Adamson

n. [Production Logging] The velocity of fluid moving through a pipe, defined as the volumetric flow rate of that fluid divided by the cross-sectional area. In monophasic flow, it is equal to the mean velocity of the fluid. In multiphase flow, it is not a physically real velocity but is a convenient parameter for analysis.

Superficial velocity

Rockwell hardness testing is a testing method that uses a conical diamond or a steel ball to indent the surface of metals or polymers. The hardness number is determined from the depth of deformation created by the indenter into the sample.

"

Skin factor is a numerical value used to analytically model the difference from the pressure drop predicted by Darcy's law due to skin .What is the typical range of this factor in petroleum glossary ?

(-6 to 100)

In fracturing, what is the pressure required to initiate a fracture in the formation?

(Breakdown Pressure)

In carbonate formations, acid may be used to create linear flow channels by fracturing hydraulically and etching the fracture faces. Name this acidizing method.

(Fracture acidizing)

For 30 points. There are basically six driving mechanisms that provide the natural energy necessary for oil recovery. Name these driving mechanisms.

(Rock and liquid expansion drive, depletion drive (or Solution gas drive or Dissolved gas drive or Internal gas drive), gas cap drive, water drive, gravity drainage drive, combination drive)

What does SICP stand for?

(Shut In Casing Pressure)

"

(b. Russia)

Name the device that is installed in the tubing string of a gas-lift well onto which or into which a gas-lift valve is fitted.

(gas lift mandrel)

It is the process of the raising or lifting fluid from a well by injecting gas down the well trough tubing or through the tubing-casing annulus whereas the injected gas aerates the fluid to make it exert less pressure than the formation does; the resulting pressure forces the fluid out of the wellbore. Name this process.

(gas lift)

4. Fill in the blank. Pumping wells are generally completed with an open annulus through which the gas is bled off at the surface. All pumping systems (except plunger lift) become increasingly inefficient in the presence of ________________.

(gas)

Name the small-diameter tubing that is used inside production tubing for continuous injection of specialized fluids such as corrosion inhibitors or kill fluids.

(kill string)

Identify the special nipple made up in the tubing, casing, or drill pipe string the configuration of which is such that a tool contacting it can pass through only if the tool is in the proper position or configuration.

(no-go nipple)

Name the method of artificial lift that utilizes a plunger that travels up and down inside the tubing.

(plunger lift)

What do you call a pump that is placed below the level of fluid in a well? It is usually driven by an electric motor and consists of series of rotating blades that impart centrifugal motion to lift the fluid to the surface.

(submersible pump)

Name the downhole assembly used to lift fluid to the surface by the reciprocating action of the sucker rod string. Basic components are barrel, plunger, valves, and hold-down.

(sucker rod pumps)

Fill in the blank. Gas Lift Valve is a device installed on a gas-lift mandrel, which in turn is put on the tubing string of a gas-lift well. ________ and casing pressures cause the valve to open and close, thus allowing gas to be injected into the fluid in the tubing to cause the fluid to rise to the surface.

(tubing)

For an infinite conductivity vertical fracture flow (linear flow) flow regime, what is the slope of the pressure change?

0.5

In 1956, Matthews and Lefkovits investigated resevoirs producing under gravity drainage, what is the hyperbolic exponent, b or n that they assigned to wells with single zone production under gravity drainage with a secondary gas cap?

0.5

What are the units for the non-Darcy flow coefficient Beta that is used in Forcheimer's equation?

1/length

When was the peak oil production in Western Pennsylvania and what was the production rate?

1862, 3 million bbl/day

J.D.Rockefeller founded an oil refining company in Cleveland

1863

In what year did John D. Rockefeller form Standard Oil company?

1870

J.D.Rockerfeller formed Standard Oil (Ohio).- controlled 10% of American oil refinin

1870

Rockerfeller took over 22 of his competitors (The Cleveland Massacre) to increase Standard Oil share of market to 25%

1872

Rockerfeller controlled 90% of American refining

1877

The first successful oil tanker, the Zoroaster, designed by Ludvig Nobel of Sweden introduced. It was designed to navigate the challenges of the Caspian Sea and ran between Baku, Azerbaijan and Astrakhan, Russia.

1878 First Oil Tanker

John D. Rockerfeller retired

1895

CALCULATION: An undersaturated reservoir at 3800 psia initial reservoir pressure has a bubble point pressure of 2800 psia. The initial oil formation volume factor is 1.35 RB/STB. After depleting to 3150 psia, the oil formation volume factor is 1.37 RB/STB. For 20 points, what is the oil compressibility, in micro-sips to one decimal place, at 3150 psia?

22.8 usips co = [(Bo - Boi) / Boi] / ?P. co = [(1.37 - 1.35) / 1.35] / (3800-3150)

In a meeting, someone mentions a C228D model pumping unit. What does the "228" stand for?

228K or 228000 in-lbs torque rating on the gear box.

How deep was the first well drilled in the United States?

69 ft deep

On a log log plot of flow rate vs time, what characteristic describes storage?

A hump in the pressure derivative

What is Shut-In Casing Pressure (SICP)?

A measure of the difference between the formation pressure and the hydrostatic pressure in the annulus when a kick occurs

QUESTIONS

ANSWERS

What is the apparatus used to measure mud filtrate volume and mud cake thickness? Answer.

API filter press

Abbreviation for the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, a professional association that was founded in 1880. It "promotes the art, science, and practice of multidisciplinary engineering and allied sciences around the globe" via "continuing education, training and professional development, codes and standards, research, conferences and publications, government relations, and other forms of outreach." The ASME develops codes and standards associated with the art, science, and practice of mechanical engineering that are accepted in more than 100 countries.

ASME

Abandonment pressure is that pressure at which it will not be economical to continue producing from any oil and/or gas well. It is true that during the course of production, Continue reading

Abandonment pressure (Production)

This is the theoretical flow rate a well could deliver with zero pressure at the middle of the perforations. Often abbreviated AOFP, what is the name of this flow rate?

Absolute Open Flow Potential

The maximum flow rate a well could theoretically deliver with zero pressure at the middle of the perforations.

Absolute open flow (AOF)

n. [Production Testing] The maximum flow rate a well could theoretically deliver with zero pressure at the middle of the perforations. The term is commonly abbreviated as AOFP or OFP.

Absolute open flow potential

[Geophysics] The conversion of one form of energy into another as the energy passes through a medium. For example, seismic waves are partially converted to heat as they pass through rock. (See: absorption band, attenuation, Q, wave)

Absorption

Production Facilities Absorption is the process in which one substance gets captured and distributed within the bulk volume of another. This is different from adsorption. In adsorption, one substance is Continue reading

Absorption (Production Facilities, Geophysics)

n. [Production Facilities] A light liquid hydrocarbon used to absorb or remove the heavier liquid hydrocarbons from a wet gas stream. Absorption oil is also called wash oil.

Absorption oil

(Also Accommodation Rig) This is because many oil and gas platforms are located in remote and hard to access areas. It is better to house rig crew on the Continue reading

Accommodation Platform (Facilities)

An accumulator is a device installed in hydraulic systems primarily to store energy which can be released quickly and transmitted to the rest of the system whenever this energy is Continue reading

Accumulator (Production, Well Workover and Intervention)

Acid gas is any gas that will produce an acid solution when dissolved in water. The acid solution produced has all the characteristics of an acid and will behave like Continue reading

Acid Gas (Production and Facilities)

(Also Hydrogen embrittlement) Acid brittleness is the process by which hydrogen finds its way through a metal surface and into its core structure causing the metal to lose ductility (become Continue reading

Acid brittleness (Production, Well Completions)

n. [Production Facilities] A gas that can form acidic solutions when mixed with water. The most common acid gases are hydrogen sulfide [H2S] and carbon dioxide [CO2] gases. Both gases cause corrosion; hydrogen sulfide is extremely poisonous. Hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide gases are obtained after a sweetening process applied to a sour gas.

Acid gas

List 2 kinds of well stimulation for 5 points each

Acidizing, explosive fracturing, hydraulic fracturing

n. [Production Facilities, Enhanced Oil Recovery] The property of some solids and liquids to attract a liquid or a gas to their surfaces. Some solids, such as activated charcoal or silica gel, are used as surfaces of adhesion to gather liquid hydrocarbons from a natural gas stream. To complete the process, the solids are treated with steam to recover the liquid hydrocarbons.

Adsorption

n. [Production Testing] A device that uses Pitot tubes to measure the gas flow rate within a pipeline. The gas volume is calculated from the difference between the flowing pressure and the static pressure of the gas.

Annubar

n. [Production Logging] A multiphase flow regime in which the lighter fluid flows in the center of the pipe, and the heavier fluid is contained in a thin film on the pipe wall. The lighter fluid may be a mist or an emulsion. Annular flow occurs at high velocities of the lighter fluid, and is observed in both vertical and horizontal wells. As the velocity increases, the film may disappear, leading to mist flow or emulsion flow. When the interface between the fluids is irregular, the term wavy annular flow may be used.

Annular Flow

Fluid pressure in the annulus between tubing and casing or between two strings of casing.

Annular pressure

Production of formation fluid through the casing-tubing annulus.

Annular production

22. Metamorphism of rocks in the crust begins below the zone of sedimentary diagenesis, which extends down to the depth where rock temperatures reach:

Answer: 150°C

6. Fill-in the blank. The____________ is the pressure exerted by a column of fluid at rest.

Answer: Hydrostatic pressure

This age dating gets the actual age of sedimentary rock layer.

Answer: Radiometric Dating

4. When killing a well using the Drillers Method what should happen to the mud pit volume during the second circulation?

Answer: The volume will not change

Which method of well control would you use if you could not pump and gas migration was suspected?

Answer: Volumetric

Define Positive skin.

Any phenomenon that causes a distortion to the flow lines from the perfectly normal to the well direction or a restriction to flow.

Define kinematic viscosity

Apparent viscosity divided by density of the fluid

Who invented the earliest form of ESP?

Armais Arutunoff

What is the process of adding energy to the flow stream within the completion to increase the flow rate?

Artificial Lift

n. [Production Testing] Petroleum with a high content of naphthenic compounds, such as asphaltenes. Asphaltic crude is also known as naphthene-based crude oil when the paraffin wax content is low.

Asphaltic crude

What is annular flow?

At higher gas rates, gas becomes the continous phase, with liquid flowing in an annulus coating the surface of the pipe and with liquid droplets entrained in the gas phase.

What is slug flow?

At higher gas rates, the bubbles coalesce into larger bubbles, called Taylor bubbles, that eventually fill the entire pipe cross section. Between the large gas bubbles are slugs of liquid that contain smaller bubbles of gas entrained in the liquid.

n. [Well Testing] The pressure that would be obtained if all fluid motion ceases in a given volume of reservoir. It also is the pressure to which a well will ultimately rise if shut in for an infinite period. (See: static pressure)

Average reservoir pressure

n. [Production Testing] Abbreviation for basic sediment and water. BS&W is measured from a liquid sample of the production stream. It includes free water, sediment and emulsion and is measured as a volume percentage of the production stream.

