each. The patient is taking:
the thematic apperception test
While walking through a forest during a rainstorm, 5-year old Samir was almost struck by lightening. Today, as an adult, he is extremely afraid of trees. What is the conditioned stimulus in the example?
the trees
Why might the suicide rate among elderly Native Americans be low?
the value the culture places on the elderly
Biological Factors
theorists suspect that certain genes may leave some persons particularly susceptible to eating disorder. relatives are six times more likely to develop these disorders
Recent research using genetic linkage studies has looked for possible patterns of inheritance of bipolar disorders. The results suggest that:
there may be several different genes that establish a predisposition to develop bipolar disorders.
which of the following is true about factitious disorders?
those with factitious disorder are not trying to achieve some external gain by faking illness
People who experience obsession show:
thoughts that are intrusive and foreign to them
A professor who puts on rubber gloves before grading papers and religiously avoids any contact with the hands of students is exhibiting a(n):
touching compulsion
One who is experiencing a panic disorder would most likely also be phobic about:
traveling in public places where escape might be difficult or help unavailable
Comorbidity means that:
two disorders may occur together in an individual.
The duration of most of the effects of cannabis is about:
two to six hours.
To receive a diagnosis of dysthymic disorder, an individual must have experienced symptoms for at least:
two years
which of the following would lead you to suspect someone has a conversion disorder rather than is exhibiting medical symptoms?
uniform and even numbness in the "damaged" hand
DSM-5 includes gambling disorder as an addictive disorder, along with substance abuse disorders. This inclusion is:
unique; gambling disorder is the only disorder in the category that doesn't involve a substance
DSM-5 includes gambling disorder as an addictive disorder, along with substance abuse disorders. This inclusion is
unique; gambling disorder is the only disorder in the category that doesn't involve a substance.
After a fire in an isolated farmhouse, firefighters found several small propane tanks and other strong evidence of a recently abandoned "meth lab." If what the firefighters found was a meth lab, it was:
unusual—most meth labs now are relatively large operations in rural areas
which one of the following forms of therapy would you not currently expect to find in cybertherapy?
use of tweet therapy
A friend of yours says, "I'll try to see only the positive side of thins, then everything will be okay." From a cognitive perspective, your friend is:
using neutralizing techniques
The lack of consensus about the correct diagnosis of personality disorders questions the _______ of the DSM categories.
validity and reliability
A person quite suddenly begins to show specific cognitive impairment and difficulty in speaking, yet other cognitive functions appear normal. MOST likely, that person is experiencing:
vascular neurocognitive disorder.
During a recent ambulance call, an EMT provided patient care for someone who had substance use disorder involving cocaine. The only treatment the person received was in a hospital emergency room (ER). If this is the only treatment the person received, that is:
very unusual; most of those with substance use disorders get something besides ER treatment
One procedure used to treat phobic disorders involves having the therapist confront the feared object or situation while the fearful client observes. This is called:
vicarious conditioning
a failed attempt to commit suicide
what is parasuicide
which of the following is the best conclusion you could draw about the effectiveness of the various assessment techniques?
when all is said and done no technique stands out as superior
experiences of sadness or anger
which of the following would be an emotional sx of depression
a lack of desire to eat
which of the following would be mostly a motivational sx of depression?
Of the following, those LEAST likely to experience specific phobias are:
white American males
If you wanted to tailor a suicide prevention program to the racial group MOST at risk, of the following, you should target which of the following:
white americans
Research on the relationship between religious beliefs and psychological health shows that people:
who are devout and see God as caring and helpful are the healthiest.
One limitation of the sociocultural approach to understanding generalized anxiety disorders is that it cannot explain:
why everyone who experiences danger doesn't experience generalized anxiety.
"the reason for the link between substance use disorders and suicide is not clear"
why is there such a strong connection between alcohol abuse and suicide risk? asks a friend of yours. you answer:
Conversion disorders are more common in
women than men
The BEST way to select a random sample of 10 students from a class would be to
write each student's name on a piece of paper, put the papers in a pile, close eyes, and pick 10 papers.
What Are the Biological Treatments for Unipolar Depression Antidepressant Drugs Tricyclic
An antidepressant drug such as imipramine that has three rings in its molecular structure
_________ is the ongoing inability to form new memories.
Anterograde amnesia
Which statement is FALSE regarding the obstacles that clinical scientist face in studying psychological disorders?
