abnormal Psychology exam preparation (week 1-4)

M'Naghten rule. (when someone commit an act, and didn't know it was wrong or right)

"I'm sorry I did it. I did not know it was wrong." This comment is MOST consistent with the:

Control group

( group of research participants who are not exposed to the independent variable under investigation but whose experience is similar to that of the experimental group, the participants who are exposed to the independent variable. By comparing the two groups , an experimenter can better determine the effect of the independent variable)

describe Gestalt therapy (chapter 2)

(Fredrick pearls) summarily to client center therapy but they often try to achieve this goal (self-awareness ) by challenging and even frustrating their clients. Some of Perls' favorite techniques were skillful frustration, role playing, and employing numerous rules and exercises. In some versions of gestalt therapy, for example, clients may be required to use "I" language rather than "it" language. They must say, "I am frightened" rather than "The situation is frightening." Yet

Blind designs

(to help researchers and the experiment to not be bias. The particant can't know if they are taking a sugar pill or the real pill.

Acceptance and commitment

- therapy is a new type of cognitive therapy that helps clients tolerate many of their problematic thoughts rather than judge them, act on them, or try fruitlessly to change them.

Discuss positive influences of technology on mental health and its treatment.

. Social media users are particularly likely to maintain close relationships, received social support, be trusting, and lead active lives Cybertherapy (as a treatment options) ways it apply is long distance therapy, therapy offered by computer programs\, treatment enhanced by the use of video games- like avatars and other virtual reality experiences, and internet based support groups. Countless web sites offer a wealth of mental health information Literally thousands of apps are devoted to relaxing people, cheering them \up, or otherwise improving their psychological state

Reliability

. What is the measure of the consistency of test or research results?

Visual e-therapy

. _____ involves speaking with a therapist with the aid of a camera, microphone, and proper computer tools.

Discuss the dangers of diagnosing and labeling in classifying mental disorders

.Clinicians will sometimes arrive at a wrong conclusion due to 1. like all human beings, they are flawed information processors, 2. They may pay too much attention to certain sources of infromation, such as a partent's report about a child, and too little to others, such as the child's point of view, 3. Their judgements can be distorted by any number of personal biases- gender, age,race, and socioeconomic status, to mane just a few. Given the limitations of assessment tools ,assessors, and classifcation systems, it is small wonder that studies sometimes uncover shocking errors in diagnosis, especially in hospitals. Beyond the potential for disdiagnosis, the very act of classifying people can lead to unintended results. When people are diagnoses as mentally disturbed, they may be perceived and reacted to correspondingly. If others expect them to take on a sick role, they may begin to consider themselves sick as well and act that way. Furthermiore, our society attaches a stigma to abnormality. People labeled mentally ill may find it difficult to get a job, especially a positions of repsonsibility, or to be welcomed into social relationships. Once a label has been applied, it may stick for a long time.

Durham test:

: A legal test for insanity that holds people to be insane at the time they committed a crime if their act was the result of a mental disorder or defect.

intelligence test:

: A test designed to measure a person's intellectual ability

not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI): week 4

: A verdict stating that defendants are not guilty of a crime because they were insane at the time of the crime.

Trephination (chapter 1)

: An ancient operation in which a stone instrument was used to cut away a circular section of the skull, perhaps to treat abnormal behavior.

Managed care programs (chapter 1)

: Health care coverage in which the insurance company largely controls the nature, scope, and cost of medical or psychological services

Control group (chapter 1)

: In an experiment, a group of participants who are not exposed to the independent variable.

common factors:

: Is an approach contends that successful therapies share common components that greatly influence the outcome of therapy.

Forensic psychology

: The branch of psychology concerned with intersections between psychological practice and research and the judicial system. Also related to the field of forensic psychiatry.

duty to protect:

: The principle that therapists must break confidentiality in order to protect a person who may be the intended victim of a client.

Syndrome:

: a cluster of symptoms that usually occur together.

case study (chapter 1)

: a detailed account of a person's life and psychological problems.

Moral treatment (chapter 1)

: a nineteenth century approach to treating people with mental dysfunction that emphasized moral guidance and humane and respectful treatment.

mental status exam:

: a set of interview questions and observations designed to reveal the degree and nature of a client's abnormal functioning.

mental incompetence:

: a state of mental instability that leaves defendants unable to understand the legal charges and proceedings they are facing and unable to prepare an adequate defense with their attorney.

Epidemiological studies (chapter 1)

: a study that measures the incidence and prevalence of a disorder in a given population.

neurological tests

: a test that directly measures brain structure of activity

Experimental group (chapter 1)

: in an experiment, the participants who are exposed to the independent variable under investigation.

roles of participants observers

: key people in the client environment and reported to the clinician.

Multicultural psychology (chapter 1)

: the field that examines the impact of culture, race, ethnicity, and gender on behaviors and thoughts and focuses on how such factors may influence the origin, nature, and treatment of abnormal behavior.

Deinstitutionalization (chapter 1)

: the practice begun in the 1960s, of releasing hundreds of thousands of patients from public mental hospitals

syndrome

A cluster of symptoms that regularly occur together is known as a

relational psychoanalytic therapy (chapter 2)

A form of psychodynamic therapy that considers therapists to be active participants in the formation of patient's feelings and reactions and therefore calls for therapists to disclose their own experiences and feelings in discussions with patients.

nomothetic

A general understanding of the nature, causes, and treatments of abnormality is also called a(n) _____ understanding

criminal commitment:

A legal process by which people accused of a crime are judged mentally unstable and sent to a treatment facility.

American Law Institute test:

A legal standard that holds people to be insane at the time they committed a crime if, because of a mental disorder, they did not know right from wrong or could not resist an uncontrollable impulse to act.

Irresistible impulse test:

A legal test for insanity that holds people to be insane at the time they committed a crime if they were driven to do so by an uncontrollable "fit of passion."

classification system.

A list of disorders, along with descriptions of symptoms and guidelines for making appropriate diagnoses, is known as a:

classification system:

A list of disorders, along with descriptions of symptoms and guidelines for making appropriate diagnoses.

jury selection:.

A new breed of clinical specialists, known as "jury specialists, " has evolved. They advise lawyers about which potential jurors are likely to favor their side and which strategies are likely to win jurors' support during trails. The jury specialists make their suggestions on the basis of surveys, interview, analysis of jurors background and attitudes, and laboratory enactments of upcoming trails .HOwever ,it is not clear that a clinician's advice is more valid than a lawyer's instincts or that the judgments of either are particularly accurate. (web: is the selection of the people who will serve on a jury during a jury trial. The group of potential jurors is first selected from among the community using a reasonably random method. Jury lists are compiled from voter registrations and driver license or ID renewals)

5 to 10

A number of studies suggest that more than _____ percent of patients actually seem to get worse because of therapy

lie detector

A polygraph test is more popularly known as a _____ te

operant conditioning (chapter 2)

A process of learning in which behavior that leads to satisfying consequences is likely to be repeated. a process of learning in which behavior that leads to satisfying consequences is likely to be repeated

Psychopharmacologist

A psychiatrist who primarily prescribes medications. Also called pharmacotherapist.

intelligence quotient (IQ)

A score derived from intelligence tests that theoretically represents a person's overall intellectual capacity.

Battery

A series of tests, each of which measures a specific skill area

receptor (chapter 2)

A site on a neuron that receives a neurotransmitter

Mental incompetence:

A state of mental instability that leaves defendants unable to understand the legal charges and proceedings they are facing and unable to prepare an adequate defense with their attorney

peer review system: (week 4)

A system by which clinicians paid by an insurance company may periodically review a patient's progress and recommend the continuation or termination of insurance benefits.

Treatment:

A systematic procedure designed to change abnormal behavior into more normal behavior. Also called therapy.

neuropsychological tests

A test that detects brain impairment by measuring a person's cognitive, perceptual, and motor performance.

psychophysiological test:

A test that measures physical responses (such as heart rate and muscle tension) as possible indicators of psychological problems.

family therapy (chapter 2)

A therapy that views the family as a system of interacting parts whose interactions exhibit consistent patterns and unstated rules.

Guilty but mentally ill:

A verdict stating that defendants are guilty of committing a crime but are also suffering from a mental illness that should be treated during their imprisonment.

Not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI):

A verdict stating that defendants are not guilty of committing a crime because they were insane at the time of the crime.

M'Naghten test:

A widely used legal test for insanity that holds people to be insane at the time they committed a crime if, because of a mental disorder, they did not know the nature of the act or did not know right from wrong. Also known as the M'Naghten rule.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI):

A widely used personality inventory consisting of a large number of statements that subjects marks as being true or false for them.

rapprochement movement

A(n) _____ has tried to identify a set of common factors or strategies that may run through the work of all effective therapists, regardless of the clinicians' particular orientation

fixation (chapter 2)

According to Freud, a condition in which the id, ego, and superego do not mature properly and are frozen at an early stage of development.