BS&W

Back pressure is a negative pressure within a system that "pushes back" the fluid and which must be overcome by the fluid before flow can continue. Back pressure has the Continue reading

Back Pressure (Well Completions, Production)

Fluid flow in the borehole from one zone into another in response to pressure differences between the zones.

Back flow

The pressure within a system caused by fluid friction or an induced resistance to flow through the system.

Back pressure

(Also reverse circulation) Back wash is a fluid circulation technique in which fluids are deliberately pumped down the annulus to the bottom of the hole and allowed to circulate out Continue reading

Back wash (Drilling and well completions)

n. [Production Testing] Pressure registered on equipment or devices when fluid flows through.

Backpressure

Another term for reverse circulation, the intentional pumping of wellbore fluids down the annulus and back up through the drillpipe.

Backwash

(Also openhole completion) In barefoot completion, as soon as a well is drilled through the producing section, the well is immediately opened up for production without installing any casing or Continue reading

Barefoot completion (Well Completions)

n. [Production Logging] A device for measuring in situ the velocity of fluid flow in a production or injection well in which the flow is diverted through the spinner by a set of metal vanes, or petals. The vanes are closed while running in the hole, and then opened with the tool stationary at the measurement depth. The petals do not seal completely against each other or against the side of the hole, so that not all the fluid is diverted. A type of diverter flowmeter, the petal basket design has generally been replaced since the late 1980s by the inflatable diverter and other designs.

Basket flowmeter

n. [Production Testing] A fixed choke or a choke with an adjustable needle, sleeve or plate that can be changed to adjust the flow rate. The flow rate from a well is limited to conserve reservoir energy, decrease friction forces and improve production efficiency and prevent development of conditions that can reduce ultimate recovery. A high rate of fluid can generate a drastic cooling effect near the wellbore with the precipitation of scales and paraffins as well as a reduction of the oil relative permeability because of an increase in gas saturation.

Beam

Name four different types of artificial lift.

Beam pump, Electronic submersible pump, Gas lift, Progressive cavity pump

n. [Production Testing] A fixed choke or a choke with an adjustable needle, sleeve or plate that can be changed to adjust the flow rate.

Bean

Which two phase pressure gradient correlation can be used for any pipe inclination and flow direction?

Beggs and Brill

A flow regime resulting from combined simultaneous linear flow in perpendicular directions.

Bi-linear flow

In highly prolific reservoirs, larger diameter production tubing is sometimes required to complete the wells, such that they will meet cost effective production and injection objectives, what is this large tubing type of completion commonly called?

Big Bore Completion

This type of flow occurs at an early time during testing of wells that are hydraulically fractured with a finite-conductivity fracture.

Bilinear flow

adj. [Production Logging] Referring to the flow of two immiscible fluids, oil and water, oil and gas, or gas and water.

Biphasic

Name the special tool used by the rig crew to prevent the drill bit from turning.

Bit breaker

n. [Production Facilities] A gas phase maintained above a liquid in a vessel to protect the liquid against air contamination, to reduce the hazard of detonation or to pressurize the liquid. The gas source is located outside the vessel.

Blanket gas

What is the term for the vented or drained off fluids from a pressured well?

Bleed Off

n. [Production Testing] An obstruction in the pipeline, composed of asphaltenes, hydrates, waxes, scale and sand deposited on the internal wall of the pipeline forming a barrier to the normal flow of fluids. The conditions for blockage formation are mainly encountered in deepwater operations (low temperature and high pressure).

Blockage

n. [Production Facilities] A phenomenon in which free gas leaves with the liquid phase at the bottom of the separator. This condition may indicate a low liquid level or improper level control inside the separator.

Blow-by

n. [Production Facilities] Opening the valve on a drip to allow natural gas to blow or clear the pipe of all liquids.

Blowing the drip

n. [Production Testing] A procedure in which different chemicals are added to bottle samples of an emulsion to determine which chemical is the most effective at breaking, or separating, the emulsion into oil and water. Once an effective chemical is determined, varying amounts of it are added to bottle samples of the emulsion to determine the minimum amount required to break the emulsion effectively.

Bottle test

Which two main types of boundary conditions are normally used to represent reservoir fluid production and injection?

Bottom hole pressure specified and production rate specified

A well shut in slightly above the producing formation by use of special downhole tools containing a valve that can be preprogrammed or controlled from the surface.

Bottom hole shut-in

What are oil samples called that are obtaining by shutting the well is and sampling the oil at the bottom of the wellbore?

Bottom-Hole Sample or Subsurface Sample.

What are the two types of distributive flow?

Bubble and mist.

n. [Well Completions] A multiphase fluid flow regime characterized by the gas phase being distributed as bubbles through the liquid phase. In a producing wellbore where the bubbles are uniformly distributed, there is little relative motion between the phases. Where the bubbles congregate and combine to form a less uniform distribution of the gas phase, some slippage will occur between the phases with the gas tending to cut through the liquid phase.

Bubble flow

Name four flow patterns observed in multistage flow

Bubble, Slug, Churn, Annular,

Name four flow patterns observed in multiphase flow

Bubbly, Slug, Plug, Churn, Stratified, Annular

This measurement is defined as the degree to which the inclination of a wellbore is ...

Build rate

Give 5 possible modes of hydrocarbon transport for seepage mechanisms for 2 points each

Buoyancy, diffusion, effusion, solution, capillary

What is a raised metal lip that is around a perforation?

Burr

Mention 2 kinds of Artificial lift which suitable in deviated well?

C-GL, I-GL, plunger lift, hydraulic jet system, hydraulic reciprocating pumping

Name this gentleman (visual) and the year in which he used the first rotary drilling rig with Patillo Higgins

Capt Anthony Lucas, 1901

n. [Production Facilities] A phenomenon in which free liquid leaves with the gas phase at the top of a separator. Carryover can indicate high liquid level, damage of the separator or plugged liquid valves at the bottom of the separator.

Carry over

Under what circumstances will fluids cause damage to the formation.

Change in apparent viscosity of the oil phase or a change in relative permeability

There are essentially three ways to reduce the drag in a directional well. They are: reduce the friction coefficient, reduce the string weight/tension and what?

Change the directional profile

A mechanical impact test conducted on a precisely machined coupon of the steel to be tested. The coupon is clamped in a special machine and subjected to a lateral hammer blow. This test provides a relative measure of the toughness of the material and its resistance to shock and impact loads. Often required for low temperature applications where testing is done at the expected minimum service temperature.

Charpy test

n. [Production Logging] A technique in which a slug of material is introduced into the flowstream of a producing well to determine the flow rate of one or more of the fluids. The marker has specific properties, such as high neutron captures cross section, that allow it to be detected by sensors of a production logging tool. Some markers are specifically designed to be soluble in only one fluid phase, so that they can be used to produce a phase-velocity log. The term refers to nonradioactive markers, in contrast to the more traditional radioactive markers, or tracers.

Chemical marker injection

"

Christmas tree

n. [Well Completions, Production Logging] A multiphase flow regime in near-vertical pipes in which large, irregular slugs of gas move up the center of the pipe, usually carrying droplets of oil or water with them. Most of the remaining oil or water flows up along the pipe walls. The flow is relatively chaotic, producing a frothy mixture. Unlike slug flow, neither phase is continuous. The gas slugs are relatively unstable, and take on large, elongated shapes. Also known as transition flow, this flow is an intermediate flow condition between slug flow and mist flow and occurs at relatively high gas velocity. As the gas velocity increases, it changes into annular flow.

Churn flow

n. [Geology] An unusual occurrence of hydrocarbon in which molecules of natural gas, typically methane, are trapped in ice molecules. More generally, hydrates are compounds in which gas molecules are trapped within a crystal structure. Hydrates form in cold climates, such as permafrost zones and in deep water. To date, economic liberation of hydrocarbon gases from hydrates has not occurred, but hydrates contain quantities of hydrocarbons that could be of great economic significance. Hydrates can affect seismic data by creating a reflection or multiple.

Clathrate

This person is considered the father of the petroleum industry and lived from 1819 to 1880

Colonel Edwin Drake

Name the oil man who drilled the first well in the United States.

Colonell Drake

n. [Production Facilities] The ratio of the volume of an engines cylinder at the beginning of the compression to its volume at the end of the compression process. For example, a cylinder with a volume of 20 cubic inches before compression and 1 cubic inch as its final volume after compression has a compression ratio of 20:1.

Compression ratio

Name Five types of Packers used in the oil industry?

Compression set packer, drillable packer, hookwall packer, inflatable packer, hydraulic packer

A water pump and a steam compressor operate with the same inlet pressure and outlet pressure at the same mass flow rate. Which one require greater power input?

Compressor

n. [Geology] A low-density, high-API gravity liquid hydrocarbon phase that generally occurs in association with natural gas. Its presence as a liquid phase depends on temperature and pressure conditions in the reservoir allowing condensation of liquid from vapor. The production of condensate reservoirs can be complicated because of the pressure sensitivity of some condensates: During production, there is a risk of the condensate changing from gas to liquid if the reservoir pressure drops below the dew point during production. Reservoir pressure can be maintained by fluid injection if gas production is preferable to liquid production. Gas produced in association with condensate is called wet gas. The API gravity of condensate is typically 50 degrees to 120 degrees.

Condensate

n. [Production Testing] Hydrocarbons that are in the gaseous phase at reservoir conditions but condense into liquid as they travel up the wellbore and reach separator conditions. Condensate liquids are sometimes called distillate.

Condensate liquids

n. [Production Testing] The ratio of the volume of liquid produced to the volume of gas produced.

Condensate ratio

This term describes the movement of water upwards or gas downwards towards a decrease in pressure caused by producing hydrocarbons in a zone with no vertical permeability boundaries.

Coning

A well is sometimes delibratley completed in order to retard or avoid what effect?

Coning effects

List the three types of deliverability tests

Conventional, isothermal, modified

n. [Production Testing] Part of rod pumping unit. The counterbalance weight is installed on the end of the walking beam, opposite to the end over the well, and counterbalances the weight of the sucker rods and the fluid being pumped.

Counterbalance weight

What is defined as the highest temperature at which liquid and vapor can co-exist in equilibrium?

Cricondentherm

On a gas-oil relative permeability curve at what point will gas relative permeability begin to increase above 0?

Critical Gas Saturation.

n. [Production Logging] A device for measuring fluid velocity in a production well. The device measures the transit time of a disturbance between two sensors separated by a fixed distance. The technology applies to multiphase flow, in which the disturbance is caused, for example, by the passage of a bubble of gas over each sensor. In practice, there will be many bubbles of gas, so it is necessary to record both sensor signals over a time window and compare, or correlate, them. The two signals will correlate best after shifting one of them by a time corresponding to the average transit time of the bubbles. Different sensors may be used, for example a measure of electrical capacitance as in a holdup meter. The crosscorrelation flowmeter gives the velocity of the disturbance. Since this is caused by just one of the phases, it produces a type of phase velocity log.

Crosscorrelation flowmeter

LNG's high energy density makes it cost effective to transport in areas without pipelines. What type of vessel must be used to transport LNG?