Humans have unusually stable (unchanging) moods and behavior
In addition to serotonin, what neurotransmitter has been implicated in depression?
Low levels of norepinephrine
Which of the following is true regarding the "four Ds" of abnormality?
None of the "four Ds" is, by itself, an adequate gauge of psychological abnormality.
Clinical reasearchers are usually concerned with a(n) blank understanding of abnormality, while practitioners focus on a(n) blank understanding
Nomothetic, idiographic
Cognitive therapists believe that generalized anxiety disorder is induced by
maladaptive assumptions
A state of breathless euphoria, or frenzied energy, in which individuals have an exaggerated belief in their power describes:
mania
A person who uses the drug Ecstasy at a crowded party begins to feel too hot, and immediately drinks lots of fluids. This person:
may be in trouble; the person may experience hypothermia or water intoxication
Recent studies show that gender-sensitive programs for treating substance abuse:
may be very useful; substance abusers of different genders have different physical and psychological reactions to drugs.
a professor who becomes anxious unless students sit in alphabetical order, turn in their papers in alphabetical order, and leave tests in that same order is experiencing:
obsession?
cyclothymic disorders
milder forms of bipolar disorders are known as:
Davon watched his father recoil from a snake in fear. Now he is afraid of snakes. This apparent acquisition of fear of snakes is an example of:
modeling
What is the primary distinction between the beliefs of someone with paranoid personality disorder and someone with paranoid schizophrenia?
The beliefs of someone with paranoid personality disorder are not usually delusional, while the beliefs of someone with paranoid schizophrenia are.
What disorder has been described as a use of self-hypnosis?
multiple personality disorder
Alexis has multiple personality disorder. when one of her personalities, Jodi, is asked about another one, Tom, she claims ignorance. Tom has never heard of Jodi either. This would be called a
mutually amnesic relationship
the assessment interment MOST likely to be used to detect subtle brain abnormalities is the
neuropsychological test
According to Freud, children who are prevented from expressing id impulses-- making mud pies, playing war, and exploring their genitals-- are at risk for developing
neurotic anxiety
according to freud, children who are prevented from expressing id impulses like making mud pies, playing war, and exploring their genitals are at risk for developing:
neurotic anxiety
According to the cognitive theorists, compulsive acts serve to ____ obsessive thoughts.
neutralize
Advantages of atypical antipsychotic drugs over conventional medications include:
newer medications produce fewer extrapyramidal effects.
Research suggests that people continue to use tobacco despite its health risks because:
nicotine is very addictive.
the knowledge that a person a clinician is about to interview has already been diagnosed as having an anxiety disorder could lead to
observer bias
In vicarious conditioning, the client:
observes the therapist who confronts the feared object or situation
Betty has serious, persistent doubts as to whether her gas stove is turned off. This is an example of a(n)
obsession
What is one important way obsessions and compulsions are related?
obsession is thought, compulsion is acting upon the thoughts
Which is an aspect of the experimental approach?
The manipulation of a variable by the researcher
What Are the Symptoms of Mania? Emotional
The mood of euphoric joy and well-being is out of all proportion to the actual happenings in the person's life Not every person with mania is the picture of happiness Some instead become very irritable and angry
The incidence of HIV+ results on campus tells you:
The number of new HIV+ cases measured in a time period
Regarding alcoholism in white American men, African American men, and Hispanic American men, which of the following is MOST accurate?
The patterns of drinking differ across ethnic groups and age.
The Cognitive Model Learned Helplessness
The perception, based on past experiences, that one has no control over one's reinforcements People become depressed when they think That they no longer have control over the reinforcements (The rewards and punishments) in their lives They themselves are responsible for this helpless state
What Are the Symptoms of Mania?
The symptoms of mania affect the same areas of functioning Emotional Motivational Behavioral Cognitive Physical
repeated measurement
When responses are measured on more than two occasions (not just before and after intervention) to assess trends.
Leila always feels threatened and anxious-- imagining something awful is about to happen. She is able to work and care for her family, although not as well as she would like. Leila is probably experiencing
a generalized anxiety disorder
All forms of therapy have which three essential features?
a sufferer, a healer, and a series of contacts between healer and sufferer
Lola's physician prescribed diet pills. Which of the following drugs are they MOST likely to have contained?
amphetamines
If a biochemical imbalance were the cause of a person's depression, the latest research would lead us to expect to find that person to have:
an abnormality in the activity of certain neurotransmitters, especially serotonin and norepinephrine.