Prison and mental health

According to studies conducted in several Western countries, psychological disorders are much more prevalent in prison populations than in the general population. For example, schizophrenia is four times more common and personality disorders (particularly antisocial personality disorder) are five times more common among prisoners than among nonprisoners. (Information from: Andreoli et al., 2014; Butler et al., 2006; Fazel & Danesh, 2002.) examples personality disorder: - Prisoners: 52% -general population 11% Major depressive disorder -Prisoners: 11% - general population: 7% Psychotic disorders -prisoners: 4% -General population: 1%

Summarize the sociocultural models. Describe the various sociocultural-based therapies. (chapter 2)

According to the ___________ __________ abnormal behavior is best understood in light of the broad forces that influence an individual. What are the norms of the individual's society and culture? What roles does the person play in the social environment? What kind of family structure or cultural background is the person a part of? And how do other people view and react to him or her? In fact, the_______________ ____________ is composed of two major perspectives—the family-social perspective and the multicultural perspective One ___________________ perspective, the family-social perspective, looks outward to three kinds of factors: social labels and roles, social connections and supports, and the family system. Practitioners from the family-social perspective may practice group, family, or couple therapy or community treatment. The multicultural perspective, another perspective from the ___________________ model, holds that an individual's behavior, whether normal or abnormal, is best understood when examined in the light of his or her unique cultural context, including the values of that culture and the special external pressures faced by members of that culture. Practitioners of this perspective may practice culture-sensitive therapies, approaches that seek to address the unique issues faced by members of cultural minority groups. Couple Therapy In couple therapy, or marital therapy, the therapist works with two individuals who are in a long-term relationship. the self-help group (or mutual help group). Here people who have similar problems (for example, bereavement, substance abuse, illness, unemployment, or divorce) come together to help and support one another without the direct leadership of a professional clinician Group Therapy Thousands of therapists specialize in group therapy, a format in which a therapist meets with a group of clients who have similar problems.

based upon sufficient information and appropriately substantiated. week 4

Eve is a practicing psychologist who specializes in antisocial personality disorder. She is called to evaluate a defendant prior to trial and then is called as an expert witness to testify during the trial. According to the American Psychological Association, Eve's testimony should be:

(week four study guide) Criticized

First is the difficulty of assessing a person's dangerousness. (if judgments of dangerousness are often inaccurate, how can one justify using them to deprive people of liberty?) The legal definitions of "mental illness" and "dangerousness" are vague. (the terms may be defined so broadly that they could be applied to almost anyone an evaluator views as undesirable) Sometimes questionable therapeutic value of civil commitment ( research suggest that many people committed involuntarily do not respond well to therapy)

categorical information:

First, the clinician must decide whether the person is displaying one of the hundred of psychological disorders listed in the manual . some of the most frequently diagnoses disorders are the anxiety disorders and depressive disorders.

Rush

He is now considered the father of American psychiatry.

peer review system (example week 4)

Henry is having trouble dealing with the stress at work. A clinician who works with his insurance company has recommended that Henry remain eligible for treatment. This is an example of a _____ at work.

classical conditioning

If you become afraid of cats because when you were little you saw a cat when you heard a fire engine go by and the noise of the fire engine scared you, your fear is caused by:

600,000; 40,000

In 1955, close to _____ people lived in public mental institutions across the United States, while today the number is less than _____

parity law (week 4)

In 2008, the U.S. Congress passed a federal _____ that directs insurance companies to provide equal coverage for mental health issues as well as medical problems.

Confounds: (chapter 1)

In an experiment, a variable other than the independent variable that is also acting on the dependent variable.

empirically supported

In order to help clinicians become more familiar with and apply research findings, there is an ever-growing movement in the United States, the United Kingdom, and other parts of the world called _____ treatment.

behavioral

In which model is the consumer called a "client" and the therapist's role is that of a "teacher"?

psychodynamic

In which model is the consumer called a "patient" and the therapist's role is that of an "interpreter"?

classical conditioning

In which process of learning do two events that repeatedly occur close together in time come to elicit the same response?

rapprochement movement (type)

Alonso is a clinical researcher who has spent many years studying the effectiveness of different types of therapy. He has published some of the strategies that seem to be most effective in therapy regardless of the therapist's skill level, experience, theoretical orientation, and personality. Alonso's work has contributed to a:

Who is dangerous? (week 4 study guide)

Although approximately 90 percent of people with mental disorders are in now ay violent or dangerous, studies now suggest at least a small relationship between severe metnal disorders and violent behavior. The disorders with the strongest relationships to violence are severe substance use disorder, impulse control disorder, antisocial personality disorder ,and psychotic disorder A judgement of dangerousness if often required for involuntary civil commitment. But can mental health professionals accurately predict who will commit violent acts? Research suggests that psychiatrists and psychologists are wrong more often than right when they make long term predictions of violence. Their short term predictions- that is predictions of imminent violence= tend to be more accurate. Researchers are now working , with some success, to develop new assessment techniques that use statistical approaches and are more objective in their predictions of dangerousness than are the subjective judgements of clinicians.

Tuke

An English Quaker named _____ founded the York Retreat, wherein patients were treated with a combination of rest, talk, prayer, and manual work.

those with personal concerns maybe more inclined to choose clinical work. (week 4)

An alternative explanation to the reason that therapists may suffer from psychological issues is that:

Private psychotherapy: (chapter 1)

An arrangement in which a person directly pays a therapists for counseling services Psychoanalysis: either the theory or the treatment of abnormal mental functioning that emphasizes unconscious psychological forces as the cause of psychopathology.

psychiatrists

Before the 1950s, psychotherapy was offered only by:

would still be governed by the American Psychological Association code of ethics.(week 4)

Bill is a psychologist who practices and offers psychological advice via the Internet and email. Bill:

drug treatment over talk therapies.

Insurance companies prefer short-term mental health services. By default, this favors:

Cybertherapy:

Internet and virtual reality as assessment and rehabilitation tools for clinical psychology and neuroscience. (long distance therapy, virtual reality-enhanced treatments, internet based support groups, and countless mental health apps)

therapy

Is therapy generally effective? Are particular therapies generally effective? Are particular therapies effective for particular problems? These three questions are asked in _____ outcome studies.

Describe the influence of managed care programs on the treatment of psychological abnormality. Page 17 (chapter 1)

It is a dominant form of coverage (insurance) for mental health patients. "A program in which the insurance company determines such key issues as which therapists its clients may choose, the cost of sessions, and the number of sessions for which a client may be reimbursed.

mentally incompetent to stand trial

Carl is accused of the assault and battery of an elderly woman after breaking two bones in her cheek as well as knocking out several of her teeth. When the time comes for Carl's trial, he informs his attorney that he engaged in this attack because he saw the devil in his victim, and that he still believed that she was Satan. Carl could not cooperate or contribute to his defense, enter into a plea bargain, and did not recognize that his delusions were unreal. Which label would be most appropriate to describe Carl before the trial? Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button. guilty but mentally ill

Durham Test

Chandra has been arrested for murdering her boyfriend. Before the trial, her attorney provides the court with evidence that Chandra is mentally ill and is suffering from severe depression and anxiety. He claims that her actions were the product of her mental disease. Chandra's lawyer is attempting to plead that she is insane under the:

neurotransmitter (chapter 2)

Chemical released from axon to terminals

disengagement

Children who have grown up in families where there was _____ may find it hard to function in a group or to give or request support.

Define clinical assessment.

Clinical practitioners are interested primarily in gathering individual information about each client. They seek an understanding of the specific nature and origins of a client's problems through clinical assessment. To be useful assessment tools must be standardized, reliable, and valid. Most clinical assessment methods fall into three general categories : clinical interviews,tests, and observations. A clinical interview may be either unstructured or structured.d

Criminal commitment:

Criminal commitment

Describe moral treatment. Page10- 11

Describe moral treatment. Page10- 11 A nineteenth century approach to treating people with mental dysfunction that emphasized moral guidance and humane and respectful treatments The methods of pinel and tuke, called moral treatment becuase they emphasized moral guidance and humane and recpectful techniqu4s, caught on throughout europe and the united states. Patients respectful techniques, caught throughout Europe and the US. Pateints with psychological problems was increasingly perceived as potentially productive ehuman beings who deserved individual care, including discussion of their problems ,useful activiites, work, companionship, and quiet. Benjamin Rush was the person responsible for the early spread of moral treatment in the US in 1745-1813.

role of clinical interviews

Describe the process of diagnosis using DSM-5, which requires both categorical and dimensional information.

using case studies

Evidence-based treatment uses all of the following research procedures EXCEPT:

mass madness

During the Middle Ages, large numbers of people shared absurd false beliefs and imagined sights or sounds. This was known as:

Summarize the behavioral model of abnormal functioning, including the main features of classical conditioning and operant conditioning and how they are used to explain abnormal behavior. (chapter 2)

Ivan Pavlov In operant conditioning, for example, humans and animals learn to behave in certain ways as a result of receiving rewards—consequences of one kind or another—whenever they do so. classical conditioning, learning occurs when two events repeatedly occur close together in time. The events become fused in a person's mind, and before long the person responds in the same way to both events. In the vocabulary of classical conditioning, the meat in this demonstration is an unconditioned stimulus (US). It elicits the unconditioned response (UR) of salivation, that is, a natural response with which the dog is born. The sound of the bell is a conditioned stimulus (CS), a previously neutral stimulus that comes to be linked with meat in the dog's mind. As such, it too produces a salivation response. When the salivation response is produced by the conditioned stimulus rather than by the unconditioned stimulus, it is called a conditioned response (CR).

common strategies

Jan is a psychodynamic therapist who often gives her clients feedback about their behavior. Shannon is a cognitive therapist who also gives her clients feedback about their behavior. Despite differences in theoretical approach, what is it that these therapists share that is helpful to clients?

sometimes people often receive more than one diagnosis.

Janine has been experiencing persistent and chronic sadness for about 2 years. She also has feelings of anxiety and worry about a number of things. The DSM-5 is used to diagnose her. Her clinical presentation would suggest:

Prevention: (chapter 1) (and how is it related to community mental health approach

Rather than wait for psychological disorders to occur, many of today's community programs try to correct the social conditions that underlie psychological problems (poverty or violence in the community, for example) and to help individuals who are at risk for developing emotional problems (for example, teenage mother, or the children of people with severe psychological disorders) Those are related to the community mental health approach because it is a community of support to help prevent those episodes to happen to those individuals.