Cryogenic Sea Vessel (Tanker)

The integration fo flow rate versus time results in what?

Cummulative Production

n. [Production Logging] The fraction of the total flow rate produced from a well that is due to a particular fluid, for example the water cut in the case of water. The cut is normally quoted at standard surface conditions.

Cut

n. [Production Facilities] A crude oil that contains water, normally in the form of an emulsion. The emulsion must be treated inside heaters using chemicals, which will break the mixture into its individual components (water and crude oil).

Cut oil

n. [Production Facilities] A condensate (liquid hydrocarbon) produced at surface from cycle gas.

Cycle condensate

Total skin is composed of a number of components. Name three.

Damage skin, skin due to partial completion and slant, perforation skin effect, pseudo-skins

(Also flushed zone) Damaged zone refers to that region around the wellbore which has been negatively affected by the initiation, propagation and interaction between the drilling and/or completion fluids and Continue reading

Damaged zone (Perforating, Well Completions)

For 5 points each, what are the two types of drilling contract

Day-rate contract, turnkey contract

n. [Production Facilities] In a separator, a series of inclined parallel plates or tubes to promote coalescence, or merging, of the foam bubbles liberated from the liquid.

Defoaming plates

n. [Production Testing] A unit of measurement established by the American Petroleum Institute (API) that indicates the density of a liquid. Fresh water has an API density of 10.

Degree API

vb. [Production Facilities] To remove water from a substance. The substance may be crude oil, natural gas or natural gas liquids (NGL). Fluid dehydration is needed to prevent corrosion and free-water accumulation in the low points of a pipeline. In the case of gas, it is especially important to avoid hydrate formation and also to meet pipeline requirements. Typical maximum allowable water vapor content is 7 pounds of water per million standard cubic feet. In colder climates, this threshold value could be 3 to 5 pounds per million standard cubic feet. Water vapor can also affect the sweetening and refining processes of a natural gas. Dehydration of crude oil is normally achieved using emulsion breakers, while gas dehydration is accomplished using various liquid desiccants such as glycols (ethylene, diethylene, triethylene and tetraethylene) or solid desiccants such as silica gel or calcium chloride [CaCl2].

Dehydrate

Tests in an oil or gas well to determine its flow capacity at specific conditions of reservoir and flowing pressures. The absolute open flow potential (AOFP) can be obtained from these tests, and then the inflow performance relationship (IPR) can be generated. A deliverability test also is called a productivity test.

Deliverability Test

n. [Production Testing] An instrument that measures the specific gravity of a mixture of gas, liquid and solids. This device is also known as a densitometer.

Densimeter

n. [Production Facilities] A substance used in a gas-dehydration unit to remove water and moisture. The desiccant can be liquid, such as methanol, glycol (ethylene, diethylene, triethylene, and tetraethylene). Desiccants also can be solid, such as silica gel or calcium chloride [CaCl2]. The most common gas-dehydration system (glycol dehydrator) uses liquid desiccants such as diethylene, triethylene and tetraethylene, which are substances that can be regenerated. Regeneration means that the water absorbed by these substances can be separated from them. Some liquid desiccants such as methanol or ethylene cannot be regenerated. Solid desiccants are also used for gas dehydration. They are placed as beds through which wet gas is passed. The main limitation of the use of solid desiccants is that they absorb only limited quantities of water. When the desiccant saturation point is reached, the solid desiccant must be replaced. Another limitation is that sometimes water cannot be removed from it.

Desiccant

What is commonly the first step in producing a coal bed methane field?

Dewatering the field

n. [Drilling] In general, a measurement of fluid force per unit area (measured in units such as pounds per

Differential pressure

What is another name for initial reservoir pressure, the pressure of a reservoir before it is produced?

Discovery pressure (also virgin pressure)

Some might say that kriging is the gold standard of statistical estimation techniques used for reservoir properties. What was this technique first used to estimate?

Distribution of gold

What are three ways to prevent coning effects?

Don't produce at too high of a rate, don't complete the well near the OWC or GOC, use horizontal drilling

n. [Production Testing] The portion of movement of a downhole pump at which the rods are going down and the downhole pump is being filled with fluid.

Down stroke

n. [Production Facilities] A pipeline that receives natural gas or oil from another pipeline at some specific connection point

Downstream pipeline

n. [Production Testing] The difference between the average reservoir pressure and the flowing bottomhole pressure. (See: average reservoir pressure, bottomhole pressure)

Drawdown

It is a seamless steel of aluminium pipe made up in the drill stem between the Kelly or top drive on the surface and the drill collars on the bottom. During drilling, it is usually rotated while drilling fluid is circulated through it. Name this drilling component.

Drill Pipe

Differentiate drilling proposal from drilling program

Drilling proposal is made by geologists and contains objectives, depth and pore pressure. While drilling program is made by drilling engineer and contains bit type, well control, drilling fluid, and drilling rig.

What is the most common source of formation damage.

Drilling.

n. [Production Facilities] A small vessel in a pipeline to receive water and heavy hydrocarbons that drop out of a gas stream. Drips are normally installed in the lower points of flow lines and must be blown periodically to remove liquids.

Drip

n. [Production Facilities] A small vessel in a pipeline to receive water and heavy hydrocarbons that drop out of a gas stream. Drips are normally installed in the lower points of flow lines and must be blown periodically to remove liquids. (See: blowing the drip, flowline)

Drip

The fractional contribution of a drive mechanism to total production indicates the relative strength of a particular drive mechanism. What is the name of this ratio?

Drive Index

List the types of flow regimes that can be used in underbalanced drilling.

Dry air, mist, foam, airlift, aerated mud

n. [Production Facilities] A treated oil that contains small amounts of basic sediments and water (BS&W). Dry oil is also called clean oil.

Dry oil

n. [Production Facilities] A device that removes water and water vapor from a gas stream using two or more beds of solid desiccants, such as silica gel or calcium chloride [CaCl2]. Wet gas is passed through the solid material, which absorbs the water, and then dry gas is collected at the top of the device. The main limitation of this device is that the solid desiccant absorbs only limited quantities of water. When the desiccant saturation point is reached, it must be replaced and sometimes water cannot be removed from it.

Dry-bed dehydrator

This is the name for a wellbore completion that enables production from two separate zones.

Dual Completion

The most common types of these pumps are the jet pump and the electric submersible pump. Definitely not static, what kind of pumps are these?

Dynamic

Sucker rod pump performance is commonly monitored by using the load on the polished rod with what measurement device?

Dynamometer

n. [Production Testing] An instrument used in sucker-rod pumping to record the variation between the polished rod load and the polished rod displacement.

Dynamometer

What is being described as the effective density exerted by a circulating fluid against the formation that takes into account the pressure drop in the annulus above the point being considered. It is calculated as: d + P/0.052*D, where d is the mud weight (ppg), P is the pressure drop in the annulus between depth D and surface (psi), and D is the true vertical depth (feet).

ECD/ equivalent circulating density

In 1926 at the American Petroleum Institute conference in Los Angeles 3 men, Armais Arutunoff, Samual VanWert, and Clyde Alexander, joined together to pioneer this type of artificial lift. For 20 points, name it.

ESP (Electric Submersible Pump)

This person is considered the father of the petroleum industry and from 1819 to 1980

Edwin Drake

n. [Production Logging] In the context of spinner flowmeters, the apparent fluid speed measured by the spinner as the tool is moved up and down the well. The effective velocity is the algebraic sum of the actual fluid velocity and the velocity with which the flowmeter is moving, as determined by cable speed. If the tool moves against the flow, the two velocities are added; if moved with the flow, they are subtracted.

Effective velocity

Why is the calculation of the production rate of a well with an irregular drainage pattern only valid at early times?

Either Drainage patterns will change, if they are artifically induced, or the average reservoir pressure will not decline uniformly within the drainage areas because of different production rates and resulting different rates of depletion

Give 4 methods of artificial lift.

Electric submersible pump (ESP), Beam pumping unit, gas lift, hydraulic pumping unit, progressive cavity pumping unit; plunger lift

What is the term for global rise and fall of sea level?

Eustasy

n. [Production Facilities] A hole dug to contain brine for disposal by evaporation. Some evaporation pits are lined with plastic or asphalt to keep water from filtering through and contaminating nearby free-water aquifers.

Evaporation pit

The derrick received its name from Thomas Derrick a 17th century man that invented a complicated set of ropes and pulleys to be used in his occupation. What was his occupation?

Executioner/Hangman

Name 4 theories of hydrocarbon migration

Expulsion as protopetroleum, Micelles, Solution of oil in gas, Dissolved oil in water

What is the name for "Standard Oil of New Jersey"? For 10 points.

Exxon

n. [Production Facilities, Production Testing] Abbreviation for floating liquefied natural gas vessel. FLNGs are deployed offshore in locations that have limited access to pipelines to carry natural gas to the mainland. They serve to recover, liquefy, store, and transfer LNG produced from subsea wells. Processed using equipment on the ship's deck, the natural gas may then be stored in the ship's hull before it is offloaded to carriers and sent directly to LNG markets. These vessels reduce the need for flaring of natural gas to the atmosphere during production or testing.

FLNG

n. [Production Logging, Production Facilities] Abbreviation for floating production, storage, and offloading vessel. FPSOs are commonly deployed for offshore production in locations that have little infrastructure. They serve as gathering, processing and storage facilities for fluids produced from subsea wells. Processed using equipment on the ship's deck, the fluids are then stored in the ship's hull before they are offloaded to pipelines, barges, or ships. Produced natural gas may be sent to shore via pipeline or flared if no pipeline is readily available.

FPSO

Which aquifer model is based on the premise that the aquifer influx rate is directly proportional to the pressure drop between the average aquifer pressure and the pressure at the aquifer-reservoir boundary?

Fetkovich

Which aquifer model is based on the premise that the water influx rate is directly proportional to the pressure drop between the average aquifer pressure and the pressure at the reservoir-aquifer boundary?

Fetkovich

Name the method that combines early transient flow with boundary dominated late time flow in rate-time plots.

Fetkovich method

A connection profile used in pipe work and associated equipment to provide a means of assembling and disassembling components. Most oilfield flanges feature a bolt-hole pattern to allow the joint to be secured and a gasket profile to ensure a pressure-tight seal. The design and specification of a flange relates to the size and pressure capacity of the equipment to which it is fitted.

Flange

n. [Production Facilities] The burning of unwanted gas through a pipe (also called a flare). Flaring is a means of disposal used when there is no way to transport the gas to market and the operator cannot use the gas for another purpose. Flaring generally is not allowed because of the high value of gas and environmental concerns. (See: flare gas)

Flare

n. [Well Workover and Intervention] A device installed in a pump manifold or treating line to measure the fluid flow rate. Flowmeters can be used to measure the flow rates of liquid or gas and are available in various configurations and with differing operating principles.

Flow meter

What are derivative responses that are commonly found and readily recognized in transient test data termed?

Flow regimes

Name 2 types of well tests I can conduct to construct an Inflow Performance Relation, or IPR.

