ACBS Final
The reason why Maring clans in the highlands of New Guinea go to war is because
it's connected to the mass consumption of pigs beforehand and the takeover of horticultural lands by the winners
The Human "Cute Response" likely stems from humans' attraction to
Infantile features of babies
The Babirusa from Sulawesi, Indonesia ...
is a pig with unusually enlarged upper and lower tusks
The 2001 epidemic of "Hoof & Mouth Disease" in Europe was important case for the field of Human-Animal Interaction because
it showed that shepherds had deep emotional connections to their flocks
In humans, the rare "Williams-Beuren" syndrome is potentially relevant to understanding the genetic basis of tameness. One relevant trait of this syndrome is ...
leads to extremely high sociability and trusting behavior
The "human-animal" distinction
likely originated with the domestication of animals, and subsequently justified by Western philosophers
There are 3 common types of symbioses
mutualism, commensalism, parasitism
Because for millions of years our ancestors' survival depended on recognizing the potential danger and also food value of animals
our brains' visual system evolved to quickly and efficiently recognize animals
The process of domestication of sheep and goats is an example of animal domestication through the ________ pathway.
prey
Evidence indicates that pigs were fully domesticated by
8,000-6000 BP
What is domestication? Based on what we you know from lectures so far, select all correct statements about the domestication process.
-Breeding animals selectively to keep desirable traits is part of the domestication process. -part of the domestication process includes human bringing an animal into captivity to controls it's reproduction so that it cannot breed with wild animals over generations.
According to the textbook Chapter 3, at approximately what point in time (and among what Hominin) did cave paintings of animals begin to appear? (Note: BP=before present)
40,000 BP among Homo sapiens
Which of these is NOT a profound change over the last 10,000 years?
A non-sedentary, mobile life style
What is domestication?
A sustained, multi-generational mutualistic relationship between the domesticator and the target domesticate
Biological consequences of domestication and agriculture included
A. ALL CHOICES ARE CORRECT b) genetic changes that led to lighter skin color, allowing for improved synthesis of vitamin D c) genetic changes that helped the breakdown of alcohol, making moderate alcohol consumption less harmful d) genetic changes that allowed adults to digest milk (lactose)
Anatomically modern humans Homo sapiens eventually spread throughout the world, originating from
Africa about 100,000 years before present
In the video "The Beak of the Finch: Speciation of finches on the Galapagos", when evolutionary biologists Rosemary and Peter Grant quantify dates breeding took place, number of years bred, number of offspring, and how many offspring survived to sexual maturity, they are:
Analyzing evolutionary fitness
There are 3 foci or themes that will appear throughout this course. Select one that will NOT be covered in this course.
Appropriate methods for training your dog and cat.
In the history of Western philosophy
Aristotle favored a human-animal divide on the grounds that animals lack the capacity to reason
As it relates to the Hominin Family Tree, please select the correct chronological order from oldest to most recent.
Australopithecus species, early Homo species, Homo sapiens
What kind of brain studies support the idea that dogs have emotional bonds to humans?
Brain imaging studies show that the same areas are active in dogs and humans when they hear positive vocalizations.
During the dog domestication process, dogs became "attuned" to humans, becoming skilled at responding accurately to all of the following human behaviors except
Clapping
Which pathway of domestication did our pet dogs and cats and some of our farm animals (chickens, pigs, ducks, geese) take?
Commensal pathway
Who developed the idea of Evolution by Natural Selection?
Darwin and Wallace
What are zoonotic diseases?
Diseases that naturally pass between humans and animals
The greatest number of American households have this pet.
Dogs
Which of the following animals do a majority of US college students consider to be pets?
Dogs and Goldfish
Evidence of dog and human attunement to each other is shown in all EXCEPT one of the following:
Dogs are able to be trained to perform experiments with humans.
According to research on hunter-gatherer cultures today, which of the following would NOT be a reason for a hunter-gatherer family to keep dogs?
Dogs serve as pets and play companions for children in the family
Which of the following statements is NOT evidence of an early relationships between wolf-dogs and humans:
Evidence has been found of dog houses near human settlements around 40,000 BP
What is the role of oxytocin?
Facilitates social bonding
Evidence shows that "pole-axing" is an ancient technique for castrating pigs.
False
Studies done on Culture of Honor in Mexico and Costa Rica show that there are strong cultural differences between farmers and herders, where farmers are more willingness to practice revenge.