A society that loses its basic family and religious core values, experiences large-scale immigration of people with very different values, and fails to provide meaning for the life of its people is in danger of an increase in what Durkheim calls:
anomic suicide
90-95%
anorexia and bulimia occur in females
Hippocrates believed that treatment for mental disorders should involve:
bringing the four body humors back into balance.
difference between bulimia and anorexia
bulimia: more concerned about pleasing others, being attractive to others, and having intimate relationships. mood swings. easily frustrated or bored.
Surveys throughout the world have repeatedly revealed that __________ ranks as a major problem in the minds of young people, often even more seriously than racism or AIDS.
bullying
Alcoholics Anonymous supports the belief that alcoholics should:
cease drinking entirely.
A person who has an excess of plaques due to Alzheimer's would be likely to have:
cell breakdown and death
Abnormality in this area of the brain has been associated with autism.
cerebellum
Vomiting as a compensatory behavior for those experiencing bulimia
ironically, leads to greater hunger and more frequent binges
Vomiting as a compensatory behavior for those experiencing bulimia:
ironically, leads to greater hunger and more frequent binges
Someone who made sure that he had his passport, airplane ticket, and hotel reservation form exactly every 5 minutes for an entire day is exhibiting a(n):
checking compulsion
two brain chemicals are the natural appetite suppressants
cholecystokinin (CCK) and gucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)
drug therapy works best when...
combined with other forms of therapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy
When an experimenter stimulates a rat's lateral hypothalamus, the MOST likely result is intense sexual desire. loss of appetite. death by starvation. hunger.
hunger
One of the drawbacks of exposure and response prevention as a therapy is that it:
in as many as one-quarter fail to improve at all
results from depression or emotional distress
in his definition of suicide, edwin shneidman includes all of the following factors except that it:
According to cognitive theorists, people who have anxiety sensitivity:
interpret their bodily sensations as potentially harmful
A panel of psychologists and psychiatrists evaluates the test results and clinical interviews of a client in a sanity hearing. They all arrive at the same diagnosis. The panel has high:
interrater reliability
typically involves medical and psychological care
treatment for suicide attempters:
interpersonal psychotherapy
treatment that seeks to improve interpersonal functioning
Rainforest, struck by lighting... now afraid of trees.. what is the conditioned stimulus?
trees
The most common of the identified chromosomal causes of Down syndrome is:
trisomy 21
Psychodynamic theorists believe that people who develop antisocial personality disorder have failed to develop a sense of:
trust
Leila always feel threatened and anxious- imaging something awful is about to happen. She is able to work, but not as well as she'd like. She is probably experiencing:
unpredictable negative events
Which of the following terms was the earliest used to describe those who we now refer to as "mentally ill?"
unstable
If a clinician begins by asking, "Would you tell me about yourself?" the clinician is MOST likely conducting a(n):
unstructured interview
If a clinician begins by asking, "would you tell me about yourself?," the clinician is MOST likely conducting a (n):
unstructured interview
The finding that the HIGHEST rates of schizophrenia are found among people who are born during the winter supports which theory of schizophrenia?
viral theory
A phobic person is exposed to computer graphics that simulate real-world situations. This is an example of the ____ technique.
virtual reality
the value of culture places in the elderly
why might the suicide rate among elderly native americans be low?
hypothalamus
part of the brain that regulates many bodily functions
Which of the following is NOT a common feature of managed care programs?
patient choice in number of sessions that therapy can last
Which group of older persons has the highest rate of problem drinking?
patients in nursing homes
One of the features of Alcoholics Anonymous is:
peer support.
The total number of cases of a disorder in the population is called the:
prevalence
Symptoms of which disorder have been found to lessen in later life?
schizophrenia
Which of the following illnesses is least likely to develop in later life?
schizophrenia
messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called
snapses
a person with dissociative identity disorder has just experienced "switching". which of the rolling most likely has happened?
the person has changed from one subpersonality to another
current multicultural perspectives are MOST likely to focus on
the special external pressures faced by members of a culture
A friend asks you for advice about how to stop smoking. Based on the data, your BEST advice to your friend would be:
"Try aversion therapy, for example, rapid smoking.