Flowing Test, Gas Lift, Swab, Jet, Pump Assisted Test

When a cement slurry is placed across a permeable formation under pressure a filtration process occurs. The aqueous phase of the slurry escapes into the formation leaving behind cement particles. This process is commenly known as what?

Fluid Loss

What does the term "diffuse flow" mean and which factors determine this flow condition?

Fluids do not separate according to density and the flow is diffuse flow if dynamic pressure gradients dominate the flow, dP/dx>> gΔρ (leads to uniform saturation distribution vertically)

What does the term "segregated flow" mean, and which factors determine this flow condition?

Fluids separate according to density, and the flow is segregated flow if gravity gradients dominate the flow gΔρ>>dP/dx

What is used to connect the subsea tree to an umbilical termination assembly or manifold?

Flying leads

Production packer for gas lift is used for what?

For separating gas injection with productive zone

For a finite conductivity vertical fracture flow regime(bilinear flow), the pressure change and derivate are offset by a factor of what?

Four

n. [Production Facilities] A vertical or horizontal separator used mainly to remove any free water that can cause problems such as corrosion and formation of hydrates or tight emulsions, which are difficult to break. A free-water knockout is commonly called a three-phase separator because it can separate gas, oil and free water. The liquids that are discharged from the free-water knockout are further treated in vessels called treaters. Free-water knockout is abbreviated as FWKO.

Free water knockout

The tearing of metal when two elements rub against each other. Usually caused by lack oflubrication or extreme contact pressure.

Galling

Gas cap refers to the gas zone formed when gases accumulate at the uppermost portion of an oil reservoir. An oil reservoir with a gas cap is called an associated Continue reading

Gas Cap (Well completions)

What is the continuous or intermittent injection of gas into the lower section of the production

Gas Lift

What is intermittent flow?

Gas and liquid phase alternates

Gas coning is a rate sensitive production problem common with wells having a free gas cap in which the free gas forces its way prematurely through the perforations, gets produced Continue reading

Gas coning (Well completions)

n. [Production Logging] A record of the fraction of gas present at different depths in the borehole. Although several techniques may be used for this purpose, the term usually refers to logs based on one of two principles. In the first, four or more optical probes are used to detect the passage of gas bubbles at different points across the borehole. As with other local probes, holdup is determined by the fraction of time the probe detects gas. In the second technique, a 57Co (cobalt) source emits low-energy gamma rays that undergo backscattering and photoelectric absorption in the borehole fluid before being counted in a detector. The number of counts is related to the fluid density, and can be calibrated in terms of gas holdup. The first technique produces an image of gas holdup along and around the borehole, while the second technique produces a log of the average holdup along the well.

Gas holdup log

Gas injection is a secondary recovery method that requires the drilling of an injection well through which gas is pumped into the reservoir with the ultimate aim of improving hydrocarbon Continue reading

Gas injection (Well completions, Secondary recovery)

Gas lift is a type of artificial lift that involves pumping gas all the way from the surface down the annulus and into the production tubing for the purpose of Continue reading

Gas lift (Well completions)

What are two reasons that it is beneficial to keep gas dissolved in oil while in the reservoir?

Gas lowers the viscosity of oil and increases the mobility of the oil

Gas oil contact is that elevation in a reservoir above which the hydrocarbon fluid occupying the reservoir pores is predominantly gas. In other words, a gas zone occupies most of Continue reading

Gas oil contact (Geology, Well completions)

n. [Production Facilities] The gas produced or separated at surface conditions from the full well stream produced from a natural gas reservoir.

Gaswell gas

n. [Production Facilities] The liquids separated at surface conditions from the full well stream produced from a natural gas reservoir.

Gaswell liquid

n. [Production Facilities] The pipes used to transport oil and gas from a field to the main pipeline in the area.

Gathering lines

n. [Production Facilities] The flowline network and process facilities that transport and control the flow of oil or gas from the wells to a main storage facility, processing plant or shipping point. A gathering system includes pumps, headers, separators, emulsion treaters, tanks, regulators, compressors, dehydrators, valves and associated equipment. There are two types of gathering systems, radial and trunk line. The radial type brings all the flowlines to a central header, while the trunk-line type uses several remote headers to collect fluid. The latter is mainly used in large fields. The gathering system is also called the collecting system or gathering facility.

Gathering system

Name the device that is typically run on wireline in conjunction with the junk basket to determine the whole ID...

Gauge Ring

Name two of the three mapping systems that are pertinent to mapping the Earth

Geographic information systems (GIS), Computer aided design (CAD), Desktop Mapping

Name the promoter who organized an investor group for Silliman's study of "Rock Oil."

George Bissel

Name the man who led the Pennsylvania Rock Oil Company into the first production of crude oil

George Bissell

Name the two largest conventional oil fields in the world, and their location

Ghawar Field in Saudi Arabia and Burgan Field in Kuwait

What piece of equipment is commonly used to dehydrate produced gas?

Glycol Tower

n. [Production Facilities] A unit used to remove minute water particles from natural gas if dehydration was not attained using separators. A glycol dehydrator unit is usually composed of an absorber and a reboiler. The wet gas enters at the bottom of the absorber. As the wet gas percolates upward, it releases its water into the glycol solution and dry gas is obtained at the top of the absorber. When the glycol solution becomes saturated with water, the glycol solution is pumped through a reboiler, also called a reconcentrator, which boils the glycol-water mixture and separates the glycol from the water. After separation, the glycol can return to the absorber to contact additional wet gas.

Glycol dehydrator

This diagram or relation commonly used in the industry to assess rod life and rod failure for artificial lift applications is named after this English scientist.

Goodman

Identify the inverted "U" shaped section of rigid piping normally used as a conduit for high-pressure drilling fluid.

Gooseneck

n. [Production Facilities] The tendency of fluids to stratify into different layers because of gravity forces. In gravity segregation, the heaviest fluid settles near the bottom and the lightest fluid rises to the top. Gravity segregation occurs inside reservoirs as well as in separator facilities.

Gravity segregation

n. [Production Facilities] A settling tank used for treating oil. Oil and brine are separated only by gravity segregation forces. The clean oil floats to the top and brine is removed from the bottom of the tank. Gun barrels are found predominantly in older or marginal fields. A gun barrel is also called a wash tank.

Gun barrel

n. [Production Testing] Debris, dirt, paraffin, oil, mill scale and rust removed from a pipeline when a scraper or a pig is used for cleaning purposes.

Gunk

A device used in a hydraulic system to store energy or, in some applications, dampen pressure fluctuations. Energy is stored by compressing a precharged gas bladder with hydraulic fluid from the operating or charging system. Depending on the fluid volume and precharge pressure of the accumulator, a limited amount of hydraulic energy is then available independent of any other power source. Well pressure-control systems typically incorporate sufficient accumulator capacity to enable the blowout preventer to be operated with all other power shut down.

HPU

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HUD-HOLDUP DEPTH

What is the physical law that gives the pressure drop in a fluid across a cylindrical tube? It assumes that the flow is laminar, viscous and incompressible. It also assumes that the flow traveled is longer than the diameter of the cross-sectional area?

Hagen-Poisuelle Equation, ΔP=8μLQ/(πr4)

n. [Production Facilities] An opening in the top of a tank through which samples are taken or inspection is made

Hatch

What is intermittent flow?

Head or slug type flow which is accomplished primarily by displacement of fluid through intermittent injection of lift gas

n. [Geophysics] The location, acquisition and processing parameters, and other pertinent information attached to a well log, seismic record and traces. (See: parameter, seismic record, seismic section, well log)

Header

This is the name of a vessel that breaks oil-water emulsions so that oil can be accepted by pipeline or for transport

Heater Treater

Name 2 examples of transitional oils for 5 points each

Heavy oils, ultra-deep oils, tight shale oils

Holdup is a term used in multiphase fluid flow to describe the fraction of a pipe interval occupied by one fluid phase in the presence of another phase. When referring Continue reading

Holdup (Production logging)

Who invented the first roller cutter bit in 1909 that dramatically improved rotary drilling

Howard Hughes, Sr.

vb. [Drilling Fluids] For a hygroscopic material such as a clay or polymer to absorb water. Hydration is the first stage of clay-water (or polymer-water) interaction. When dry bentonite is stirred into water, hydration is observed as swelling.

Hydrate

Sometimes used when planning well stimulation, what phenomenon do a PKN and KGD models describe?

Hydraulic Fracturing

What instrument is used to determine liquid specific gravity?

Hydrometer

Which of the following processes is designed to remove sulfur from the gasoline and diesel products?

Hydrotreater

n. [Production Testing] A mathematical tool used in production engineering to assess well performance by plotting the well production rate against the flowing bottomhole pressure (BHP). The data required to create the IPR are obtained by measuring the production rates under various drawdown pressures. The reservoir fluid composition and behavior of the fluid phases under flowing conditions determine the shape of the curve.

IPR

Impression block is a fishing tool normally run on a wireline and set down on the target to get a picture of what the fish or any downhole obstruction looks Continue reading

Impression block (Fishing)

Major Aleveev drills the world's first oil well at Baku, Azerbaijan using a primitive cable-tool drilling technique which originated in ancient China.

In 1848

What is the concept of a gas lift?

Increase gas liquid ratio resulting in a reduction to bottomhole pressure

Give 2 major benefits of using HWDP

Increased wall thickness, longer tool joints, uses more hard facing, may have a long central upset section

What effect does a negative skin have on the effective well bore radius?

Increases effective well bore radius.

The partial penetration (shperical flow regime) occurs between well bore storage and what other flow regime.

Infinite acting radial flow

. Name the three stages of flow and the pressure and flow rate profiles associated with each.

Infinite acting: constant rate, non-linear; pseudosteady-state: constant rate, linear pressure decline; Depletion flow: non-linear rate, constant pressure

Name the three stages of flow and the pressure and flow rate profiles associated with each.

Infinite-acting: constant rate, non-linear pressure decline Pseudo-steady-state: constant rate, linear pressure decline Depletion flow: non-linear rate, constant pressure

What is the term used to describe the determination of the production related pressure drop from the reservoir to the rock face of the reservoir completion?

Inflow Performance

What is a mathematical tool used in petroleum engineering to assess the performance of a well by plotting the well production rate vs. the bottom hole pressure?

Inflow Performance Relationship (IPR)

What does the equation Q = PI(Pr - Pwf)?

Inflow performace relationship (IPR)

What is the process where gas is injected under a column of liquid (usually above a standing valve) to displace that slug of liquid to the surface.

Intermittent Gas Lift

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J slot

What is the generic equation for inflow performance relation?

J= qo/(pe-pwf)

. An undersaturated water-drive reservoir has been producing for some years with no significant change in reservoir pressure. The pressure at the reservoir boundary is 2550 psia and the bottomhole flowing pressure is 1000 psia with a production rate of 90 stb/day. Using the data given, determine the productivity index.

J=production/drawdown = 90 / (2550-1000) = 0.058 stb/day*psi

This type of tool uses either hydraulic or mechanical means to free pipe which is stuck in the well. What is the name of this type of tool?

Jar

Where was the first successful ESP implementation?