Define and discuss criminal commitment and incompetence to stand trial.

Regardless of their state of mind at the time of a crime, defendants may be judged to be mentally incompetent to stand trail The issue of competence is most often raised by the defendant's attorney, although prosecutors, arresting police officers, and even the judge may raise it as well. When the issue of competence is raised, the judge orders a psychological evaluation, usually on an inpatient basis. If the court decides that the defendant is incompetent, he or she is typically assigned to a mental health facility until competent to stand trail. Most cases of criminal committed results at convicted inmates whose psychological problems have led prison officials to decide they need treatment, either in mental health units within the prison or in mental hospitals. According to studies conducted in several western countries, psychological disorders are much more prevalent in prison populations than in the general population ( schizophrenia is four times more common among prisoners than among nonprisoners ) .

ego

Repression, rationalization, and projection are examples of _____ defense mechanisms.

Crimes for which people are found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) week 4

Reviews of (blanks) verdicts in a number of states show that most people who are acquitted on this basis had been charged with a violent crime.

Deviance

John's family has a difficult time understanding why he chooses to wear an overcoat, a hat, and gloves during the summer. This is an example of which of the four D's?

forensic

Jonah wants to go into a discipline where he can apply knowledge from the mental health field and the legal and judicial systems. Jonah should probably apply to programs that specialize in _____ psychology.

specific learning disorder.

Kyle has had trouble reading from an early age. When he was tested by a psychologist, he was diagnosed with a reading disorder. Due to changes in DSM-5, Kyle's reading disorder will now be referred to as:

discuss the right to refuse treatment (study guide week 4)

Most of the right to refuse treatment rulings center on biological treatments. (these treatments are easier to impose on patients without their cooperation than psychotherapy, and they often are more hazardous. For example psychosurgery. ) Today many states grant patients-particularly voluntary patients- the right to refuse ECT (electroconvulsive therapy) In the past, patients did not have the right to refuse psychotropic medications. (as these harmful effects have become more apparent ,some states have granted patients the right to refuse medications. Typically, these states require physicians to explain the purpose of the medication to patients and obtain their written consent. If a patient's refusal is considered incompetent, dangerous, or irrational ,the stat e may allow it to be overturned by an independent psychiatrist ,medicla committee, or local court. However, the refusing patient is supported in this process by a lawyer or other patient advocate.

neuroimaging techniques:

Neurological tests that provide images of brain structure or activity, suchy as CT scans, PET scans, and MRIs. Also called brain scans.

personality disorders (week 4)

Of prisoners incarcerated in 2015, which was the MOST frequently seen category of mental illness?

civil commitment. (involuntary went to a mental health institution) week 4

Over the past few weeks, Angel has been sinking into severe depression. Because she cannot cope anymore, she calls her best friend and tells her that she is going to harm herself. Angel's friend calls 911 and an ambulance takes Angel to the hospital where she is later committed. Angel went through a process called:

Discuss some of the difficulties of defining a person's behavior as abnormal. Page 2

Own words, so an individual behavior may seem abnormal, but for other cultures, beliefs, and circumstances that the individual go through, those behaviors may not seem as abnormal but a normal respond. Which is why it is hard to define a person's behavior as "abnormal" It is hard to define abnormal behaviors or abnormal psychology due to what make those specific behaviors of unstable,, mental illness, unbalanced, mentally haidicapped, dysfunctional impaired, "abnormal" There been different views throughout the years of what "abnormal is" most of them havne't been accepted by all scientists. A few definitions that have been accepted are deviance, distress, dysfunction,m and danger (tl self or others) . (for the pattern of psychological abnormality) In the year of 1200-1300, unstable was view as abnormal, mental illness in the 1800 and 1900 was viewed abnormal, 1900 yo 2000 mentally handicaped deviant and dysfunctional impaired was viewed as abnormal. Page 3: society, cultures, and circumstances can make it difficult in defining a person's behavior as abnormal. (It might be normal in one place, but abnormal in another place)

Discuss the positive and negative effects of technology on the mental health field.

Positive: Fast moving digital world greatly affects clinical treatment Cybertherapy- in such forms as long-distance therapy enabled by Skype, virtual reality enhanced treatments, internet based support groups, and countless mental health apps- has become a major force in mental health care Negative: As you have observed throughout this book, for example ,our digitial world provides new triggers for the expression of abnormal behavior: internet gambling ha s intensified the problem of gambling diorders,; the misuse fo sical networks and texting has fed problems such as bullying, sexual exhibitionism, and pedophilia, ; voilent video games may sometimes contribute to cases of antisocial behaivor,; and so on.

discuss Concept of business and mental health (study guide week 4)

Untreated psychological disorders, are, collectively, among the 10 leading categories of work-related disorders and injuries. Almost one- third of all employees are estimated to experience psychological problems that are serious enough to affect their work. Psychological problems contribute to 60% of all absenteeism form work, up to 90% of industrial accidents, and to 65% of work termination. The busniess world has often turned to clinical professionals to help prevent and correct usch problems. Two common means of providing mental health care in the workplace are employee assistance programs and stress- reduction seminars. Businesses believe that employee assistance programs , and stress-reduction seminars save them money in the long run by preventing psychological problems from interfering with work performance and by reducing employee insurance claims .

Procedures? (week study guide: Define civil commitment and include the topics of why one ought to consider commitment, current procedures, emergency commitments, determining who is dangerous, and criticisms of civil commitment )

Vary from state to state. Family members begin commitment proceedings. (parents may try to persuade their child to seek admission to a mental institution. If the son refused, the parents may go to court and seek an involuntary commitment order) Minor child: hearing is not necessary, in such cases, as long as the qualified mental health professional considers commitment necessary Adult child: court usually will order a mental examination and allow the person to contest the commitment in court, often represented by a lawyer. To be committed, there must be "clear and convincing "proof that he or she is mentally ill and has met the state's criteria for involuntary commitment. )

33

What percent of Americans report that they would NOT seek counseling for fear of being labeled "mentally ill"?

dysfunctional

What word means "interfering with the person's ability to conduct daily activities in a constructive way"?

frank

Which clinical theorist stated that all forms of therapy have three key features?

Gestalt

Which humanistic therapy involves clinicians actively moving clients toward self-recognition and self-acceptance by using techniques such as role-playing and self-discovery exercises?

"My therapist appreciates how I think

Which is MOST important to a client in terms of how a therapist works with them?

The sufferer seeks advice from friends and/or family

Which is NOT an essential feature of therapy?

humanistic-existential model

Which model, supported by Dr. Jacob, believes a full understanding of his patients' thoughts, emotions, and behavior must also include an understanding of their biological basis?

ego theorists

Which psychodynamic theorists emphasize the role of the ego and consider it a more independent and powerful force than did Freud?

guilty with diminished capacity (week 4)

Which would NOT result in an individual's placement into a mental health facility for treatment?

Humanists

Who believes that people are born with a natural tendency to be friendly, cooperative, and constructive?

Rogers

Who is the individual who stated that "therapists are not in agreement as to their goals or aims.... It seems as though the field is completely chaotic and divided."

drift.

Security personnel at airports, as well as clinical observers, may experience a steady decline in accuracy as a result of fatigue or of a gradual unintentional change in standards used when an observation continues for a long period of time. This is known specifically as observer:

3 to 4

Self-help groups in the United States are attended by _____ percent of the population each year.

The experimental method: is a research procedure in which a variable is manipulated and manipulations effects on another variable is observed. (example doesare family conflict and mental disorders related?) Three important features in the experiment method are control group, random assignment, and blind designs

Strength: provides general infromation, providal causel information, statistical analysis is possible, and replicable Weakness: doesn't provide individual information.

The correlational method is the degree to which events or characteristics vary with each other. It is a research procedure used to determine this "co-relationships" between variables and can be used to answer questions, such as "is there a correlation between the amount of stress in people's lives and the degree of depression they experience?" (

Strengths: is to provide general information, statistical analysis is possible, and replicable Weakness: It doesn't provide individual information, or provide causal information.

500

The DSM-5 lists more than _____ mental disorders.

dimensional

The DSM-5 requires the use of both _____ information and categorical information as part of the diagnosis

unconscious (chapter 2)

The deeply hidden mass of memories, experiences, and impulses that is viewed in Freudian theory as the source of much behavior.

Define multicultural psychology. How does it enhance the clinical practice? Page 17 (chapter 1)

The field that examines the impact of culture, race, ethnicity, and gender on behaviors and thoughts and focuses on how such factors may influence the origin, nature, and treatment of abnormal behavior. Well.. if clinical practices didn't examine those areas, they wouldn't be able to treat those individuals. When a clinical practice focus on multicultural psychology, it can see an individual from a whole, not a peice, and treat the individual need. Each individual are different and unique, different cultureals, way of living, etc, and so each individual needs different treatments to become better.

right to treatment (week 4)

The legal rights of patients, particularly those who are involuntarily committed, to receive adequate treatment.

1930s

The lobotomy was first developed in the late _____ by a Portuguese neuropsychiatrist.

2013.

The most recent DSM was published in:

Discuss the impact of deinstitutionalization on the care and treatment of the severely mentally ill. Page 11. (chapter 2)

The number of patients (fewer than 40,000) now hospitalized in public mental hospitals in the US is a small fraction of the number hospitalized in 1955

duty to protect: week 4)

The principle that therapists must break confidentiality in order to protect a person who may be the intended victim of a client.

oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital.

