Growth hormone and thyroid hormone

Describe pathophysiology of deficient growth hormone production

A deficiency can affect the height of a person. Can result in pituitary dwarfism (short stature). If you are a short child, you may be prescribed growth hormone to increase height in your formative years of life. Will have a decrease in fat and an increase in muscle mass when taking growth hormone

Describe the normal actions of TH on body cells throughout the body

Comes through the pituitary and hypothalamus. Thyroid follicles are spheres and have cells surrounding them (follicular cells) these cells respond to the TSH from anterior pituitary to eventually increase the production of thyroid hormone. These cells also produce the thyroid globulin on the inside of the cell. When TSH stimulates these cells, one of the reactions through increased activity is an enzyme called thyroid-peroxidase which works to catalyze the reaction that adds iodine molecules on the base of the compound of thyroid globulin.

acromegaly

If the person's growth plates have closed, after about 17-18n years of age and then a tumor develops, then the effects may still be seen on the skeletal system. This results in an increase of density on the bones (face, jaw, forehead, hands, and feet). Doesn't grow just becomes denser.

Describe the pathophysiology of congenital hypothyroidism.

If you are unable to produce thyroid hormone from birth. Without thyroid hormone, an infant will show a decrease in reaching many millstones as they grow and develop. Such as a decrease I the need to feed, along with decreased activity, decreased crying and decreased growth. Without treatment they can leave but will have a short stature. The major difference between untreated dwarfism and congenital hypothyroidism is that these individuals will have intellectual disabilities due to lack of thyroid hormone stimulating the brain and neurocircuitry during development. Condition can be treated with supplement TH.

pituitary giantism

If you have a tumor in the pituitary gland, it can result in too much growth hormone. If this occurs in a child, it can cause the child to grow very tall, the tumor can be a GH-oma.

describe common symptoms associated with Grave's disease

disease can be warm skin, abnormal ab=mount of sweating, your heart rate may be going up, your BP might be increases, and your transit time of food going through GI tract maybe increased, or you may be extremely hungry but are losing weight like crazy. You may also have trouble sleeping, your eyes may also protrude out of the sockets.

Describe the pathophysiology of hypothyroidism

is a cause of some type of autoimmune disease (hashimoto's thyroiditis) the thyroid gland or is caused by problems in the pituitary gland. Creates antibodies that stick to the follicular cells are mark them for destruction, a cell mediated process in which the tissue is destroyed.

Describe the pathophysiology of Grave's disease

is an autoimmune disease, in which the person will produce antibodies against the receptors for TSH on the thyroid follicular cells. These antibodies are referred to as LATS (long-acting thyroid stimulants), mimics the effects of TSH.

thyroid gland atrophy

is when there is a decrease in mass of gland due to lack of TSH. May have something that destroys the cells that produce the TRH out of the hypothalamus or have a lesion of the anterior pituitary that works to decrease TSH production. Leads to a smaller thyroid gland and cells in the gland are getting smaller

Write a definition that describes a thyroid goiter including at least three potential causes of goiter formation.

is when there is an enlarged thyroid gland due to a lack of iodine in the diet (endemic goiter), neoplasm (hypertrophy or hyperplasia) or an increase in TSH which over stimulates the thyroid gland( adenoma of pituitary).

thyroid gland hypertrophy

is when there is an increase in mass of gland due to excess TSH, or tumorous condition. This can be due to a productive tumor in the pituitary gland. If you over stimulate a normal thyroid gland it can lead to an enlarged gland and an increase in the cells. Can be due to diet or cancer.

secondary hypothyroidism.

is when you have a decreased production of T3/ T4 and a decreased production of TSH levels. This implies that the pathology is in the anterior pituitary; some type of tumor is in the anterior pituitary, which leads to under stimulation of the thyroid gland follicular cells leading to atrophy of the thyroid gland. The problem is in the pituitary gland and not they thyroid gland itself

primary hypothyroidism

is when you have a decreased production of T3/ T4 and an increased amount of TSH levels. A normal thyroid gland, but a disease process somewhere else such as a destructive tumor in the pituitary gland where you're not making TSH. Pathology is in the thyroid gland, this results in a lack of negative feedback in the brain which results in the cells that make TRH and TSH increase but for nothing because there is no thyroid hormone being produced.

secondary hyperthyroidism.

is when you have an increased amount of T3/T4 and increased TSH. This could arise from a tumor of the anterior pituitary, this over stimulates the thyroid gland. This is a tumor located in the brain (pituitary gland)

primary hyperthyroidism

is when you have increases T3/T4 levels and decreased TSH levels. This can be in the thyroid gland, could be a cancerous tumor or you may have an autoimmune disease that over stimulates the thyroid cells. This is in the thyroid gland.

Describe the normal synthesis of thyroid hormone (T3/T4) from the follicular cells of the thyroid gland and its regulation of production. Compare the organic structure of T3 and T4.

thyroid follicle cells can produce molecules that have iodine added onto them, if you have 4 iodine molecules it is call tetraiodothyronine, T4. Another way of adding iodine is having 3 iodine molecules added on which is called Triiodothyronine. Eventually T4 will be converted into T3 so it is T3 that have the major biological function that we ascribe to the thyroid gland that we call thyroid hormone.

describe potential treatment options for hypothyroidism.

you need to increase the circulation of thyroid levels in the blood which can be done with different drugs using synthetic thyroid hormone (can be taken orally) which will effectively treat hypothyroidism

Describe the concept of negative feedback in regulating circulating thyroid hormone levels. Compare regulatory responses of brain and thyroid gland when thyroid hormone levels are too high to when thyroid hormone levels are too low.

The hormone is released from the thyroid gland and is regulated by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH; anterior pituitary), TSH is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus and negative feedback mechanism from circulating TH levels. If you have more thyroid hormone (regulates bSM) then you can raise the basal metabolic rate and spend more energy than normal, and if you have less then you'll have a decrease energy. To regulate homeostasis in the blood, you use negative feedback loops. As thyroid hormone is released into the bloodstream it has effects onto the body cells. As thyroid hormone levels rise, it feedbacks onto the pituitary gland and hypothalamus which inhibits the production of TSH and TRH which results in decreases the thyroid hormone in the blood, as thyroid hormone levels in the blood decrease, there will be less negative feedback which increases the stimulating hormone and raises thyroid hormone levels.

describe potential treatment options for Grave's disease

Ways to help treat this is to take a drug that blocks thyroid hormone production. Examples of these are methimazole (tapazole) and propylthiouracil given to treat hypothyroidism by blocking TS synthesis; inhibit thyroperoxides.

describe common symptoms associated with hypothyroidism,

You will have a decreased thyroid gland, it becomes fibrotic (replaced with scar tissue), it is also infiltrated with lymphocytes and is eventually destroyed. Obvious signs are weight gain, sluggish circulation, and are always cold, mentation is slowed (very lethargic) and tired, may see changes in Bp along with changes in skin and hair