Kansas

Cut mud, lost circulation, swabbing, improper hole fill-up during trips, and insufficient mud weight are all potential indicators of what?

Kick

n. [Production Logging] In a gradiomanometer tool, the pressure difference observed when the fluid velocity opposite the upper pressure sensor differs from that across the lower pressure sensor. This difference usually occurs opposite points of fluid entry or exit, and at sudden changes in diameter, such as at the tubing shoe. The result is a sharp deflection on the log that may be misinterpreted as a local change in fluid density.

Kinetic effect

n. [Production Testing] Liquid condensed by a scrubber following a compression and cooling process.

Knock out

The velocity profile is parabolic for what type of flow?

Laminar

What type of flow occurs when the individual particles in a fluid move forward in straight lines parallel to the pipe's axis?

Laminar Flow

What are the two possible ways single phase flow can be characterized?

Laminar or Turbulent

What engineering economics law states that "when one of the factors of production is fixed or is difficult to increase, increasing the other factors of production will result in a less than proportionate increase in output"?

Law of diminishing returns

What is the name of the bench on which workers or visitors may rest on while drilling operations are observed?

Lazy bench

n. [Production Testing] Natural gas that contains a few or no liquefiable liquid hydrocarbons. Lean gas is also called dry gas. (Alternate Form: dry gas)

Lean gas

n. [Production Testing] Liquid hydrocarbon utilized to remove heavier components from the gas stream in a gas processing plant.

Lean oil

Name the device that is sometimes used near the wellhead of high pressure gas wells and keeps hydrates from forming within the choke and flow line.

Line Heater

During this process natural gas is condensed and cooled while harmful components such as dust, acid gas, helium, water, and heavy hydrocarbons are removed

Liquefaction

n. [Production Facilities] A sea vessel used to transport liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). The term is commonly abbreviated as LNGC

Liquefied natural gas carrier

n. [Production Facilities] A hygroscopic liquid used to remove water and water vapor from a gas stream. Some liquid desiccants are glycols (diethylene, triethylene and tetraethylene), which are substances that can be regenerated. Regeneration means that the water absorbed by these substances can be separated from them. Some liquid desiccants, such as methanol or ethylene, cannot be regenerated.

Liquid desiccant

n. [Production Facilities] An emulsion with large and widely distributed droplets. A loose emulsion can be easy to break.

Loose emulsion

Name the two coefficients that are a common measure of permeability variation in petroleum engineering.

Lorenz Coefficient, Dykstra-Parsons coefficient

Give 2 ways to minimize fluid loss in to the formation.

Lowest practical mud weight; reduce pressure drops in the circulating system; avoid pressure surges when running pipe; avoid annular clearances between drillstring and the hole

What does M-170D-180-64 mean in SRP Specification?

M-170D-180-64 : M = Mark II, D = double reduction gear reducer, 170 = 170000 in-lb (peak torque rating), 180 = 18000 lb (polished rod load rating), 64 = 64'' (maximum stroke length)

What is the model used to estimate the pressure drop through perforations for wells that have not been stimulated?

Macwilliams model (?)

n. [Production Testing] Gas injected into a gas-condensate reservoir to maintain the pressure level, thus preventing further condensate dropout.

Makeup gas

This type of casing hanger often referred to as ...

Mandrel casing hanger (The other type is slip-and-seal)

What tool is a permanent attachment to the side of the completion that allows the connection of valves and gauges?

Mandrels

Name the valve located on the Christmas tree that controls all flow from the wellbore.

Master Valve

Name four diversion techniques for stimulation

Matrix stimulation, Mechanical diversion, Chemical diversion, Treatment fluid

what is the model used to estimate the pressure drop throught perforations ffor wells that have not been stimulated

McLeod model

What are five causes of positive skin?

Mechanical causes such as partial completion, inadequate number of perforations, phase changes(relative permeability reduction to the main fluid), turbulence, and damage to the natural reservoir permeability

In drilling, torque, RPM and WOB are parameters constantly measured. Using real-time drilling data a driller can also calculate the amount off energy required per unit volume of rock drilled in klbf/in2. What is this parameter called?

Mechanical specific energy

n. [Geology] An unusual occurrence of hydrocarbon in which molecules of methane are trapped in ice molecules. More generally, hydrates are compounds in which gas molecules are trapped within a crystal structure. Hydrates form in cold climates, such as permafrost zones and in deep water. To date, economic liberation of hydrocarbon gases from hydrates has not occurred, but hydrates contain quantities of hydrocarbons that could be of great economic significance. Hydrates can affect seismic data by creating a reflection or multiple.

Methane hydrate

Matthew, Brons, and Hasabroke adapted electrical potential field theory to model asymetrically situated bounded reservoirs. What is this technique known as?

Method of images

What is micro annulus?

Micro annulus is the space between the outside of coiled tubing and the inside of conventional tubing

n. [Production Facilities] A device used to collect small liquid droplets (moisture or hydrocarbons) from the gas stream before it leaves the separator. The two most common types of mist extractors are wire-mesh pads and vanes. Once the small droplets of liquid are collected, they are removed along with the other liquids from the separator.

Mist extractor

What is the name of the tubular placed at the bottom of the subsurface sucker rod pump and inside the the gas anchor to drive the formation fluid with little or no gas into the pump.

Mosquito bill

n. [Production Logging] A technique for interpreting the results from a spinner flowmeter using several logging runs of the flowmeter over the zone of interest at different speeds, both up and down. Spinner speed is a nearly linear function of the effective velocity of the fluid. Although this function can be measured on surface, it varies with the fluid and is most reliably determined in situ. After several passes are made, the function can be calibrated and the spinner speed converted into flow rate. The technique is applicable when the flow is single phase, or else multiphase with a sufficiently homogeneous flow regime such as with emulsion or dispersed bubble flow.

Multipass method

n. [Production Facilities] A pump that can handle the complete production from a well (oil, natural gas, water and sand, for example) without needing to separate or process the production stream near or at the wellhead. This reduces the cost associated with the surface facilities. Using multiphase pumps allows development of remote locations or previously uneconomical fields. Additionally, since the surface equipment, including separators, heater-treaters, dehydrators and pipes, is reduced, the impact on the environment is also reduced. Multiphase pumps can handle high gas volumes as well as the slugging and different flow regimes associated with multiphase production. Multiphase pumps include twin-screw pumps, piston pumps and helicoaxial pumps.

Multiphase pump

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NODAL* analysis

n. [Production Testing] Crude oil containing asphaltic materials but very little or no paraffin wax. This type of oil is suitable for making gasoline, lubricating oil and asphalt. It is also called asphalt-base crude

Naphthene base crude oil

What do you call the thickness of the interval in which porosity and permeability are known to be high enough for the interval to be able to produce oil or gas.

Net productive thickness

With two phase flow, why does the flow regime not affect the pressure drop in horizontal flow as it does in vertical flow?

No potential energy contribution to the pressure drop in horizontal flow

This organization, founded at the Baghdad Conference of 1960, has the purpose of coordinating the petroleum related policies of its member countries.

OPEC - Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

Fill in the blank. A placer deposit that occur on the continental shelf, formed by the submergence of alluvial or drowned placer is called a _____________ placer. Name this type of placer.

Offshore placer

To what state did Arutunoff relocate his ESP project?

Oklahoma

When and where the first flowing well was drilled in the United States?

On 1861, at the rate of 3000 bbl/day in the Western Pennsylvania

During wellbore storage flow regime, what is the slope of the pressure derivative.

One

What is distributive flow?

One phase is dispersed in the other phase.

n. [Production Logging] A measure of the amount of light reflected by a fluid from an optical probe. It is the same as the relative refractive index of light between the probe and the fluid, being close to 1 in gas, 1.35 in water and 1.5 in oil.

Optical index

A decrease in d-exponent is an indication of what kind of zone?

Overpressured zone

What is described as a cylinder of rubberlike material which is run on a tubular string down hole and is compressed to expand and seal the well at that level?

Packer

Which devices provide both a structural purpose (anchor the tubing to casing) and a sealing purpose?

Packers

The deformable sealing material inserted into a valve stem stuffing box, which provides a tight seal about the stem when compressed by a gland.

Packing

n. [Production Testing] A crude oil containing paraffin wax but very few asphaltic materials. This type of oil is suitable for motor lubricating oil and kerosene.

Paraffin base crude oil

Name the completion method which uses limited entry to a formation in order to stay away from unwanted reservoir fluids?

Partial Completion

n. [Production Logging] A record of the density in and around a completed well using a radioactive source of gamma rays and a detector. The log is recorded with a nuclear fluid densimeter. Originally, photon logs were run to determine the size of salt caverns. More recently, they have been run to evaluate the quality of gravel packs and sand cavities and are then synonymous with gravel-pack logs.

Photon log

What is a scraping tool that is forced through a pipeline or flow line to remove accumulations of wax, and debris from the walls of the pipe.

Pig

n. [Production Testing] A device with blades or brushes inserted in a pipeline for cleaning purposes. The pressure of the oil stream behind pushes the pig along the pipeline to clean out rust, wax, scale and debris. These devices are also called scrapers.

Pig

n. [Production Facilities] A tube or system of tubes used for transporting crude oil and natural gas from the field or gathering system to the refinery.

Pipeline

n. [Production Facilities] A sufficiently dry gas that will not drop out natural gas liquids (NGL) when entering the gas pipeline; also, gas with enough pressure to enter high-pressure gas pipelines.

Pipeline gas

n. [Production Facilities] Oil whose free water, sediment and emulsion content (BS&W) is sufficiently low to be acceptable for pipeline shipment.

Pipeline oil

What does the abbreviation PBTD stand for?

Plugged Back Total Depth

Relative permeability is controlled by what factors?

Pore Geometry, Wettability, Fluid Distribution, and Saturations/Saturation History.

For 5 points each, name two types of displacement in oil-well pumps.

Positive and dynamic

What operation is conducted while drilling to detect the pore pressure transition and safely set casing in the transition zone to maximize well bore strength

Pressure hunt

What term is used to define a higher than expected production from existing oilfields possible due to improved management, adoption of more sophisticated and costly technologies or previous miscalculation?

Production Creeping

Give 2 types of liner for 5 points each.

Production liner, tie back liner, scab liner, scab tie back liner

What is the production rate divided by the pressure difference in a well?

Productivity Index (J)

n. [Production Testing] Tests in an oil or gas well to determine its flow capacity at specific conditions of reservoir and flowing pressures. The absolute open flow potential (AOFP) can be obtained from these tests, and then the inflow performance relationship (IPR) can be generated.

Productivity test

This artificial lift method is based on the principle of a fluid displacement system employing a helical screw rotor spinning with an elastomer stator to form as traveling sealed cavity.

Progressive Cavity Pump

This artificial system uses a helical screw rotar to formed a travelling sealed cavity

Progressive Cavity Pump

What type of flow happens when all the boundaries have been encountered in a closed reservoir and the formation is undergoing depletion?

Pseudosteady-State Flow

What is the term used to describe a multiwell interference test?

Pulse test

Formula for rate during exponential decline

Q=Qi*e^(-d*i*t)

During which type of flow can permeability, average pressure, and wellbore skin be calculated?