The proper order of Freud's stages of development is:

object relations theory (chapter 2)

The psychodynamic theory that views the desire for relationships as the key motivating force in human behavior.

Why commit?

The state's authority to commit disturbed people rests on it duties to protect the interests of the individual and of society.

managed care (week 4)

The type of system that many health insurance companies have established to try to curtail expenses associated with providing mental health treatment is referred to as a(n) _____ system.

unconditioned response. (chapter 2)

The unconditioned response is an unlearned, naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus. the natural, automatic response produced by an unconditioned stimulus (glossary)

empirically supported treatment

Therapy that has received clear research support for a particular disorder and has corresponding treatment guidelines. Also kn won as evidence- based treatment.

antidepressants

These medications lift the mood of depressed people.

Szasz

This clinical theorist believes that the whole concept of mental illness is invalid and is a myth

Others important people to look up

Thomas szaz page 4 Frank page 7 roger page 7 hippocrates page 8 mesuer page 12 fruend page 13 John weyer page 9 philippe pinel p 10 tuke p 10 rush p 10 kraepelin p 11

blind design

To avoid bias, experimenters can prevent participants from finding out if they are receiving the treatment being studied. This experimental strategy is called a(n) ____________.

client-centered

Unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy are all aspects of _____ therapy.

summarize Rogers' theory and therapy, including definitions of unconditional positive regard, unconditional self-regard, and conditions of worth.

Unconditional positive regards - Those who receive unconditional (nonjudgmental) positive regard early in life are likely to develop unconditional self-regard which is they come to recognize their worth as persons, even while recognizing that they are not perfect. Such people are in a good position to actualize their positive potential. Conditions of worth, standards that tell them they are lovable and acceptable only when they conform to certain guidelines.

10 (week 4)

Untreated psychological disorders are collectively among the _____ leading categories of work-related disorders and injuries.

systematic desensitization (chapter 2)

a behavioral treatment in which clients with phobias learn to react calmly instead of with intense fear to the objects or situations they dread

code of ethics:

a body of principles and rules for ethical behavior, designed to guide decisions and actions by members of a profession. (example: psychologists are permitted to offer advice, may not take advantage of clients and students, and most follow the principle of confidentiality).

PET scan: (positron emission tomography):

a computer[produced motion picture of chemical activity throughout the brain projective test: a test consisting of ambiguous material that people interpret or respond to.

diagnosis

a determination that a person's problems reflect a particular disorder.

clinical interview:

a face-to face encounter in which clinicians ask questions of clients, weigh their responses and reactions, and learn about them and their psychological problems.

uniformity myth

a false belief that all therapies are equivalent despite differences in the therapists training, experiences, theoretical orientations, and personalities.

group therapy (chapter 2)

a format in which a therapist meets with a group of clients who have similar problems

self-help group (chapter 2)

a group made up of people with similar problems who help and support on e another without the direct leadership of a clinician

Hypothesis: (chapter 1)

a hunch or prediction that certain variables are related in certain ways.

Dangerousness: (week 4)

a judgement of dangerousness is often required for involuntary civil commitment. (danger to self or to others)

malpractice suit: (week 4)

a lawsuit charging a therapist with improper conduct in the course of treatment. (can have significant effects on clinical decisions and practice, for better or for worse)

civil commitment:

a legal process by which a person can be forced to undergo mental health treatment

civil commitment

a legal process by which a person can be forced to undergo mental health treatment Although many people who show signs of mental disturbance seek treatment voluntarily, a large number are not aware of their problems or are simply not interested in undergoing therapy. For such people civil commitment procedure may be put into actions

Validity

a measure of the accuracy of a test's or study 's results

Reliability

a measure of the consistency of test or research results

Reliability

a measure of the consistency of test or research results. response inventories: tests designed to measure a person's responses in one specific area of functioning, such as affect ,social skills, or cognitive skills.

employee assistance program: (week 4)

a mental health program offered by a business to its employees.

analogue observation:

a method for observing behavior in which people are observed in artificial settings such as clinicians' offices or laboratories.

empirically supported treatment

a movement in the clinical field that seeks to identify which therapies have received clear research support for each disorder, to dvelop corresponding treatment guidelines, and to spread such information to clinicians. Also known as evidenced-based treatment.

rapprochement movement

a movement to identify a set of common factors, or common strategies, that run through all successful therapies.

Culture (Chapter 1)

a people's common history, values, institutions, habits, skills, technology, and arts.

conditioned stimulus.

a previously neutral stimulus that comes to be associated with a nonneutral stimulus and can then produce responses similar to those produced by the non neutral stimulus.

MRI (Magnetic resonance imaging):

a procedure that uses the magnetic property of certain hydrogen atoms in the brain to create a detailed picture of the brain's structure.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

a projective test consisting of pictures that show people in ambiguous situations that the client is asked to interpret.

Rorschach test

a projective test, in which a person reacts to inkblots designed to help reveal psychological features of the person.

psychopharmacologist

a psychiatrist who primarily prescribes medications

free association (chapter 2)

a psychodynamic technique in which the patient describes any thought, feeling or image that comes to mind, even if it seems unimportant

catharsis (chapter 2)

a reliving of past pressed feeling

Mixed designs: (chapter 1)

a research design in which a correlational method is mixed with an experimental method. Also known as quasi-experiment.

Analogue experiments: (chapter 1)

a research mentor din which the experimenter produces abnormal-like behavior in laboratory participants and then conducts experiments on the participants.

Single-subject experimental design: (chapter 1)

a research method in which a single participant is observed and measured both before and after the manipulation of an independent variable.

Experiment: (chapter 1)

a research procedure in which a variable is manipulated and the effect of the manipulation is observed.

Correlational method: (chapter 1)

a research procedure used to determine how much events or characteristics vary along with each other

Random assignment: (chapter 1)

a selection procedure that ensures that participants are randomly placed either in the control group or in the experimental group.

dream (chapter 2)

a series of ideas and images that form during sleep

Model (chapter 2)

a set of assumptions and concepts that help scientists explain and interpret observations

mental status exam

a set of interview questions and observations designed to reveal the degree and nature of a client's abnormal functioning.

conditioning (chapter 2)

a simple form of learning

Norms: (chapter 1)

a society's stated and unstated rules for proper conduct

unconditioned stimulus. (chapter 2)

a stimulus that produces an automatic, natural response. (from glossary of book)

Longitudinal studies: (chapter 1)

a study that observes the same participants on many occasions over a long period of time.

Therapy: (chapter 1)

a systematic process for helping people overcome their psychological rpoblems. Therapy consists of a patient, a trained therapist, and a series of contacts between them.

personality inventory

a test designed to measure broad personality characteristics, consisting of statements about behaviors, beliefs, and feelings that people evaluate as either characteristic or uncharacteristic of them.

family systems theory (chapter 2)

a theory that views the family as a system of interacting parts whose interactions exhibit consistent patterns and unstated rules

Cognitive theory

a therapy developed by Aaron Beck that helps people recognize and change their faulty thinking processes

cognitive therapy (chapter 2)

a therapy developed by Aaron Beck that helps people recognize and change their faulty thinking processes

couple therapy (chapter 2)

a therapy format in which the therapist works with two people who share a long-term relationship

existential therapy (chapter 2)

a therapy that encourages clients to accept responsibility for their lives and to live with greater meaning and value

community mental health treatment (chapter 2)

a treatment approach that emphasizes community care

Asylum: (chapter 1)

a type of institution that first became popular in the sixteenth century to provide care for persons with mental disorders. Most became virtual prisons.

client-centered therapy (chapter 2)

a warm and supportive approach that contrasted sharply with the psychodynamic techniques of the day

Famous Insanity Defense Cases (532 for more cases)

case from 2011 In 2002, Brian David Mitchell abducted a 14-year-old teenager named Elizabeth Smart from her home and held her until she was rescued nine months later. After years of trial delays, Mitchell was brought to trial for the crime of kidnapping. He pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity, saying that he was acting out delusions ("revelations from God") when he committed this crime. After deliberating for just five hours, the jury found him guilty of kidnapping. He was sentenced to life in prison without parole in 2011

Self-monitoring

clients' observations of their own behavior.

naturalistic observation:

clinicans observe clients in their everyday environments.

fMRI: (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

converts MRI pictures of brain structures into detailed pictures of neuron activity, thus offering a picture of the functioning brain.

commitment

acceptance and _____ therapy is a new cognitive therapy that helps clients to accept many of their problematic thoughts rather than judge them, act on them, or try fruitlessly to change them.

Humors: (chapter 1)

according to the Greeks and Romans, bodily chemicals that influence mental and physical functioning.

The case study (is a detailed description of a person's life and psychological problems) (advantages and limitations) chapter 1

advantages: a source of new ideas about behavior and open the way for discoveries, serve to challenge a theory's assumption, and show the value of new therapeutic techniques Limitations: 1. bias observations (therapist who have a personal stake in seeing their treatments succeed. These therapist must choose what to include in a case study, and their choices may at times be self-serving) 2. Subjective evidence: Is a client's problem really caused by the events that the therapist or client say are responsible? After all, those are only a fraction of the events that may be contributing to the sitautions 3. Little basis for generalization ( events or treatments that seem important in one case may be of no help at all in efforts to understand or treat others) Solutions to help with limitations are correlational method and the experimental method Strengths: provides individual information Weakness: does not provides general information, causal information,nor dis it replicable, or statistical analysis possible.