False
The origin of cockfighting can be traced to the Romans as part of the empire's popular gladiatorial games.
False
Though chickens were important in the middle ages, they have steadily declined in economic importance and global demand.
False
We can deduce from the burial of a cat with a person at an archeological site on the island of Cyprus (9500 BP) that people brought cats to the island. This is also strong evidence that cats were domesticated by 9500 BP.
False
What category of animals was second to be domesticated (after the dog)?
Food Animals
Which of the following is NOT a component of the commensal pathway to animal domestication?
Herd Management
Based on current evidence, what kind of empathy is a trait of humans AND many other animals?
High levels of emotional empathy
Why did purebred dogs increase in popularity after WWII?
Housing with yards became more affordable.
There are many evolved mutualisms in nature. Which statements are true regarding such evolved symbiotic mutualisms? (select all that apply)
I think its all but put bcd and got .4 a) An example of a mutualism between humans and a wild animal is the human-honeyguide relationship. b)The early relationship between "wolf-dogs" and humans is an example of a mutualism between humans and a wild animal. c) The oxpecker-impala gazelle symbiosis is an example of a mutualism. d) An example of a mutualism between humans and a wild animal is the human-mammoth symbiosis. e) Mutualisms are rare between humans and a wild animal.
In the video "And Man Created Dog" what traits lead to wolves developing a survival advantage around humans?
Least aggressive, least territorial, most curious
The following describes a type of explanation for domestication/early farming: Internal factors encouraged/attracted humans to adopt these practices in more benign, even bountiful contexts and it does not require resource depression to be set into motion. This theory is known as the:
Pull Theory
Conservationists that want to restore the ecosystem of Europe's forests and grasslands are using the DNA of extinct aurochs to selectively breed cattle to not only look like aurochs but also behave like ancient aurochs in the ecosystem. This effort is called ________.
Rewilding
Based on research, what type of environment is most preferred by humans at a young age?
Savanna
As described in the textbook (Chapter 1), humans generally place animals into different categories according to their use. However some animals can have multiple uses and thus can fall into multiple cultural categories. For example, in the United States pigs are considered food and sometimes also pets. In other countries, such as ______________ dogs are considered pets and also food.
South Korea
Regarding the significance of eye coloration in canids and humans, which of these statements is NOT true:
The eye coloration pattern in solitary or pair living species promotes gazing at each other.
During the Russian fox breeding experiment, which of these traits did NOT appear by the end of the experiment?
The foxes developed longer tails and legs
During the Middle Ages in Europe, large numbers of black cats were killed because
a Pope believed they were part of satanic worship
What IS NOT a criterion for an animal to be considered domesticated?
They are tamed through self-selection
What is so important about the Vienna Wolf Science Center experiments?
They make sure wolves and dogs and reared and housed exactly the same so that this does not affect research results.
As described in the reading, what was significant about the "Do dogs steal in the dark?" experiments?
They suggest that dogs have a 'Theory of Mind' about what the owner can see.
The significance of the "loose-string task" is that it shows that wolves AND domesticated dogs are cooperative species.
True
As described in the textbook Chapter 3, an efficient hunting-gathering mode of subsistence among our men and women ancestors involved
a division of labor where men provided food from hunting and women provided food from gathering
The spread of humans all over the planet began with
a first migratory wave out of Africa followed by a second wave out of Africa
The archeological site of Çatal Hüyük ...
includes ceremonial rooms in which people may have worshiped aurochs
Under the "Camp Dog" hypothesis, what is proposed as the steps toward dog domestication?
Wolves became "self-domesticated" for low fear and aggression, and later were domesticated once humans were in permanent settlements.