Radial Flow

n. [Production Facilities] Gas produced from the well, unprocessed natural gas or the inlet natural gas to a plant. The raw gas still contains natural gas liquids (condensate, natural gasoline and liquefied petroleum gas), water and some other impurities such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and helium. The raw gas must be processed in a gas processing plant to make the gas commercial.

Raw natural gas

Give 2 objectives of well completions for 5 points each.

Regulating the rate of production; controlling the gas; enhancing the rate of recovery; maintaining the well to keep producing

What is the reduction in an ability of a fluid to flow in the presence of two or more immiscible fluids called?

Relative Permeability Effect

Completions are divided into two specific parts, what are they?

Reservoir (or lower) completion and Upper completion

n. [Production Facilities] Another term for retention time, the amount of time a liquid stay in a vessel. The retention time assures that equilibrium between the liquid and gas has been reached at separator pressure. The retention time in a separator is determined by dividing the liquid volume inside the vessel by the liquid flow rate. The retention time usually varies between 30 seconds and 3 minutes. If a foaming crude is present, the retention time could be increased by four times its normal values.

Residence time

n. [Production Facilities] The amount of time a liquid stay in a vessel. The retention time assures that equilibrium between the liquid and gas has been reached at separator pressure. The retention time in a separator is determined by dividing the liquid volume inside the vessel by the liquid flow rate. The retention time usually varies between 30 seconds and 3 minutes. If a foaming crude is present, the retention time could be increased by four times its normal values.

Retention time

for 2 points each, give at least 2 classification of packer.

Retrievable, permanent, permanent-retrievable, inflatable

n. [Production Testing] The formation of liquid hydrocarbons in a gas reservoir as the pressure in the reservoir decreases below dewpoint pressure during production. It is called retrograde because some of the gas condenses into a liquid under isothermal conditions instead of expanding or vaporizing when pressure is decreased.

Retrograde condensation

The first casing shoe was invented in 1907. Who was the inventor?

Reuben C. Baker

n. [Production Testing] Natural gas containing heavier hydrocarbons than a lean gas. Its liquid content adds important economic value to developments containing this type of fluid.

Rich gas

n. [Production Testing] Lean oil that has absorbed heavier hydrocarbon components from a gas stream

Rich oil

It is the machine used to drill a wellbore. In onshore operations, it includes virtually everything except living quarters. Name it.

Rig

A numerical expression of the hardness of a metal as determined with a Rockwell Hardness Tester. There are several hardness scales. The most commonly used are the Rockwell B scale for soft metals and the Rockwell C scale for hard materials.

Rockwell hardness number

vb. [Production Facilities] To agitate a tanks contents with gas or air injected through a roll line. This procedure is performed to settle out impurities or obtain a more homogeneous mixture of the chemicals added to oil, such as when chemicals used to break emulsions. The procedure is also used to mix chemicals before a stimulation treatment of an oil or gas well.

Roll a tank

n. [Production Facilities] A thin, perforated pipe placed around the internal circumference of a tank. The purpose of the roll line is to agitate the contents of a tank.

Roll line

Name 4 components of an ESP, or electric submersible pump.

Rotor, stator, motor, diffuser, impeller

n. [Production Testing, Enhanced Oil Recovery] Natural forces in the reservoir that displace hydrocarbons out of the reservoir into the wellbore and up to surface. Reservoir-drive mechanisms include gasdrive (gas cap or solution gasdrive), waterdrive (bottomwater drive or edgewater drive), combination drive, and gravity drainage. Waterdrive is the most efficient drive mechanism, followed by gasdrive and gravity drainage. Reservoir-drive mechanisms are also called natural drives.

Rreservoir drive mechanisms

n. [Well Completions] A downhole device, usually run on slickline, used to remove sand or debris from the bottom of the wellbore. In operation, an atmospheric chamber within the tool is opened to create a surge of fluids into the chamber. Debris is then held within the chamber for recovery at surface.

Sand bailer

. For 2 points each, who are the biggest oilfield service companies (Top 5)?

Schlumberger, Halliburton, Saipem, Transocean Ltd., Baker Hughes

A slotted link mechanism that works as the quarter-turn operator for use on quarter-turn valves in place of gears. The Scotch yoke has a torque output at the beginning and end of its stroke that is generally twice the magnitude of the torque output in the center of its stroke.

Scotch yoke

vb. [Production Testing] To remove impurities, water, liquid hydrocarbons or traces of other gases by passing the gas flowstream through a scrubber, a device in which the gas is mixed with a suitable liquid that absorbs or washes out the constituent to be removed.

Scrub

n. [Production Testing] A device to remove dirt, water, foreign matter, or undesired liquids that are part of the gas flowstream. Air can be used to absorb water; also, an oil bath might be useful to remove dust, dirt or other liquids. A scrubber is used to protect downstream rotating equipment or to recover valuable liquids from gas.

Scrubber

Brill and Beggs described three flow regimes for horizontal gas-liquid flow, what are they?

Segregated flow, intermittent flow, and distributive flow

What are oil samples called that are obtained by carefully controlling production rate and sampling separator gas and separator liquid?

Separator samples or surface samples.

This is the primary and probably most important device on the rig for removing drilled solids from the mud. Name this device that separates cuttings from drilling mud.

Shale shaker

Fill in the blank. The surface force per unit area exerted at the top of a wellbore when it is closed at either the Christmas tree or the BOP stack is called __________________.

Shut-in pressure

This term is a dimensionless factor calculated to determine the production efficiency of a well. Positive values indicate damage which impairs productivity while negative values indicate enhanced productivity. What is the name of this term?

Skin

This fracturing technique was first used in 1997 in Texas' Barnett Shale and uses friction reducing chemicals to allow for more efficient gas extraction.

Slickwater Fracking

n. [Production Logging] The phenomenon in multiphase flow when one phase flows faster than another phase, in other words slips past it. Because of this phenomenon, there is a difference between the holdups and cuts of the phases.

Slip

As it pertains to drilling line maintenance, this first step of a 2 step process...

Slip and Cut

n. [Production Logging] The difference between the average velocities of two different fluids flowing together in a pipe. In vertical ascending flow, the lighter fluid flows faster than the heavier fluid. The slip velocity depends mainly on the difference in density between the two fluids, and their holdups.

Slip velocity

What are the two types of intermittent flow?

Slug and Plug.

n. [Well Completions] A multiphase-fluid flow regime characterized by a series of liquid plugs (slugs) separated by a relatively large gas pocket. In vertical flow, the bubble is an axially symmetrical bullet shape that occupies almost the entire cross-sectional area of the tubing. The resulting flow alternates between high-liquid and high-gas composition.

Slug flow

n. [Well Completions]A multiphase-fluid flow regime characterized by a series of liquid plugs (slugs) separated by a relatively large gas pocket. In vertical flow, the bubble is an axially symmetrical bullet shape that occupies almost the entire cross-sectional area of the tubing. The resulting flow alternates between high-liquid and high-gas composition.

Slug flow

n. [Production Testing] Accumulation of a water, oil or condensate in a gas pipeline. These fluids need to be removed using a pig.

Slugging

n. [Production Facilities] A solid, such as silica gel or calcium chloride [CaCl2], used in a gas-dehydration unit to remove water and moisture. The desiccants are placed as beds through which wet gas is passed. The main limitation of the use of solid desiccants is that they absorb only limited quantities of water. When the desiccant saturation point is reached, the solid desiccant must be replaced. Another limitation is that sometimes water cannot be removed from it.

Solid desiccant

n. [Production Testing] A crude oil containing hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide or mercaptans.

Sour crude oil

n. [Drilling Fluids] A general term for those gases that are acidic either alone or when associated with water. Two sour gases associated with oil and gas drilling and production are hydrogen sulfide, H2S, and carbon dioxide, CO2. Sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, generated by oxidation of certain sulfur- or nitrogen-bearing materials, are also in this category but not found in the anaerobic conditions of the subsurface.

Sour gas

This type of flow occurs from the formation to the wellbore is channeled through a short set of perforations or through the small probe of a wireline formation tester. The typical slope of this type of flow is t to the -.5.

Spherical Flow

Drilling on this salt dome in 1901 led to the first Texas oil boom

Spindletop

Name the first salt dome in the world to be successfully drilled

Spindletop

n. [Production Facilities] A sample of liquid or sediments obtained at a specific depth inside a tank using a thief or a bottle. Spot samples are analyzed to determine the gravity of the oil and BS&W content of the fluid in the tank.

Spot sample

In what flow regime is pressure constant with time everywhere in the reservoir?

Steady state

n. [Production Facilities] A storage tank for oil production after the oil has been treated.

Stock tank

n. [Production Facilities] A measure of the volume of treated oil stored in stock tanks. A stock tank barrel is commonly abbreviated as STB.

Stock tank barrel

vb. [Well Completions] To measure a running string or assembled components while running in or out of the wellbore.

Strap

n. [Production Facilities] A graduated tape use to measure, or strap, producing tanks. The measurements are used to generate a tank table, which describes tank capacity.

Strapping tape

n. [Production Logging] A multiphase-flow regime in horizontal or near-horizontal wells in which the fluids are separated into different layers, with lighter fluids flowing above heavier fluids. Stratified flow is more likely to occur at low flow rates and in flat or downhill sections of horizontal wells. In uphill sections, and as the flow rate increases, the interface between the fluids becomes mixed and irregular, hence the term wavy stratified flow is often used.

Stratified flow

What are the three types of segregated flow?

Stratified, Wavy and annular.

In thermal recovery, what is the term used to describe the difference between the saturation temperature boiling point of water at the producer pressure and the actual temperature at the same place where the temperature is measured?

Subcool

What's the term for fail-safe valves that are designed to prevent an uncontrolled release of hydrocarbons from the well if something catastrophic occurs at the surface?

Subsurface Safety Valves

What are the subsurface devices designed to prevent an uncontrolled release of hydrocarbons from the well if something catastrophic occurs at surface?

Subsurface safety valves

Identify the method of artificial lift that carries the following disadvantages: potential for tubing and rod wear, gas oil ratios, systems limited ability of rods to handle loads, and aesthetic concerns

Sucker rod pump

What does the abbreviation SCSSV stand for?

Surface-Controlled Subsurface Safety Valve

n. [Production Facilities] A vessel placed in a flowline through which liquids or gases are flowed to neutralize sudden pressure surges.

Surge tank

n. [Production Facilities] A process used to remove hydrogen sulfide [H2S] and carbon dioxide [CO2] from a gas stream. These components are removed because they can form acidic solutions when they contact water, which will cause corrosion problems in gas pipelines. In a sweetening process, different types of ethanolamine can be used, including monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), diglycolamine (DGA) and methyldiethanolamine (MDEA). Hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide are absorbed by the ethanolamine and sweet gas leaves at the top of the absorber. The ethanolamine is heated and acid gas (hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide gases) and water vapor are obtained. The water is removed while the acid gas can be flared or further treated in a sulfur recovery unit to separate out elemental sulfur. Finally, the lean ethanolamine is returned to the absorber

Sweetening

n. [Production Facilities] A gas obtained by heating coal or refining heavy hydrocarbons. Synthetic natural gas is abbreviated SNG.