Institutional Review Boards (IRBs): (chapter 1)

an ethics committee in a research facility that is empowered to protect the rights and safety of human research participants.

Quasi-experiments: (chapter 1)

an experiment in which investigators make use of control and experimental groups that already exist in the world at large. Also called a mixed design.

Natural experiments: (chapter 1)

an experiment in which nature, rather than an experimenter, manipulates an independent variable.

Blind design: (chapter 1)

an experiment in which participants do not know whether they are in the experimental or the control condition.

managed care program:

an insurance program in which the insurance company decides the cost, method, provider, and length of treatment.

resistance (chapter 2)

an unconscious refusal to participate fully in therapy

idiographic understanding:]

an understanding of a particular individual

gender-sensitive therapies (chapter 2)

approaches geared to the pressures of being a woman in Western Society. Also called feminist therapies.

culture-sensitive therapies (chapter 2)

approaches that seek to address the unique issues faces by members of cultural minority groups

psychosurgery (chapter 2)

brain surgery for mental disorders

Summarize the cognitive model.

deals with the way in which ppl thing and process thoughts which leads to a certain behavior. Maladaptive assumption- A maladaptive assumption is the reason why we have that particular automatic thought.

role of tests

device for gathering information about a few aspects of a person's psychological functioning from which broader information about the person can be inferred device for gathering information about a few aspects of a person's psychological functioning from which broader information about the person can be inferred

1950 (chapter 1)

discoveries of psychopathic medications

1950

discovery of medications?

Describe the current treatment of severely disturbed individuals. Contrast this to the current treatment of less severely disturbed individuals. Page 15 .

disturbed individuals treatment: : psychotropic medications (drugs that primarily affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunctioning. Since the discovery of these medications, mental health professionals in most of the developed nations of the world have followed a policy of deinstitutionalization, releasing hundreds of thousands of patients from public mental hospitals. On any given day in 1955, close to 600,00 people were confined in public mental institutions across the US. Today the daily patient population in the same kinds of hospitals is less than 40,000. In short, outpatient care has now become the primary mode of treatment for people with severe psychological disturbances as well as for those with more moderate problems. When distrubed people do need institutionalization these days, they are usually hospitalized for a short period of time. Ideally, they are then provided with outpatient psychotherapy and medication in community programs and residences. Less severe Disturbance individuals treatment: before the 1950s, ou outpatient care exclusively took the form of private psychotherapy, in which individuals seek out a self employed therapist for counseling services. Since the 1950s\, most health insurance plans have expanded coverage to include private psychotherapy, so that it is now widely available to people of all incomes. Today, outpatient therapy is also offered in a number of less expensive settings, such as community mental health centers, crisis intervention centers, family services centers, and other social service agencies. Outpaitnet treatments are also becoming abilable for more and more kinds of problems. When freud and his colleuges first began to practice, most of their patients suffered from anxiety or depression. Almost half of today's clinets suffers from those same problems, but people with other kinds of disorders are also recieiving therapy. In addition, at least 20% of clients enter therapy because of milder problems in living- problems with marital, family, job, peer, school, or community relationships. Another change in outpatient care since the 1950 has been the development of programs devoted exclusively to one kind of psychological problems. We now have, for example ,suicide prevention centers, substance abuse programs, eating disorder programs, phobia, clinics, and sexual dysfunction programs.

Alternative experimental designs:

do not random assign participants to control and experimental groups, but instead make use of groups that already exist in the world at large (research into the effect of child abuse: must compar children who have a history of abuse and who does not have an hsitory of abuse. To make it more valid, they must use matched control participants. Meaning participants who are similar in age, se, race ,number of children in the family, etc. )

psychotropic medications (chapter 2)

drugs that mainly affect emotions and thought processes

multicultural perspective (chapter 2)

emphasizes an individual's culture and the shared beliefs, values, and history of that culture

ego (chapter 2)

employs reason and operates in accordance with the reality principle

discuss types and effectiveness of treatments for mental disorders.

evidence-based treatment: Therapy that has received clear research support for a particular disorder and has corresponding treatment guidelines. Also known as empirically supported treatment. Empirically supported treatment: A movement in the clinical field that seeks to identify which therapies have received clear research support for each disorder, to develop corresponding treatment guidelines, and to spread such information to clinicians. Also known as evidence-based treatment. improve more than 75% than those who are not treated

dimensional information

found online: a continuum on which an individual can have various levels of a characteristic.

what are psycho dynamic therapists role? chapter 2)

help people uncover past traumas and the inner conflicts that have resulted from them. They use a number of techniques, including free association and interpretations of psychological phenomena such as resistance, transference, and dreams.

Give examples of illogical thinking processes.

illogical ways and keep arriving at self-defeating conclusions (Beck & Weishaar, 2014). As you will see in Chapter 6, he has identified a number of illogical thought processes regularly found in depression, such as overgeneralization, the drawing of broad negative conclusions on the basis of a single insignificant event. One depressed student couldn't remember the date of Columbus' third voyage to America during a history class. Overgeneralizing, she spent the rest of the day in despair over her wide-ranging ignorance.

Describe therapy. (chapter 2)

important qualities throughout the therapy—unconditional positive regard (full and warm acceptance for the client), accurate empathy (skillful listening and restating), and genuineness (sincere communication). In the following classic case, the therapist uses all these qualities to move the client toward greater self-awareness:

CAT scan (computerized axial tomography)

in which X rays of the brain's structure are taken at different angles

Prevention: (chapter 1)

interventions aimed at deterring mental disorders before they can develop

what is Parity? (chapter 1 page 17)

is a federal law that directed insurance companies to provide equal coverage for mental and medical problems (U.S congress pass this in 2008)., and in 2014 the mental health provisions of the Affordable Care Act- referred to colloquially as "Obamacare" went into effect and extended the reach of the eariler law. The ACA designates mental health care as 1 of 10 types of "essential health benefits" that must be provided by all insurers. It also requires all health plans to provide preventive mental health services at no addition cost *for example, free screening for depressive disorders) and to allow memberships to individuals who have pre existing mental conditions. (it is not clear whether such provisions will in fact result in better treatment for people with psychological problems)

psychological profile:

is a tool that can help crime investigators by telling them the kind of perpetrator they are seeking (Hes white, in his 30's.. )

eyewitness testimony: (week 4)

is the account a bystander or victim gives in the courtroom, describing what that person observed that occurred during the specific incident under investigation.

Modeling (chapter 2)

is the process of learning in which an individual acquires responses by observing and imitating others.

Give examples of typical maladaptive assumptions

is the reason why we have that particular automatic thought.

Positive psychology: (chapter 1) (and how is it related to community mental health approach

is the study and promotion of positive feelings such as optimism and happiness, positive traits like hard work and wisdom, positive abilities, and group-directed virtues, including altruism and tolerance. Those are related to the community mental health approach because it is a community of support to help prevent those episodes to happen to those individuals.

classical conditioning (chapter 2)

learning occurs when two events repeatedly occur close together in time

Explain some of the key changes in DSM-5.

look at study guide

crimes for which people are found guilty by reason of insanity

murder 15% property crimes 18% physical assault 35% other violent crimes 12% other minor offenses 10% robbery 7%

Neuron *Chapter 2*

nerve cells in the brain

30

percent of adults with psychological disturbances

19%

percent of how many kids and teens with psychological disturbances

EEG: (electroencephalogram):

records brains waves, the electrical activity that take place within the brain as a result of neurons firing

superego (chapter 2)

represents a person's values and ideals

endocrine system (chapter 2)

researchers have linked mental disorders to abnormal chemical activity focusing on neurons and neurotransmitters

Psychodynamic theories and model

rest on the deterministic assumption that no symptom or behavior is "accidental": All behavior is determined by past experiences.The psychodynamic model was first formulated by Viennese neurologist S igmund Freud (1856-1939) at the turn of the twentieth century.

gene (chapter 2)

segments that control the characteristics and traits a person inherits; plays a part in mood disorders, schizophrenia and other mental disorders

synapse (chapter 2)

separates one neuron from the next

mentally disordered sex offenders:

some of those who are repeateldly found guilty of sex crimes have a mental disorder, so the states categorize them as metnally disordered sex offenders.

biopsychosocial theories

state that abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, biological, developmental, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, social, cultural, and societal influences

ego defense mechanisms (chapter 2)

strategies developed by the ego to control unacceptable id impulses and to avoid or reduce the anxiety they arouse

short-term psychodynamic therapies Define psychodynamic short term pyschodynamic on web (chapter 2)

system of therapy whose goals are to help clients uncover past traumatic events and the inner conflicts that have resulted from them, settle those conflicts, and resume personal development. focus on troubling feelings or thoughts that interfere with relationships, communication, and/ or functioning at school or at work. the aim of therapy is to uncover the sources of the feelings or thoughts that are often hidden from the client

Roles of Naturalistic Observation

take place in homes, schools, institutions such as hospitals, prisons, or community settings. Most of them focus on parent-child, sibling-sibling, or teacher-child interactions and on fearful, aggressive, or disruptive behavior.

response inventories

tests designed to measure a person's responses in one specific area of functioning, such as affect ,social skills, or cognitive skills.

wilhelm greisinger

the Pathology and therapy of mental disorders was written by___________, who proposed that psychological disorders were the result of neuropathologies

Correlation: (chapter 1)

the degree to which events or characteristics vary along with each other

1950s

the discovery of psychotropic medications in the _____ helped to advance the fields of psychiatry and psychology.

self-actualization (chapter 2)

the humanistic process by which people fulfill their potential for goodness and growth

gestalt therapy (chapter 2)

the humanistic therapy developed by Fritz Perls in which clinicians actively move clients toward self-recognition and self-acceptance by using techniques such as role playing and self-discovery exercises

right to refuse treatment: (week 4)

the legal right of patients to refuse certain forms of treatments.