Bodymass index
(BMI) indicate whether a person's weight is appropriate for his or her height.
As many as ________ percent of people over the age of 85 will develop some form of neurocognitive disorder.
50
placebo effect
Behavior change resulting from the person's expectation of change rather than from the experimental manipulation itself.
A friend says, "I want to minimize my risks of organ damage and long-lasting mental change," and then asks, "What kind of drug should I most avoid?" Your BEST response is
"Alcohol."
A person who has body dysmorphic disorder is considering plastic surgery. Based on available research, what is the best advice for this person?
"Be careful. Often, people who have plastic surgery for body dysmorphic disorder actually feel worse afterward"
Someone you know who has body dysmorphic disorder is considering plastic surgery. Based on available research, what is your BEST advice?
"Be careful. Often, people who have plastic surgery for body dysphoric disorder actually feel worse afterwards."
"What should I look for in an effective ADHD treatment program?" a friend asks. Your BEST answer among the following alternatives is:
"Drugs generally work best."
weight set point
"weight thermostat", keeping an individual at a particular weight
Approximately what percentage of campus arrests are alcohol related
...
Behavioral interventions for substance use disorder
...
If the idea of "preparedness" is accurate, then:
...
People who experience a positive event, get excited, breathe harder, and have an increase in their heart rate, then interpret the symptoms as a heart attack, are experiencing what cognitive theorists call:
...
What causes Korsakoff's syndrome? What are the behavioral characteristics?
Caused by mineral deficiency of vitamin B (thiamine) and can lead to memory loss, confusion, and neurological sx
variability
Degree of change in a phenomenon over time.
Benzodiazepines primarily affect the neurotransmitter:
GABA
A combination of alcohol abuse and a vitamin-B deficiency can lead to:
Korsakoff's syndrome
Once a study in abnormal psychology finds significant results, researchers:
Must ask a number of questions about the details of the study.
Of the following, the MOST likely to exhibit a substance abuse disorder would be a(n):
Native American
According to Freud, children who are experiencing id impulses-- making mud pies, playing war and exploring their genitals are at risk for developing:
Neurotic Anxiety
What age group is most likely to commit suicide?
Persons over the age of 75 are the most likely to commit suicide.
Psychological Models of Unipolar Depression The Psychodynamic Model Object Relations Theorists
Psychodynamic theorists who emphasize relationships Propose that depression results when people's relationships leave them feeling unsafe and insecure People whose parents pushed them toward either excessive dependence or excessive self-reliance are more likely to become depressed when they later lose important relationships
Internal validity reflects how well a study:
Rules out the effects of all variables except those being studied.
People who experience obsessions show...
Thoughts that are intrusive and foreign to them
A professor who puts on rubber gloves before grading papers and religiously avoids any contact with the hands of the students is exhibiting a...
Touching compulsion
What is an example of meta-worry?
Worrying about worrying
behavioral symptoms
a person displaying sadness, lack of energy, headaches, and feelings of low self esteem is showing all of the following sx except?
Mania
a state of breathless euphoria in which individuals have an exaggerated belief of their power
A trephine is:
a stone instrument used to cut away a circular section of the skull.
escalation toward anorexia
a stressful event: separation of parents, move away from home, or experience of personal failure
The fact that Alzheimer's disease resembles Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease suggests that Alzheimer's may be caused by:
a virus
the baby blues, something experienced by over half of new mothers
a woman who has just given birth is anxious, has trouble sleeping and feels sad. these sx diminish in the next couple of weeks. what she experienced is most likely:
5. Which of the following is the MOST accurate conclusion regarding the use of Viagra and related drugs to treat erectile disorders?
a. The drugs work about 75 percent of the time and are often given without first assessing what is causing the problem.
An inventory that asks about one's level of anxiety, depression, or anger is a(n) ______ inventory.
affective
9. One who is experiencing gender dysphoria:
a. is unhappy with his or her biological gender.
an inventory that asks about ones level of anxiety, depression or anger is an
affective
6. The fact that insurance companies in the United States generally covered Viagra but not birth control pills until required to by state law supports the idea that:
a. societal standards are different for sexually active men than they are for women.