Biological consequences of domestication and agriculture included
a) ALL CHOICES ARE CORRECT!!!! b)Genetic changes that helped the breakdown of alcohol, making moderate alcohol consumption less harmful c) genetic changes that allowed adults to digest milk (lactose) d) genetic changes that led to lighter skin color, allowing for improved synthesis of vitamin D
What theory has been proposed to explain why the Hominins of the second migratory wave (modern humans Homo sapiens) out-competed those Hominins they encountered that descended from the first migratory wave (Neanderthals Homo neanderthalensis)?
a) Modern humans were more efficient hunters due to their partnership with wolves b) Modern humans had higher cognitive capacities (as evident from cave paintings) C) ALL CHOICES ARE CORRECT d) Modern humans were more efficient hunters due to their sophisticated projectile weapons
What are some of the major benefits of tracking canine ancestry through a pedigree of purebreeds)?
a) Specialized skills and utility to humans AND Desired traits reliably produced
In the Russian silver fox breeding experiments, the scientists used a cross-fostering procedure to determine .... (select all that apply)
a) the genetic influence on fox temperament c) the contribution of the early environment or rearing experience to fox temperament d)if the temperament of fox kits from the "tame" line could be changed by being reared by a fox mother from the "aggressive" line
Archeological evidence of pig domestication
all choices are correct
Experiments with cattle have demonstrated that
all choices are correct
Good cattle stockmanship should include
all choices are correct
Studies have shown that cats, similar to dogs ...
all choices are correct
What evidence would best support that temperament is controlled genetically?
an aggressive fox pup, adopted and raised by tame parents, grows up to be aggressive
Described in Chapter 2, The archeologist Stephen Mithen has argued that the capacity to read an animal's mind, to see the world from an animal's perspective, first appeared in fully modern humans (i.e., only very recently in human evolution). In Mithen's view, earlier pre-modern ancestral humans, although successful hunters,
b) used mind reading only for other humans but not for other animals c) could not learn to understand animal behavior and could not take the perspective of the animal d) only occasionally were able to read another animal's mind
According to the textbook, pigs likely followed the _________ pathway(s) to domestication.
combination of prey and commensal
Researchers found that hunter-gatherers that use dogs today always take good care of all their dogs by providing food, medicine and shelter.
false
The roughly 400 dog breeds that exist today are the result of intense selective breeding begun around 4,000 BP.
false
Based on the goat experiment described in class that tested goat's attunement to human faces and body postures (Nawroth et. al., 2016) we can conclude that
goats attend to body and head orientation
Although it is unclear whether goat attunement to humans is due to domestication, one experiment, where goats were given a difficult problem, showed that
goats look at the experimenter, seemingly requesting help in solving a problem, when the experimenter is turned toward them
Sedentary sheep and goat pastoralism led to new forms of ecosystem engineering including
he creation of pastures with desirable plants for animal food and elimination of undesirable plants
People of different cultures put non-human animals into different categories or groupings. These categories primarily reflect
how the animal(s) are used
The "savanna hypothesis" posits that
humans evolved a preference for savanna-like landscapes
Anthropomorphism is
the attribution of human mental states (thoughts, feeling, motivations and beliefs) to nonhuman animals or objects
According to Evolution by Natural Selection, what is "fitness"?
the extent to which an individual's traits (genes) are represented in subsequent generations due to better survival or reproduction
Archeological evidence from the Neolithic shows that
the first permanent settlements were still small, consisting of about 20 mud-walled houses.
The earliest archaeological evidence indicating sheep and goat domestication pathway consists of
the predominance of sheep and goat bones along with large concentrations of their dung in early settlements
The primary wild ancestor of the domesticated chicken is
the red jungle fowl
Use of fire was an important development because it allowed our ancestors
to cook meat for easier digestion & nutrient absorption
Keeping herds of livestock enabled a new way of making a living called pastoralism. Modern types of pastoralism include all EXCEPT
transmontane
According to Edgerton, the most important distinction between farmers and herders is in their typical forms of aggression (i.e., direct vs. indirect).
true
As an example of a close relationship between sheep and sheep-owner, the 2001 epidemic of Foot & Mouth disease led to a large increase in sheep-owner suicide
true
Brain imaging studies have demonstrated that the same areas of the brain, such as the amygdala, are activated when women look at their own children and pet dogs.
true
The cave paintings at Altamira were so complex and detailed that for many years they were considered a forgery
true
Some problems due to breeding programs of intensive selection for a single trait include... (select all that apply)
unintended detrimental health consequences to the animal AND gradual changes in the animal's behavior that may go unnoticed but that have damaging effects
In the human lineage, what evolved first?
upright walking
Described in Chapter 2, The archeologist Stephen Mithen has argued that the capacity to read an animal's mind, to see the world from an animal's perspective, first appeared in fully modern humans (i.e., only very recently in human evolution). In Mithen's view, earlier pre-modern ancestral humans, although successful hunters,
used mind reading only for other humans but not for other animals