Discuss right to treatment (study guide week 4)

the legal right of patients, particularly those who are involuntarily committed, to receive adequate treatment. Obligated to provide "adequate treatment" to all people who had been committed involuntarily. Because conditions in the state's hospitals were so terrible, the judge laid out goals that state officials had to meet, including more therapists, better living conditions, more privacy, more social interactions, and physical exercise, and a more proper use of physical restraints and medications. (due to the case of Wyatt v. stickney, in 1972 in Alabama- other states have adopted this rule) Another important decision was handed down in 1975 by the supreme court in the case of O'connor v. donaldson. After being held in a florida mental institution for more than 14 years, Kenneth Donaldson sued for release. He argued that he and his fellow patients were receiving poor treatment ,were being largely ignored by the staff, and were allowed little personal freedom . The supreme court ruled in his favor, fined the hospital's superintendent, and said that such institutions must review patients' case periodically. The justices also ruled that the state cannot continue to institutionalize people against their will if they are not dangerous and are capable of surviving on their own or with the willing help or responsible family members or friends. To help protect the rights of patients, congress passed the protection and advocacy for mental ill individuals. ACts in 1986l This law set up protection and advocacy systems in all states and gave public advocates who worked for patients the power to investigate possible abuse and neglect and to correct htose problems legally. In recent years, public advocates have argued that the right to treatment also should be extended to the ten of thousands of people with severe mental disorders who are repeatedly released from hospitals into ill- equipped communities. Many such people have no place to go and are unable to care for themselves, often winding up homeless or in prisons.

DSM-5 (diagnostic and statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Editions)

the newest editions of the DSM , published in 2013.

working through (chapter 2)

the patient and therapist examine the same issues over and over in the course of many sessions, each time with greater clarity the psychoanalytic process of facing conflicts, reinterpreting feelings, and overcoming one's problems. (found in glossary page G-16)

Confidentiality:

the principle that certain professionals will not divulge the information they obtain from a client.

Standardization:

the process in which a test is administered to a large group of people whose performance serves as a standard or norm against which any individual;score can be measured.

Assessment:

the process of collecting and interpreting relevant information about a client or research participant

Scientific method: (chapter 1)

the process of systematically gathering and evaluating information through careful observations to understand a phenomenon.

self theory (chapter 2)

the psychodynamic theory that emphasizes the role of the self- a person's unified personality.

Id (chapter 2)

the psychological force that produces instinctual needs, drives, and impulses

transference (chapter 2)

the redirection toward the psychotherapist of feelings associated with important figures in a patient's life, now or in the past

Abnormal psychology: (chapter 1)

the scientific study of abnormal behavior undertaken to describe, predict ,explain, and change abnormal patterns of functioning

Positive psychology: (chapter 1)

the study and enhancement of positive feelings, traits, and abilities.

Cybertherapy: (chapter 1)

the use of computer technology, such as skype or avatars, to provide therapy.

Dependent variable: (chapter 1)

the variable in an experiment expected the change as the independent variable is manipulated.

Independent variable: (chapter 1)

the variable in an experiment that is manipulated to determine whether it has an effect on another variable

Somatogenic perspective: (chapter 1)

the view that abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes. State hospitals: state-run public mental institutions in the US.

Psychogenic perspectives:

the view that the chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological Late 1800s saw the emergence of the psychogenic perspective This view too, had a long history, but it did not gain much of a following until studies of hypnotism demonstrated its potential. Hypnotism is a prodedure in which a person is placed in a trancelike mental state during which he or she becomes extremely suggestible. It was used to help treat psychological disorders as far back as 1778, when an Austrain physican named Friedrich Anton Mesmer (1734-1815) set up a clinic in Paris. (He would have his patients sit in a darkened room filled with music; then he appeared, dressed in a colofrful costume, and touched the troubled areas of each patients' body with a special rod. A surprising number of patients seemed to be helped by this treatment, called mesmerism.) He was banished from paris due to the treatment was controversial. Years Later after Mesmer died, other researchers had the courage to investigate his procedure, later called hypnotism, and its effects on hysterical disorders. Researchers found that hysterical disorders could actually be induced in otherwise normal people while they were under the influence of hypnotism and that they could remove hysterical disorders by the same means. (experience deafness, paralysis, blindness or numbness) Among those who studied this was Josef Breuer (1842-1925). Of Vienna. Breuer, a physician, discovered that his patients sometimes awkie free of hysterical symptoms after speaking openly under hypnosis about past upsetting events. During the 1890's, Breuer was joined in his work by another Viennese physician, Sigmund Freund (1856-1939) Freund work lead him to develop the theory of psychoanalysis and believed that unconscious psychological processes are at the root of such functioning. He also developed the technique of psychoanalysis, a form of discussion in which clinicians help troubled people gain insights into their unconscious psychological processes,. He believed that such insight, even without hypnotic procedures, would help the patients overcome their psychological problems Freund and his followers offered treatment to patients in their offices for sessions of approximately an hour- a format now known as outpatient therapy. By the early twentieth century, psychoanalytic theory and treatment were widely accepted throughout the western world.

Psychogenic perspective: (chapter 1)

the view that the chief causes of abnormal functioning are psychological Psychotropic medications: Drugs that mainly affect the brain and reduce many symptoms of mental dysfunctioning

84%

therapist have reported having been in therapy at least once in their life (percentage)

cognitive-behavioral therapies (chapter 2)

therapy approaches that seek to help clients change both counterproductive behaviors and dysfunctional ways of thinking.

Neurocognitive disorder

they replace the term "dementia with the new term...._____

substance use disorders

this combine past categories "substance abuse" and "substance dependence"

correlational method

this is the research procedure used to determine how much events or characteristics vary along with each other.

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) (chapter 2)

uses electricity to cause a brain seizure to help patients feel less depressed

addicitve disorder

viewing gambling disorder as a problem that should be grouped with _______ alongside the substance use disorder

Random assignment:

watch out for differences in the makeup of the experimental and control groups since those differences may also confound study results. Example is mixing wealthy and poor in both groups instead of having one group wealthy and the other poor)

Mild neurocognitive disorder

what is the new category?

roles of Analog observations:

when naturalistic observations are not practical, clinicians may resort to analog observations., often aided by special equipment such as a video camera or one-way mirror. Analog observations often have focused on children interacting with their parents, married couples, attempting to settle a disagreement, speech-anxious people giving a speech, and fearful people approaching an object they find frightening.

two-physician certificate: page 537-538: (week 4)

where two physicians have to certify that certain patients need temporary commitment and medications. The clinicians must declare that the state of mind of the patient makes them dangerous to themselves or others. The certifications are often referred to as two physician certificates or 2 PCS.

stress-reduction seminars (week 4)

workshops or groups sessions offered by businesses, in which mental health professionals teach employees how to cope, solve problems, and/ or reduce stress. Also known as problem-solving seminars.

Give examples of specific upsetting thoughts

your own.

Describe the ways that ancient peoples, Greeks, Romans, and persons in the age of the Renaissance viewed and treated abnormal behavior. Page 8

· Hippocrates (460-377 B.C), often, called the father of modern medicine, taught that illnesses had natural causes. He saw abnormal behavior as a disease arising from internal physical problems. Specifically, he believed that some form of brain pathology was the culprit and that it resulted-like all other forms of disease, in his view- from an imbalance of four fluids, or humors, that flowed through the body: yellow bile, black bile ,blood, and phlegm. Example: an excess of yellow bile caused frenzied activity; an excess of black bile was the source of unshakable sadness Treatment: exorcism. (The idea was to coax the evil spirits to leave or to make the person's body an uncomfortable place in which to live. A shaman, or priest, might recite prayers, plead with the evil spirits, insult the spirits, perform magic, make loud noises, or have the person drink bitter potions. If these techniques failed, the shaman performed a more extreme form of exorcisms, such as whipping or starving the person.

Types of biological treatments (chapter 2)

•DRUG THERAPY - Advent of psychotropic medications in 1950s improved outlook for a number of mental disorders •Four major psychotropic drug groups -Antianxiety drugs (anxiolytics; minor tranquilizers) -Antidepressant drugs -Antibipolar drugs (mood stabilizers) -Antipsychotic drugs •ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY (ECT) -Used primarily for depression, particularly when drugs and other therapies have failed •PSYCHOSURGERY (OR NEUROSURGERY) -Has historical roots in trephination; lobotomy -Is more precise today than in the past -Considered experimental and used only in extreme cases

Brain anatomy (part of the biological process and what cause abnormalities)

1. The brain is made up of ~100 billion nerve cells (called NEURONS) and thousands of billions of support cells (called GLIA) 2.Within the brain, large groups of neurons form distinct areas called BRAIN REGIONS 3.Connections exist between certain psychological disorders and problems in specific brain areas 4. Researchers have identified dozens of NTs. •Examples: SEROTONIN, DOPAMINE, and GABA 5. Studies indicate that abnormal activity in certain NTs can lead to specific mental disorders. •For example: Depression has been linked to low activity in serotonin and norepinephrine Additionally, researchers have learned that mental disorders are sometimes related to abnormal chemical activity in the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM. 1. ENDOCRINE GLANDS release HORMONES that propel body organs into action. 2. Abnormal secretions have been linked to psychological disorders. 3. Example: Cortisol release is related to anxiety and mood disorders.