The phobia most often associated with panic disorder is:
acrophobia
Which group has the highest rate of depression?
aged persons who live in nursing homes
Theory of mind refers to:
an awareness that other people base their behaviors on their own beliefs, intentions, and other mental states.
a visual image that is retained so vividly that one can continue to scan information is called
an eidetic image
The specific symptoms associated with dyslexia include:
an impairment of the ability to recognize words and to comprehend what is being read.
Freudian theorists suggest that people with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are:
anal regressive
Research indicates that the best therapy for treating a social phobia is:
antidepressant medications
If a pregnant woman wishes to avoid having a child with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), what should she do?
avoid drinking alcohol, since no safe level of drinking while pregnant has been established.
Elena can't seem to establish social ties because she is afraid of being embarrassed or appearing foolish. She is easily hurt by criticism and is not willing to go into unfamiliar situations. She may be experiencing:
avoidant personality disorder
which of the following dreams is the most common
being chased or pursued
The model emphasizing the importance of conditioning in determining human actions is the ___model
behavioral
"Triple jeopardy," as an issue affecting the mental health of the elderly, refers to:
being old, a minority member, and a woman.
What type of drug is alprazolam (Xanax)?
benxodiazepine
If you wanted a drug to improve the functioning of GABA, you would choose:
benzodiazepines
Which medications work primarily by enhancing the effectiveness of GABA?
benzodiazepines
At what age does conduct disorder usually appear?
between 7 and 15
1-30
binge episodes per week. carried out in secret.
Which of the following is least likely to be a source of either low sexual desire, or sexual aversion?
biological reasons
10,000
calories/episode
behavior therapy
can be tested in the lab
"Who wouldn't be afraid all of the time? We have AIDS, crime, bombs, etc." This complaint is consistent with a _____ explanation of GAD
cognitive
Of the following groups of people, which receives the least trust from society?
congressional members
Sylvia shot herself by placing the gun barrel in her mouth, in the middle of a dense wood, where she knew she wouldn't be heard or found. Sylvia is an example of what Edwin Shneidman refers to as a:
death seeker
Assessment tools such as the Severity of Illness Rating Scale are used to provide what kind of information for making a diagnosis?
dimensional
A therapist believes so strongly in her approach that she finds improvements even when none exists. What design would prevent this problem?
double blind
sociocultural model
emile durkeims theory of suicide falls under the:
Repeated involuntary defecating into one's clothing is known as:
encopresis.
Sohila has been deteriorating for more than a year. She is always tired (she does not sleep), she is losing weight (she eats poorly), she is sad, feels terrible, and feels like it will never get any better. When asked, it is clear that nothing in particular has happened. Based on these data, the diagnosis MOST likely would be:
endogenous depression.
a clinical psychologist you know says... how do i decide on the best treatment? simple, I make sure to read the most recent research studies in therapy. and follow their advice. this clinical psychologist believes in using
evidence based treatment
therapies that have received clear research support are called:
evidence-based
Someone who believes that among our ancestors, those who feared animals, darkness and heights were more likely to survive long enough to reproduce, represents the _____ explanation of the development of phobias.
evolutionary
Research on the cognitive explanation for the development of generalized anxiety shows that people with generalized anxiety symptoms:
excessively worry
Dissociative fugues usually:
follow a stressful event
white americans and native americans
for teenagers, the highest suicide rates are among
Compared to white American children, African American and Hispanic American children with similar levels of activity and attention problems are:
less likely to be diagnosed with ADHD, and less likely to receive effective treatment.
about what percentage of american men experience a somatic symptom disorder in a given year?
less than 1 percent
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is MOST common among:
men with jobs
Jamal observes his parents generous behavior throughout his childhood. As a result, he developed a positive and generous attitude toward the world. According to the behavioral model, jamal has aquired his lifestyle through the process of
modeling
one of the subpersonalities of a person receiving treatment for dissociative identity disorder had just become a "protector" How far along in therapy has the person probably progressed?
moderately far because a protector usually emerges before sub personality integration.
According to Freud, children who are punished or threatened for expressing their id impulses may develop
moral anxiety
A person,, years after committing a serious crime, is found living under a false identity over 1,000 miles from where the person used to live. the persons memory of the crime and of other earlier events is intact. most likely this is a case of:
no mental disorder
In science, the perspectives used to explain phenomena are known as
paradigms
The consistencies of one's characteristics are called:
personality traits
Jason, a recovering heavy drinker, has been trained to identify the situations that might cause him to drink and to be aware of when he should stop drinking. This approach is known as:
relapse-prevention training
Which of the following psychological problems is LEAST likely to be associated with anorexia nervosa? substance abuse schizophrenia depression obsessive-compulsive disorder
schizophrenia
You have found enlarged ventricles during a postmortem analysis on a sample of brain tissue. This is MOST likely to be evidence of:
schizophrenia involving mainly negative symptoms.