Synthetic natural gas

What is the name for a cut off in time that has the effect of eliminating some kinds of noise in the seismic data?

Tail mute

adj. [Production Logging] Referring to the description of different regimes for the simultaneous flow of gas and liquid in vertical pipes introduced by Y. Taitel and A. Dukler in 1980. The results are shown in the form of a crossplot or map with the superficial gas velocity, vgs, on the x-axis and the superficial liquid velocity, vls, on the y-axis. Different maps are constructed for different pipe sizes and fluid properties. The Taitel-Dukler map defines the transition between different flow regimes more closely than other models. Taitel and Dukler also described flow transitions in horizontal pipes.

Taitel Dukler

n. [Production Facilities] A group of tanks that are connected to receive crude oil production from a well or a producing lease. A tank battery is also called a battery. In the tank battery, the oil volume is measured and tested before pumping the oil into the pipeline system.

Tank battery

n. [Production Facilities] A structure constructed around an oil tank to contain the oil in case the tank collapses. The volume or space inside the tank dike should be greater than the volume of the tank. A tank dike is also called a fire wall.

Tank dike

n. [Production Facilities] A table that shows the tank capacity in barrels as a function of the liquid level inside the tank. A tank table is also called a tank capacity table or gauge table.

Tank table

n. [Production Facilities] The capacity of all the tanks in a field

Tankage

n. [Production Facilities] A ship designed to transport crude oil, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), liquefied natural gas (LNG), synthetic natural gas (SNG) or refined products. Tankers with 100,000 deadweight tons of capacity or more are called supertankers (very large crude carriers or ultralarge crude carriers). A tanker is also called a tank ship.

Tanker

n. [Production Logging] In multiphase flow, large bubbles of the lighter phase that form by coalescence of small bubbles under certain conditions of fluid flow. The large bubbles occur during slug flow and plug flow. The term is named after G.I. Taylor. Reference: Davies RM and Taylor G: The Mechanics of Large Bubbles Rising Through Liquids and Through Liquids in Tubes, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A. 200 (February 22, 1950): 375-390.

Taylor bubbles

What is TSE in petroleum production stand for?

Temperature Safety Element

The TIW valve on a drilling rig...

Texas Iron Works

This university won the Petrobowl in its inaugural 2002 event,

Texas Tech

How does the "huff and puff" operation combat the skin effect in a gas condensate reservoir?

The injection of neat natural gas redissolves the condensate and diplaces it into the reservoir.

What is the difference between a rig and a platform? For 10 points.

The rig is used for drilling operations, whereas the platform is use during the actual production stage

What is a thief zone?

The term for a higher permeability rock layer above or beneath multiple lower permeability layers.

n. [Production Facilities] A device that can be lowered into a tank to obtain samples (liquid or sediments) at different depths. The samples are analyzed to determine the gravity and BS&W content of the fluid into the tank.

Thief

What is the term for a higher perm layer above or beneath multiple lower perm layers?

Thief Zones

n. [Production Facilities] An opening in the top of the stock tank. The thief hatch allows tank access for a thief or other level measuring devices.

Thief hatch

For re-entry of existing wells and recovery enhancement by drilling more laterals for the existing wellbore, while completions and Christmas tree remain in place. Which technology developed by Statoil is used.

Through tubing rotary drilling

n. [Production Facilities] An emulsion with small and closely distributed droplets. A tight emulsion can be difficult to break.

Tight emulsion

This city was the site of the first successfully drilled oil well in 1859

Titusville, PA

Where and when was the first well drilled in the United States?

Titusville, Pennsylvania, 1859

n. [Drilling Fluids] A chemical or other material placed in the borehole fluid and later detected to infer information about the borehole or the drilled formations. The two main types of tracers used during drilling are the mud tracer and the filtrate tracer.

Tracer

n. [Production Facilities] An 800-mile [1287-km], 48-in. [122-cm] pipeline that transports more than 1 million barrels of oil from Deadhorse (near Prudhoe Bay) to Valdez, Alaska, USA. The Trans-Alaska Pipeline System was completed in 1977 and it is often abbreviated as TAPS.

Trans-Alaska Pipeline System

n. [Production Facilities] A vessel used to treat oil-water emulsions so the oil can be accepted by the pipeline or transport. A treater can use several mechanisms. These include heat, gravity segregation, chemical additives and electric current to break emulsions. There are vertical and horizontal treaters. The main difference between them is the residence time, which is shorter in the vertical configuration compared with the horizontal one. A treater can be called a heater treater or an emulsion treater.

Treater

Mud column height may be reduced in three ways. What are these?

Tripping, swabbing, lost circulation

A ratio of minimum throughput to design throughput is often used to describe production facility capacity contraints. What is the name of this ratio?

Turndown ratio

n. [Production Facilities] A supertanker with 500,000 deadweight tons of capacity or more. The term is commonly abbreviated as ULCC.

Ultralarge crude carrier

The functional segments Exploration and Production, or E&P, can also be referred to by this one word commonly used in the industry.

Upstream (?)

Used in production facilities, what is the unit which detects pressure variations inside of completely sealed crude oil in order to trigger a compressor?

Vapor recovery unit

n. [Production Facilities] A system composed of a scrubber, a compressor and a switch. Its main purpose is to recover vapors formed inside completely sealed crude oil or condensate tanks. The switch detects pressure variations inside the tanks and turns the compressor on and off. The vapors are sucked through a scrubber, where the liquid trapped is returned to the liquid pipeline system or to the tanks, and the vapor recovered is pumped into gas lines.

Vapor recovery unit

n. [Production Facilities] A supertanker with a capacity between 100,000 and 500,000 deadweight tons. The term is commonly abbreviated as VLCC.

Very large crude carrier

What correlation allows for the use of properties for just oil if that oil is in a two phase system?

Vogel Correlation

When the wellbore pressure goes below the bubble point pressure, what equation should be used to calculate the productivity?

Vogel's Equation for two phases

The constant b in van der Waals equation of state is a correction for what?

Volume occupied by the molecules of the gas

Risers are significantly impacted by what hydrodynamic phenomenon that is caused by and eddy currents. The acronym is VIV. Also, name the device used to mitigate this effect

Vortex Induced Vibration and Strakes or Fairing

Give 4 factors that would affect the ROP.

WOB, RPM, mud properties, hydraulic efficiency

The ratio of water produced compared to the volume of total liquids produced. The water cut in water drive reservoirs can reach very high values.

Water cut

It is a reservoir-drive mechanism whereby the oil is driven through the reservoir by an active aquifer. As the reservoir depletes, the water moving in from the aquifer below displaces the oil until the aquifer energy is expended or the well eventually produces too much water to be viable. Name this reservoir-drive mechanism.

Water drive

WOR is the abbreviation for the ratio of produced water to produced oil. Give its meaning.

Water oil ratio

What are the most common organic species that cause formation damage.

Waxes(paraffins) and asphaltenes

For 5 points. What does the abbreviation WOB stand for?

Weight on bit

1. In petroleum production, what is the process of making a well ready for production (or injection) which principally involves preparing the bottom of the hole to the required specifications, running in the production tubing and its associated downhole tools as well as perforating and stimulating as required?

Well Completion

By what event was Texas Oil Boom started and when was it?

Well Lucas 1 - Spindletop gusher ( 75,000 bbl/day) in 1901

To have maximum flow in a wellbore, what pressure condition is needed? What is this called?

Well flowing pressure = 0; absolute open flow potential

n. [Geology] Natural gas that contains less methane (typically less than 85% methane) and more ethane and other more complex hydrocarbons.

Wet gas

n. [Geology] Natural gas that contains less methane (typically less than 85% methane) and more ethane and other more complex hydrocarbons. (Antonyms: Dry gas, See: condensate, dry gas, fluid contact, hydrocarbon, natural gas)

Wet gas

In two phase flow what is hold up?

When the lighter phase flows faster than the denser phase.

What is churn flow?

With a further increase in gas rate, the larger gas bubbles become unstable and collapse, resulting in churn flow, a highly turbulent flow pattern with both phases dipsersed. Churn flow is characterized by oscillatory, up and down motions of the liquid.

This is the term for operations on a producing well to restore or increase production. May be performed to stimulate the well, remove sand or wax from the wellbore, to mechanically repair the well, or for other reasons.

Workover

During infinite acting radial flow, what is the value of the pressure derivative slope?

Zero

When the oil saturation becomes the residual oil saturation, what is the value of the effective oil permeability (ko)?

Zero

A device used in a hydraulic system to store energy or, in some applications, dampen pressure fluctuations. Energy is stored by compressing a precharged gas bladder with hydraulic fluid from the operating or charging system. Depending on the fluid volume and precharge pressure of the accumulator, a limited amount of hydraulic energy is then available independent of any other power source. Well pressure-control systems typically incorporate sufficient accumulator capacity to enable the blowout preventer to be operated with all other power shut down.

accumulator

"

acidizing

An extension added to a short face-to-face valve to conform to standard API 6D (or ISO 14313: 1999) face-to-face dimensions. API 6D specifies requirements and gives recommendations for the design, manufacturing, testing and documentation of ball, check, gate and plug valves for application in pipeline systems.

adapter spool

"

ambient temperature

A pin welded to the body of a ball valve. This pin aligns the adapter plate and keeps the plate and gear operator from moving while the valve is being operated

anchor pin

Name three types of Blow out Presenters?

annular blowout preventers, single ram blowout preventers, and double ram blowout preventers, shear ram, blind ram, blind shear ram.