Define and Discuss the various therapies used by the biological model.

1. This model adapts a medical perspective 2. focuses on the idea that psychological abnormality is an illness brought about by malfunctioning parts of the organism 3. Ty[typically points to problems in brain anatomy or brain chemistry. 4.The cerebrum Some psychological disorders can be traced to abnormal functioning of neurons in the cerebrum, which includes brain structures such as the cerebral cortex, corpus callosum, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and amygdala. 5. treatment/ therapy: drug therapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery •

according to clinical theorist Jerome frank, all form of therapy have 3 essential features. (page 7)

1. suffer who seeks relief from the healer 2. a trained socially accepted healer whose expertise is accepted by the sufferer and his/ her social group 3. a series of contacts between the healers and sufferer through which the healer.. tries to produce curtains changes in the sufferers.

Page 11 Somatogenic perspective

: the view that abnormal psychological functioning has physical causes Has at least a 2,400 year history- it didn't gain wide acceptance until the late 1800s and make a triumphant return. Two factors were responsible for this rebirth: 1. Was the work of a distinguished German researchers , Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926). In 1883, Kraepelin published an influential textbook, arguing that physical factors, such as fatigue, are responsible for mental dysfunction. In addition, he developed the first modern system for classifying abnormal behaviors, listing their physical causes and discussing their course. 2. New biological discoveries. One of the most important discoveries was that an organic disease, syphilis, led to general paresis, an irreversible disorder that featured both mental symptoms such as delusion of grandeur and physical ones like paralysis. Despite the general optimism, biological approaches yielded mostly disappointing results throughout the first half of the twentieth century due to many of the techniques failed to work (tooth extraction, hydrotherapy, Lobotomy, tonsillectomy,and surgical cutting of certain nerve fibers in the brain) and the claims and biological views led in some circles, to proposals for immoral solutions such as eugenic sterilization, the elimination of individuals ability to reproduce. It wasn't until the 1950's, when a number of effective medications were finally discovered, did the somatogenic perspective truly begin to pay off for patients.

sexually violent predator laws (week 4)

: these new laws call for certain sex offenders who have been convicted of sex crimes and have served their sentence in prison to be removed from prison before their release and commmitted involuntarily to a mental hosptial for treatment if a court judges them liekly to engage in further "predatory acts of sexual violence" as a resutl of "mental abnoramlity" or "personality disorder"

rapprochement movement

An effort to identify a set of common strategies that run through the work of all effective therapists.

22

Approximately _____ percent of today's clinical psychologists report that their approach is eclectic.

Discuss negative influences of technology on mental health and its treatment.

Digital world provides new triggers for abnormal behaviors Internet makes it easier for people to gamble who have gambling disorders Internet, text messaging, and social media have become convenient tolls for those who wish to stalk or bully others, express sexual exhibitionism, or pursue pedophilic desires Some clinicians believes that Videogames may contribute to the development of antisocial behaviors, Many clinicians believe that constant text messaging, tweeting, and and internet browsing may contribute to shorter attention span and establish a foundation for attention problems. A number of clinicians also worry that social networking can contribute to psychological dysfunctioning in certain cases Research suggesting that social media networking sites may increase peer pressure and social anxiety in some adolescents (for example: cause some people to develop fears that others in their network will exclude them socially. Similarly, there is clinical concern that sites such as Facebook mayu facilitate shy people's withdrawal from valuable face-to-face relationships,) Problems with cybertherapy are misleading information and their treatment, which is far from knowledgable Internet is full of anti treatment web sites that try to guide people away from seeking help. (phenomenon of pr-anorexia, and pro-suivide web sites, and their dangerous effects on vulnerable people)

Describe Freud's explanation of abnormal functioning, including descriptions of the id, ego, superego, ego defense mechanisms, and psychosexual stages. (chapter 2)

Freud believed that three central forces shape the personality—instinctual needs, rational thinking, and moral standards. All of these forces, he believed, operate at the unconscious level, The id operates in accordance with the pleasure principle; that is, it always seeks gratification. Freud also believed that all id instincts tend to be sexual. a person's libido, or sexual energy, fuels the id. Ego unconsciously seeks gratification, but it does so in accordance with the reality principle, the knowledge we acquire through experience that it can be unacceptable to express our id impulses outright. The ego, employing reason, guides us to know when we can and cannot express those impulses. The ego develops basic strategies, called ego defense mechanisms, to control unacceptable id impulses and avoid or reduce the anxiety they arouse. The Superego The superego grows from the ego, just as the ego grows out of the id. This personality force operates by the morality principle, a sense of what is right and what is wrong.

Summarize the origins of Freud's theory. (chapter 2)

Freud developed the theory of psychoanalysis to explain both normal and abnormal psychological functioning as well as a corresponding method of treatment, a conversational approach also called psychoanalysis.

Describe the different ways of defining abnormality from the perspectives of deviance Page 3

Judgement of abnormality vary from society to society Society norms grow from its particular culture- it history, values, institituions, habits, skills, technology, and arts. Example: a socieity that values competition and assertiveness may accept aggressive behavior whereas one the emphasizes cooperation and gentleness may consider aggressive behavior unacceptable and even abnormal A society's values may also change over time, causing its views of what is psychologically abnormal to change as well. For example: in western society, a women seeking the power of running a major corporation or indeed of leading the country would have been considered inappropriate and even delusional a hundred years ago. Today the same behavior is valued. Judgements of abnormality depends on specific circumstances as well as on cultural norms. What if, for example, we were to learn Johanne is a citizen of Haiti and that her desperate unhappiness began in the days, weeks, and months following the massive earthquake that struck her country, already the poorest country in the western hemisphere, on Jan 12,2010? Millions died and buildings were turned into rubble, in the weeks that followed the earthquake, johanna came to accept that she wouldn't get all of the help she needed and that she might never again see her friends and neighbor who had once given her life so much meaning. She gradually gave up all hope that her life would ever return to normal. (the situation of Johanne cries herself to sleep every night, and feels she will only suffer in life, have nightmares, etc seems abnormal until you know her story or specific circumstances.)

Describe the different ways of defining abnormality from the perspectives of deviance Page 3

Judgements of abnormality vary from society to society Society norms grow from its particular culture- it history, values, institituions, habits, skills, technology, and arts. assertiveness may accept aggressive behavior whereas one the emphasizes cooperation and gentleness may consider aggressive behavior unacceptable and even abnormal A society's valu A society's valuees mya also change over time, causing its views of what is psychologically abnormal to change as well. For example: in western society, a women seeking the power of running a major corporation or indeed of leading the country would have been considered inappropriate and even delusional a hundred years ago. Today the same behavior is valued. Judgements of abnormality depends on specific circumstances as well as on cultural norms. What if, for example, we were to learn Johanne is a citizen of Haiti and that her desperate unhappiness began in the days, weeks, and months following the massive earthquake that struck her country, already the poorest country in the western hemisphere, on Jan 12,2010? Millions died and buildings were turned into rubble, in the weeks that followed the earthquake, johanna came to accept that she wouldn't get all of the help she needed and that she might never again see her friends and neighbor who had once given her life so much meaning. She gradually gave up all hope that her life would ever return to normal. (the situation of Johanne cries herself to sleep every night, and feels she will only suffer in life, have nightmares, etc seems abnormal until you know her story or specific circumstances.)

modeling.

Julie was driving her 4-year-old son, Alec, to preschool when another driver cut her off. She immediately shouted an expletive at the other driver. During the day, Alec became angry when another child took his toy and he used the same expletive his mother used earlier. This is an example of:

online therapy (week 4)

Licensed psychologists who provide advice are bound by the American Psychological Association's code of ethics. According to the text, which area of therapy is the hardest to regulate?

describe humanist Existential theories and therapy

Like humanists, existentialists believe that psychological dysfunctioning is caused by self-deception; existentialists, however, are talking about a kind of self-deception in which people hide from life's responsibilities and fail to recognize that it is up to them to give meaning to their lives existentialists might view Philip Berman as a man who feels overwhelmed by the forces of society In existential therapy, people are encouraged to accept responsibility for their lives and for their problems. Therapists try to help clients recognize their freedom so that they may choose a different course and live with greater meaning The precise techniques used in existential therapy vary from clinician to clinician. At the same time, most existential therapists place great emphasis on the relationship between therapist and client and try to create an atmosphere of honesty, hard work, and shared learning and growth.

Compare and contrast the M'Naghten test, the irresistible impulse test, the Durham test and the ALI test.

M'naghten test, or M'naghten rule, stated that having a mental disorder at the time of a crime does not by itself mean that the person was insane; the defendant also had to be unable to know right from wrong. (was the British law, but the state and federal courts in the US adopted this test as well) the Irresistible impulse tests. (emphasized the inability to control one's actions) . a person who committed a crime during an uncontrollable "fit of passion" was considered insane and not guilty under this test. (late nineteen hundred) Durham test, also became popular, but it was soon replaced in most courts. This test, based on a decision handed down by the supreme court in 1954 in the case of durham v. US, stated simply that people are not criminally responsible if their "unlawful act was the product of mental disease or mental defect." (This test was meant to offer more flexibility in court decisions, but it proved too flexible. Insanity defense could point to such problems as alcoholism or other forms of substance abuse and conceivable even headaches or ulcers, which were listed as psychophysiological disorders in DSM-I. ) In 1955 the American Law Institute developed a test that combined aspects of the M'Naghten, irresistible impulse, and durham tests. Ther American Law Institute test held that people are not criminally responsible if at the time of a crime they had a mental disorder or defect that prevented them from knowing right from wrong or from being able to control themselves and follow the law.