An individual has just received a diagnosis of paranoid personality disorder. That individual is MOST likely to have a parent or sibling who has:
schizophrenia.
Researchers have found that substance use disorders are more common among some religious groups than others, and in general, are more common among some groups than among others. Together, these findings provide the MOST support for which view of substance abuse disorders?
sociocultural
Research shows that danger to self or others is found in:
some, not most, cases of abnormal functioning
Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called:
synapses
i have just arrived in a city where i know no one and english is not spoken by very many people. I feel as though my mind is separating from my body and I am actually observing myself do things. What i am experiencing is:
temporary depersonalization
Regarding emotions, the pattern common in bulimia from prebinge, through binge, to postbinge is BEST described in sequence as:
tension, powerlessness, shame.
geographical location
all of the following factors contribute to the high suicide rather among the elderly except:
Incorrect diagnosis of _______ may contribute to a high rate of death for older people with the disorder.
delirium
Research indicates that suicides by people with schizophrenia are in response to:
feelings of demoralization
Depression
A low, sad state marked by significant levels of sadness, lack of energy, low self-worth, guilt, or related symptoms
The idea that children from single-parent families show more depression than those from two-parent families is a(n):
Hypothesis
genotype
Specific genetic makeup of an individual.
Sam is displaying:
checking compulsions
Which of the following is MOST characteristic of mass murderers?
feelings of persecution and desire for revenge
Enduring and predictable behavioral consistencies are often called:
personality traits
The Cognitive Model Negative Thinking Maladaptive aptitudes
"My general worth is tied to every task I perform" "If I fail, others will feel repelled by me" Many failures are inevitable in a full, active life, so such attitudes are inaccurate and set the stage for all kinds of negative thoughts and reactions Beck suggests that later in these people's lives, upsetting situations may trigger an extended round of negative thinking
A friend says, "If we could just eliminate combat traumas, we could eliminate a great deal of posttraumatic stress disorder." Of the following choices, your MOST accurate answer would be:
"Yes—although civilian trauma causes many more cases of PTSD than combat trauma does."
The peak age range for the development of anorexia nervosa is:
14 to 18
Approximately 1 in _______ children are born with phenylketonuria (PKU).
14,000
IQ score below _____ would indicate profound retardation.
20
a woman has close female relatives diagnosed with a somatization pattern of somatic symptom disorder. according to research, her probability of being diagnosed with the same disorder is about
20 percent
Of the following, the person who would probably have the highest blood alcohol level after an hour of drinking would be a:
200-pound woman who had drunk six cans of beer.
Symptoms associated with autism typically appear before the age of:
3
As many as ________ percent of elderly people will eventually wind up being placed in a nursing home.
30
What percentage of all prescription drugs are purchased by elderly people?
30
According to recent studies, in a random sample of 24 employed adults, you would expect that about two would be using an illegal drug. In a random sample of 24 unemployed adults, how many illegal drug users would you expect to find?
4
Surveys find that approximately _________ percent of older people, particularly men, have alcohol-related disorders in a given year.
4 to 7
At any given time in the United States, only about _____ percent of the elderly population actually live in nursing homes.
5
Multicultural Factors: Gender Differences
5-10% males. differences are losing weight and what should men and women ideally look like
Hippocrates' model of mental illness would be described as:
A. psychiatric. B. somatogenic. Correct C. psychogenic. D. supernatural.
How might a cognitive therapist treat someone who has negative self-statements? (I think I do this a lot with students! Please feel free to take my pos psych course.)
A cognitive therapist would manipulate the negative self-statements into positive self-statements by changing the patient's maladaptive thought pattern.
A student says, "Quick! I have to take a test in two minutes. I need help remembering what kind of correlation coefficient shows a weak relationship between two variables." Which will help the student?
A correlation coefficient close to zero (0)
The number of patients hospitalized in mental hospitals in the United States today is MOST similar to the number hospitalized in:
A. 1990. Correct B. 1970. C. 1960. D. 1950.
Patients receiving therapy for a psychological problem, on average, experience improvement greater than ______ of people with similar problems who do not receive treatment.
