Abnormal psych chapter 2
The ability to plan, think, reason, and create is located in the part of the brain called the
cerebral cortex
According to modern cognitive science, the unconscious
clearly exists but in a very different way than freud imagined
The most recent estimates of the contribution of genetics to the development of personality characteristics such as shyness or activity level are approximately __________ percent.
30-50
The neurotransmitter associated with the inhibition of anxiety is
GABA
What are the parts of the brain that are involved broadly with regulating behavior and emotion
Thalamus and hypothalamus
The study of twins has shown us that
The influence of genes can be overwhelmed by various environmental factors.
Which of the following statements is true
There are different types of glial cells with several specific functions.
Cognitive-behavior therapy facilitates changes in thinking patterns in the cortex, which in turn affects the emotional brain in the lower brain. This is called
Top-down processing
Epigenetics refers to the process of cellular material influencing traits by
Turning on or off genes from outside of the genome itself.
Extremely low activity levels of serotonin are associated with
aggression, suicide, and impulsive behavior.
Drugs that increase the activity of a neurotransmitter are called
agonists
The multidimensional integrative approach to psychopathology is based on understanding of
all of the above
In the diathesis-stress model, "diathesis" refers to
an inherited tendency or condition that makes a person susceptible to developing a disorder.
Drugs that decrease the activity of a neurotransmitter are called
antagonists
The synaptic cleft is the area between the
axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another neuron
The work of Albert Bandura regarding modeling helps us to understand the development of psychopathology because it demonstrates that animals
can learn patterns of behavior by observing others
The part of the brain that controls motor coordination is the
cerebellum
You and a friend are lost while walking on a street in a foreign city. A stranger approaches, and you are concerned that the stranger may try to mug you. Your friend assumes that the stranger is approaching to give you directions. As the stranger approaches, you experience fear, but your friend experiences relief. Your different emotional reactions can be explained by the ________ theory of emotion.
cognitive
When comparing the brains of rats raised in a rich environment requiring lots of learning and motor behavior with the brains of rats raised as "couch potatoes" (Greenough, et al., 1990), the cerebellums of the more active rats
contained more neuronal connections and dendrites.
The major function of the peripheral nervous system is to
coordinate with the brain stem.
Learned helplessness is demonstrated in laboratory animals by
creating aversive stimuli (such as electrical shocks to the foot) that the animal cannot control.
The fact that women are more likely to suffer from insect phobias than men is most likely due to
cultural expectations
It is important to understand the process of how learned helplessness is created in laboratory animals because learned helplessness in animals resembles the human disorder of
depression
A lifespan psychologist would point out that the only way to understand a patient's disorder is to understand how the individual
developed and changed throughout his or her life
The model that describes the development of psychopathology as a combination of an inherited predisposition and the events that have occurred in the individual's life is the ________ model.
diathesis-stress
The neurotransmitter associated with both schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease is
dopamine
John has inherited a personality trait that makes him more likely to keep to himself than to socialize. As a result, he does not have many friends and spends a lot of time alone. If John were to develop depression, the model that would probably best explain the cause of his depression is the ________ model
gene-environment correlation model
Research with the elderly has found that depression is more likely in those individuals who
have fewer social contacts.
Regarding the research on socialization and health, the safest conclusion is that
having a supportive group of people around us is one of the most important parts of maintaining our physical and mental health.
According to the diathesis-stress model, psychopathology is the result of the
interaction of an inherited tendency and events in an individual's life.
A rat is placed in a cage and given electrical shocks over which it has no control. When placed in a shuttle box, the rat does not attempt to escape the shock due to
learned helplessness
According to Seligman, if a person who is faced with considerable stress and difficulty in his or her life displays an optimistic, upbeat attitude, he or she is likely to function better psychologically and physically. He called this
learned optimism
For most people, verbal and cognitive processes are usually controlled by the
left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex
When therapists ask patients how they are feeling and how they are experiencing their disorder today, it is essentially taking "snapshots" of their lives at the moment. This approach to understanding psychopathology is criticized as incomplete by
lifespan psychologists
Emotional experiences, expressions, impulse control, and basic drives such as aggression, sex, hunger, and thirst are the function of the
limbic system
About 80 percent of the neurons contained in the brain are
located in the cerebral cortex
In the Stroop color-naming paradigm, a patient with a snake phobia would be expected to name the color of the printed word "fangs"
more slowly than a neutral word
If Jean suffers severe damage to her somatic nervous system, she is most likely to have impairment in
moving her muscles
Recent evidence regarding genetic influence on most psychological disorders has shown that
multiple genes interact, with each gene contributing a small effect.
Extremely low levels of dopamine activity are associated with
muscle rigidity, tremors, and impaired judgment.
The chemicals that allow the transmission of signals between neurons are called
neurotransmitters
Virtually all drugs that are used to treat psychopathology work by influencing
neurotransmitters
According to the diathesis-stress model, identical twins raised in the same household will
not necessarily have the same disorders because of potential differences in their stress.
Your uncle spent most of his teen years in a hospital undergoing treatment for a severe physical illness. As an adult, he is rather shy and withdrawn, particularly around women. He has been diagnosed with social phobia, and you believe that it is entirely due to lack of socialization during his teen years. Your theory or model of what caused his phobia is
one dimensional
Balancing the "emergency" or "alarm" response to stress and returning the body to a state of "normal arousal" is a function of the
parasympathetic nervous system
Most psychological disorders appear to be influenced by many individual genes rather than caused by one single gene, a type of influence referred to as
polygenic
Within the multidimensional integrative approach to understanding psychopathology, learned helplessness is considered a ______________ dimension.
psychological
The primary function of human capability for strong emotions appears to be
survival
In an experiment by Kolb, Gibb, and Gorny (2003), animals of varying ages were placed in complex environments. Their findings suggest that
the impact of the environment on the brain is different at varying stages of life.
When we compare the incidence of psychological disorders across countries and cultures, we find that
there are enormous differences in the rates of various disorders in different countries and cultures.