Discuss criticisms of the insanity defense.

One concern is the fundamental difference between the law and the science of human behavior - The law assumes that individuals have free will and are generally responsible for their actions. Several models of human behavior, in contrast, assume that physical or psychological forces act to determine the individual behavior. Inevitably, then, legal definitions of insanity and responsibility will differ from those suggested by clinical research. Second criticism points to the uncertainty of scientific knowledge about abnormal behavior. -During A typical insanity defense trial, the testimony of defense must weigh the claims of "expert" who disagree in their assessments. Some people see this lack of professional agreement as evidence that clinical knowledge in some areas may be too incomplete to be allowed to influence important legal decisions. -Others counter that the field has made great strides- for example, developing several psychological scales to help clinicians discriminate more consistently between the sane and insane as defined by the M'naghten standard. Most common criticism of the insanity defense is that it allows dangerous criminals to escape punishment. -Granted, some people who successfully plead insanity are released from treatment facilities just months after their acquittal. -Moreover, only a minority of these defendants fake or exaggerate their psychological systems, and only 26 percent of those who plead insanity are actually found not guilty on this basis.

HOW DO CLINICIANS INFLUENCE THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM?

One of the ways in which the mental health profession interacts with the legislative and judicial systems is that clinicians may help assess the mental stability of people accused of crimes. Evaluations by clinicians may help judges and juries decide whether defendants are responsible for crimes or capable of defending themselves in court. If defendants are judged to have been mentally unstable at the time they committed a crime, they may be found not guilty by reason of insanity and placed in a treatment facility rather than a prison. In federal courts and about half the state courts, insanity is judged in accordance with the M'Naghten test. Other states use the broader American Law Institute test. The insanity defense has been criticized on several grounds, and some states have added an additional option, guilty but mentally ill. Another verdict option is guilty with diminished capacity. A related category consists of convicted sex offenders, who are considered in some states to have a mental disorder and are therefore assigned to treatment in a mental health facility. Regardless of their state of mind at the time of the crime, defendants may be found mentally incompetent to stand trial, that is, incapable of fully understanding the charges or legal proceedings that confront them. These defendants are typically sent to a mental hospital until they are competent to stand trial.

Discuss Others patients right (week 4)

Patients who perform work in mental institutions, particularly private institutions, are now guaranteed at least a minimum wage. Patients released from state mental hospitals have a right to aftercare and to an appropriate community residence, such as a group home. People with psychological disorders should receive treatment in the least restrictive facility available. (example: if an inpatient program at a community mental health center is available and appropriate, for example ,then that is the facility to which they should be assigned, not a mental hospital)

1963

Percentage_____. legistation was passed that more people more out of the insitition (where they were mistreated) into more humane treatments

Compare and contrast the professions that study and treat abnormal behavior. Page 18

Psychiatrists Degree: MD, DO Practice begin: 1840s Current number: 50, 000 Average annual salary: $144,020 Percent female: 25% Psychologists Degree: PhD, psyD, EdD Practice began: late 1940s Current number: 174,000 Average annual salary: $ 63, 000 Female: 52% Sidenote: 1978: 28% were female , today: 52%. Social workers degree: MSW, DSW Practice began: early 1950s Current number 607, 000 Average Annual salary: $ 43, 040 female : 77% Cousnselors: Degree: various practic e began: early 1950s Current number: 475000 Average annual salary $47, 530 Female: 90 There are more social workers in the US. More female who are counselors in the US. the highest pay is psychiatrists.

List the current dominant theories in abnormal psychology. Page 18-19 (chapter 1)

Psychoanalytic perspective (before 1950's this one was dominant) Now there is Biological, behavioral, cognitive, humanistic-existential, and sociocultural school of thought. At present, no single view- point dominates the clinical field as the psychoanalytic perspective once did. In fact, the perspectives often conflict and compete with one another.

Discuss what is meant by the "elusive nature of abnormality." Page 4

Society select general criteria for defining abnormality and then use those criteria to judge particular cases One clinical theorist, thomas szasz, placed such emphasis on society role that he found the whole concept of mental illness to be invailid, a myth of sorts. According to szasz, the deviations that society calls abnormal are simply "problems in living, not signs of something wrong within the person Some abnormal behaviors may be overlooked due to it part of that life. For example, alchohol is part of college subculturral that It is overlooked, even though it is hurting the individuals themselves and people around them. It is failed to be recognized that this behavior is deviant, distressful, dysfunctional, and dangerous due to "It just part of college life" (excessive use of alchohol among college students which cause interferes with their personal and academic lives, and endangers them and the people around them) "Conversely, a society may have trouble separating a n abnormality that requires intervention from an eccentricity, an unusual pattern with which oftens have no right to interfere. (example: from time to time we see or hear about people who behave in ways we consider strange, such as a man who live alone with two dozen cats and rearly talks to other people. This behavior of such people is deviant, and it may well be distressful and dysfunctional, yet many professionals think of it as eccentric rather than abnormal) RAISE as many questions as they answer

peer-review system. (week 4)

Some clinicians work for an insurance company to examine and evaluate the progress that a particular patient is making under the care of a clinician. They then use that information to recommend increased coverage or the termination of treatment benefits. These clinicians are part of a(n):

Discuss the concept of the "person within the profession." (study guide week 4)

The actions of clinical researchers and practitioners not only influence and are influenced by other forces in society but also are closely tied to their personal needs and goals Surveys of teh mental health of therapists have found that as many as 84% report having been in therapy at least once. Their reasons are largely the same as those of other clients, with relationships problems, depression, and anxiety topping the list. It is not clear why so many therapists have psychological problems. Perhaps it is because their jobs are highly stressful; research suggests that therapists often experience some degree of job burnout. Or perhaps therapists are simply more aware of their own negative feelings or are more likely to pursue treatment for their problems. Alternatively, people with personal concerns may be more inclined to choose clinical work as a profession. Whatever the reason, clinicians bring to their work a set of psychological issues that may, along with other important factors, affect how they listen and respond to clients. The science and profession of abnormal psychology seek to understand, predict, and change abnormal functioning .But we must not lose sight of the fact that mental health researchers and clinicians are a human being ,living within a society of human beings, working to serve human beings. Like everyone else ,clinicians have person needs, perspectives, goals, and problems, each of which may affect their work. Therapists typically try to minimize the impact of such variables on their interactions with clients- called countertransference. By Frued. However, research suggests that, to at least some degree, personal therapist issues influence how clinicians deal with clients.

self-efficacy (chapter 2)

The belief that one can master and perform needed behaviors whenever necessary.

discuss concepts of economics and mental health (study guide week four)

You have already seen how economic decisions by the government may influence the clinical field's treatment of people with severe mental disorders. For example, the desire of the state and federal governments to reduce costs was an important consideration in the country's deinstitutionalization movement, which contributed to the premature release of hospital patients into the community. Economic decisions by government agencies may affect other kinds of clients and treatment programs as well. government funding for services to people with psychological disorders has risen sharply over the past five decades, from $1 billion in 1963 to around $171 billion today. Around 30% of that money is spent on prescription drugs, but much of the rest is targeted for income support, housing subsidies, and other such expenses rather than direct mental health services. The result is that government funding for mental health services is, in fact, insufficient. The number of people on waiting lists for community[based services gr3ew from 200,000 in 2002 to 393,00 in 2008., and that number has continued to rise in recent years. Government funding currently covers around 2⁄3 of all mental health services, leaving a mental health expense of tens of billions of dollars for individual patients and their private insurance companies. Many therapists and clients also argue that the priorities of managed care programs inevitably shorten therapy, even if longer-term treatment would be advisable in particular cases. The priorities may also favor treatment that offer short -term results (for example ,drug therapy) over more costly approaches that might yield more promising long-term improvement Yet another major problem with insurance coverage in the US both managed care and other insurance programs- is that reimbursement for men\tal disorder tend to be lower than those for medical disorder. The mental health provisions of the Affordable care AcT (ACA), commonly known as "obamacare, " designate mental health care as 1 of 20 types of "essential health benefits" that must be provided by all insurers. The act further requires mental health parity and demands that insurers allow new and continued membership to people with pre existing mental conditions.

Secondary

____ prevention consists of identifying and treating psychological disorders in the early stages, before they become serious.

projective

_____ tests require that clients interpret vague stimuli, such as inkblots or ambiguous pictures, or follow open-ended instructions, such as to "Draw a person, place, or tree.

75

______% privately insure person in US enrolled in manger care program

Define and discuss criminal commitment and insanity during the commission of a crime. (week 4)

criminal commitment: A legal process by which people accused of a crime are judged mentally unstable and sent to a treatment facility. When people accused of crimes are judged to be mentally unstable, they are usually sent to a mental institution for treatment, a process called criminal commitment. Actually there are several forms of criminal commitments. In one, people are judged mentally unstable at the time of their crimes and so innocent of wrongdoing. They may plead not guilty by reason of insanity and bring mental health professionals into court to support their claim. When people are found not guilty on this basis, they are committed for treatment until they improve enough to be released. In a second form of criminal commitment, people are judged mentally unstable at the time of their trail and so are considered unable to understand the trial procedures and defend themselves in court. They are committed for treatment until they are competent to stand trial. Once again, the testimony of mental health professionals help determine the defendant's psychological functioning. It is important to recognize that "insanity" is a legal term. That is, the definition of "insanity" used in criminal cases was written by legislators, not by clinicians. Defendants may have mental disorders but not necessarily qualify for a legal definition of insanity.