A. 25 percent B. 75 percent correct C. 100 percent D. 0 percent
The discovery of the link between general paresis and syphilis was made by:
A. Benjamin Rush. B. Emil Kraepelin. C. Fritz Schaudinn. D. Richard von Krafft-Ebing. Correct
The Biological Model of Unipolar Depression Genetic Factors
Four kinds of research Family pedigree Twin Molecular Biology Gene Studies
To justify analogue experiments with animals, research must:
Balance the suffering of the animals with the knowledge to be gained
Withdrawal is especially dangerous for which type of sedative-hypnotic drug?
Barbiturates → can lead to nausea, anxiety, sleep problems and can cause convulsions
What Causes Bipolar Disorders? Brain Structure
Basal ganglia and cerebellum of these individuals tend to be smaller than those of others Their amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex each have structural abnormalities
In single-subject experimental designs, the participant is observed and measured before the manipulation of an independent variable. This initial observation period is called the:
Baseline period
classical categorical approach
Classification method founded on the assumption of clear-cut differences among disorders, each with a different known cause. Also known as pure categorical approach.
Voyeurism
Desire to observe unsuspecting people in secret as they have intercourse and may act upon these desire.
Here it is again: What school focusses on the misinterpretation of bodily signals? Yes, this misinterpretation is important for many disorders!
COGNITIVE THEORISTS!! : )
When more than one research method produces similar results, researcher:
Can have more confidence in the results.
Which of the following statements is MOST accurate regarding cannabis in the United States?
Cannabis was introduced into the United States about 100 years ago and was first used for medical purposes
A psychologist does a study of an individual involving a history, tests, and interviews of associates. A clear picture is constructed of this individual so her behavior is better understood. This study is a(n):
Case study
_____________ , which helps clients increase their ability to tolerate distress, learn new social skills, and respond more effectively to life situations, is considered the treatment of choice in many clinical circles for borderline personality disorder.
Dialectical behavioral therapy
The MOST accurate of the following statements about the effectiveness of psychological debriefing in the aftermath of a disaster (based on research studies) is:
Debriefing doesn't work too well; it might even make victims worse.
level
Degree of behavior change with different interventions (for example, high or low).
personality inventories
Self-report questionnaire that assesses personal traits by asking respondents to identify descriptions that apply to themselves.
3. Which of the following findings would argue against the idea that hypoactive sexual desire in women is caused by societal treatment of women?
a. A sexually restrictive history is just as common among women with and without hypoactive sexual desire.
A child awakens suddenly to the sound of a bell, and heads for the bathroom. MOST likely the child is receiving:
behavioral therapy for enuresis.
Which theoretical position explains the origin of phobias as due to classical conditioning?
behaviorist perspective
Throughout most of the United States, it is illegal to use marijuana, even for medical reasons. Compared to other nations, this is:
common; most countries do not allow either medical or recreational use of marijuana
An acquaintance of yours uses Ecstasy and says, "Wow! I was totally energized and tripping. It was like LSD and meth combined." Your acquaintance's experience with Ecstasy was:
common; the drug has both stimulant and hallucinogenic properties.
What is thought to be the cause of vaginismus (the involuntary contraction of vaginal muscles)?
conditioning of a fear response
If a person criticized everything he did, looking for flaws, and never could measure up to his personal standards, he would be exhibiting what Rogers called:
conditions of worth
If you criticized everything you did, looking for flaws, and never could measure up to your personal standards, you would be exhibiting what Rogers called:
conditions of worth
if you criticized everything you did, looking for flaws, and never could measure up to your personal standards, you would be exhibiting what Carl Rogers called:
conditions of worth
When children reach school age, therapists often use a family intervention called parent management training to help treat which problem?
conduct disorder
Which is not one of the broad categories of an autism spectrum disorder?
delinquent type behaviors
A clouding of consciousness that develops over a short period of time and can often be reversed if its underlying cause can be found is called:
delirium
In women, the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase is found at:
lower levels in the stomach, making them more susceptible to getting drunk.
lanugo
silky hair covering face and arms
If you were afraid of dogs and your therapist treated you by interacting with dogs while you watched, you would be receiving:
vicarious conditioning