Requiring an estimate of the reserves contained in the structure is done in what part of field development?

appraisal

"

area open to flow

"

artificial lift

For 20 points. Name the method used to raise oil to the sufrface through a well after reservoir pressure has declined to the point at which the well no longer produces by means of natural energy.

artificial lift

"

axial loading

"

back pressure

The pressure within a system caused by fluid friction or an induced resistance to flow through the system. Most process facilities require a minimum system pressure to operate efficiently. The necessary back-pressure is often created and controlled by a valve that is set to operate under the desired range of conditions.

back pressure

"

back wash

A valve using a spherical closure element (ball) which is rotated through 90° to open and close the valve.

ball valve

"

barefoot completion

"

barite plug

"

bean choke

A gate valve actuated by means of a set of bevel gears having the axis of the pinion gear at right angles to that of the larger ring gear. The reduction ratio of this gear set determines the multiplication of torque achieved.

bevel gear operated (BGO) valve

"

blast joint

"

blast sleeve

A valve that isolates or blocks possible leaks in case of an emergency situation.

block valve

The capability of obtaining a seal across the upstream and downstream seat rings of a valve when the body pressure is bled off to the atmosphere through blowdown valves or vent plugs. Useful in testing the integrity of seat seals and performing minor repairs under pressure.

block-and-bleed

A phenomenon in which free gas leaves with the liquid phase at the bottom of the separator. This condition may indicate a low liquid level or improper level control inside the separator. What is this phenomenon called?

blow by

What rig part is usually installed above the ram preventers that forms a seal in the annular space between the pipe and wellbore or, if no pipe is present, on the well bore itself?

blow out preventer or BOP

"

blowdown

A valve or system of valves that, when activated, initiates a blowdown of a pipeline, plant, process or platform; similar to an emergency shutdown valve (ESDV) that shuts in a pipeline, the BDV opens a pipeline.

blowdown valve (BDV)

An optional relief valve installed on ball valves used in liquid service to provide for the relief of excess body pressure caused by thermal expansion.

body relief valve (BRV)

The top part of a valve, attached to the body that guides the stem and adapts to extensions or operators.

bonnet

"

bottomhole choke

"

breakdown pressure

"

breakthrough

"

bring in the well

"

bubble flow

A phrase describing the sealing ability of a valve. During air pressure testing of a new valve in the closed position, leakage past the seats is collected and bubbled through water. To qualify as bubble-tight, no bubbles should be observed in a prescribed time span.

bubble-tight shutoff

A short face-to-face valve that has a movable vane in the center of the flow stream, which rotates 90° as the butterfly valve opens and closes.

butterfly valve

"

buttress thread

A system of pipes and valves permitting the diversion of flow or pressure around a line valve.

bypass

"

calcium carbonate plug

"

cap the well

The number of gallons of water per minute that will flow through a valve with a pressure drop of 1 psi. Also expressed as Kv in m3/hr∙bar.

capacity factor (of a valve), Cv, Kv

"

cased hole

"

casing completion

"

casing shoe test

"

casing spool

"

casing swage

The rapid formation and collapse of vapor pockets in a flowing liquid in localized regions of very low pressure. It is often a cause of erosive damage to pumps, throttling type valves and the piping itself. It can cause excessive noise.

cavitation

"

cement accelerator

"

cement dispersant

"

cement extender

"

cement retainer

"

cement retarder

"

cement squeeze

"

centralizer

"

charged zone

"

check valve

n. [Production] The metering and pressure-reducing station where gas is transferred from a high-pressure cross-country transmission line to a low-pressure distribution piping system, usually within a city."

check valve

"

chemical wash

"

choke

"

choke manifold

"

churn flow

The metering and pressure-reducing station where gas is transferred from a high-pressure cross-country transmission line to a low-pressure distribution piping system, usually within a city.

city gate

A U-shaped connector used to loosely join parts by means of a bolt or pin passing through the ends of the connector.

clevis

"

close in

The process of converting coal to a form of synthetic natural gas.

coal gasification

"

coiled tubing completion

"

collar

"

collar log

"

commingled flow

"

completion fluid

"

coning

What term is used to describe the change in oil-water contact or gas-oil contact profiles as a result of drawdown pressures during production.

coning

A valve that controls a process variable, such as pressure, flow or temperature, by modulating its opening in response to a signal from a controller.

control valve

variety of laboratory testing? This is worth 10 points."

coring

"

cross over

"

crossflow

"

crown valve

"

crushed zone

"

damaged zone

Name scientific tools for decision making.

decision hierarchy, influence diagram, and probabilistic sensitivity

A device removes air or gases (methane, H2S, CO2 and others) from drilling liquids. There are two generic types of this device that work by both expanding the size of the gas bubbles entrained in the mud (by pulling a vacuum on the mud) and by increasing the surface area available to the mud so that bubbles escape (through the use of various cascading baffle plates). Name this device.

degasser

It is a unit of measurement established by the American Petroleum Institute (API) that indicates the density of a liquid. Name this unit.

degree API

"

depleted zone

What is the hydrocyclone device that removes large drill solids from the whole mudsystem?

desander

For most drilling organizations, the greatest drilling problem worldwide in terms of time and financial cost occurs when high-contact forces caused by low reservoir pressures, high wellbore pressures, or both, are exerted over a sufficiently large area of the drillstring. This results in a condition whereby the drillstring cannot be rotated or pulled along the axis of the wellbore. What term is used to describe this dreaded condition?

differential sticking

Extending a blowdown valve (BDV) on large gate valves requires a tube that is located inside of the valve. This dip tube extends through the bonnet to the bottom of the body cavity.

dip tube

"

disposal well

A valve arrangement that ensures no flow in a line, although the valve may leak. It consists of two block valves in the main line with a small bleeder valve draining the line between the block valves.

double block-and-bleed

"

downhole safety valve (DSV)

"

drainhole

In organizational frameworks, what department is responsible for the drilling of the wells, in accordance with the general plans developed by the petroleum engineering department?

drilling department

A drop in outlet pressure of a regulator or control valve due to the travel of its valve or poppet as the required flow increases from low to maximum. A slight change in a control spring length due to valve travel will result in spring force variations and a change of outlet pressure.

droop

"

dry gas

"

dual completion

A nondestructive examination (NDE) method for detecting the presence of surface cracks and surface imperfections in welds or castings through use of a special red dye.

dye penetrant inspection

A sealing element used between parts that have relative motion, such as stem seals and seat seal O-rings.

dynamic seal

"

electric submersible pump

A valve or a system of valves that, when activated, initiate a shutdown of the plant, process or platform they are tied to.

emergency shutdown valve (ESDV)

A gate valve comprising a separate gate and segment that move without touching the seats as the valve operates the gate and segment. It permits the valve to be opened and closed without wear. In the closed position, the gate and segment are forced against the seats. Continued downward movement of the gate causes the gate and segment to expand against the seats. When the valve reaches its full open position, the gate and segment seal off against the seats while the flow is isolated from the valve body.

expanding gate valve

"

fines migration

It is the procedure of recovering lost or stuck equipment in the wellbore.

fishing

Any device used for connecting elements in fluid lines, including elbows, tees, nipples, unions and flanges.

fitting

"

flag joint

"

float collar

"

float shoe

The number of gallons of water per minute that will flow through a valve with a pressure drop of 1 psi, abbreviated Cv. Kv is the cubic meters of water per hour that cause a pressure drop of 1 bar.

flow coefficient, Cv

"

fluid-loss additive

"

frac balls

"

frac fluid

"

frac head

"

frac stack

"

frac tree

"

fracturing manifold

What piece of common production facility equipment is used to remove any free water in the produced oil?

free-water knockout

"

froth flow

"

gas bearing

"

gas cap

"

gas coning

"

gas drive

"

gas injection

"

gas lift

"

gas lift mandrel

The ratio of the gas volumetric flow rate to the total volumetric flow rate of all fluids.

gas volume fraction (GVF)

The ratio of produced gas volume to total produced liquids (oil and water) volume, often abbreviated GLR.

gas/liquid ratio (GLR)

n. [Production] The ratio of the volume of gas that comes out of solution to the volume of oil at standard conditions."

gas/oil ratio (GOR)

"

gate valve

A valve part that retains or compresses the stem packing in a stuffing box (where used) or retains a stem O-ring, lip seal or stem O-ring bushing.

gland bushing

A valve whose closure element is a flat disc or conical plug sealing on a seat that is usually parallel to the flow axis. The tortuous flow path produces a relatively high pressure loss.

globe valve

A new oil and gas field development.

greenfield

Name the two-phase flow correlation that was developed for vertical, upward flow and recommeded only for near-vertical wellbores.

hagedorn and brown

A means of supporting the weight of a cable or other connection.

hangoff

"

hydraulic fracturing

Fill in the blank. An additional well fitted into space between previously drilled well done during development is called ___________.

infill well

"

inflatable packer

"

inflow performance relationship

"

injection well

The inner part of a two-piece valve seat assembly.

inner seat ring

A pressure test that can be performed only on a trunnion mounted ball valve with double piston effect seats. By closing the valves and pressurizing the body cavity, all of the seals in an independent seating ball valve can be pressure tested.

inside-out air seat test

"

intelligent well

"

jar

A method of restricting the travel of a ball valve from fully open to fully closed. The stem key bears against the ends of an arc machined in the adapter plate.

key stop

n. [Production] The flow of a viscous fluid in which the fluid moves in parallel layers with a fixed velocity gradient from the centerline to the containing walls of the conduit. Sometimes referred to as streamline flow. It occurs at a low Reynolds number, a dimensionless term related to fluid viscosity and flow rates."

laminar flow

"

landing nipple

What are the expected flow regimes in fractured reservoirs?

linear, bilinear, elliptical, radial (3 out 4 correct)

A circular seal ring of U-shaped cross section encompassing an elastomeric O-ring, which provides resiliency and ensures a seal at the inner and outer lips of the U.

lip seal

A nondestructive inspection procedure for detecting surface cracks in welded areas through the use of fine iron particles in an electrical field.

magnetic particle inspection (MPI)

"

make up

Fill in the blank. Metamorphism of limestone produces _______________.

marble

"

marginal well

"

master valve

The maximum pressure at which a valve can be operated. The maximum working pressures for various pressure classes are defined by ASME B16.34 or API 6A.

maximum working pressure (MWP)

"

mechanical skin

The seal produced by metal-to-metal contact between the sealing face of the seat ring and the closure elements, without benefit of a synthetic seal.

metal-to-metal seal

"

microannulus

In IPR curve, what will be happened to curve if formation is stimulated?

move to the right.

A positive displacement motor that is used in drilling a deviated hole that has more than one angular deflection point in the motor housing.

multibend motor

"

multiple completion

A pad with multiple wells.

multiwell pad

"

natural completion

"

naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM)

A type of small valve used for flow metering, having a tapered needlepoint plug or closure element and a seat having a small orifice.

needle valve

"

nipple

n. [Well Completions] A completion component fabricated as a short section of heavy wall tubular with a machined internal surface that provides a seal area and a locking profile. Landing nipples are included in most completions at predetermined intervals to enable the installation of flow-control devices, such as plugs and chokes. Three basic types of landing nipple are commonly used: no-go nipples, selective-landing nipples and ported or safety-valve nipples."

nipple

"

nipple down

"

nipple up

A gate valve having its stem threaded into the gate. As the stem turns, the gate moves but the stem does not rise. Stem threads are exposed to line fluids.

nonrising stem

In geology what pertains to the surface area above a subsurface oil accumulation?

oil field

"

open flow potential

"

openhole completion

"

openhole gravel pack

"

pack off

Name the process done to plug the wellbore around a drillstring.

pack off

"

packer

It is a device that can be run into a wellbore with a smaller initial outside diameter that then expands externally to seal the wellbore. It employ flexible, elastomeric elements that expand. Name this device.

packer

Name the downhole device used in almost every completion to isolate the annulus from the production conduit, enabling controlled production, injection or treatment.

packer

"

pad

When daily usage of natural gas is charted on graphs, high peaks of usage during the winter andsummer months can be detected. These peaks can be averaged out (shaved) when the daily consumption is augmented with standby supplies of synthetic natural gas, propane, or methane.

peak shaving

For 10 points. What is the process used to establish a flow path between the near reservoir and the wellbore.

perforation

What describes the relative ease with which fluids can move through the reservoir?

permeability

A regulator that is controlled by a second small-volume, high-accuracy regulator or pilot. This arrangement has the advantage of improving performance by reducing the effects of unbalanced pressure and droop.

pilot-operated regulator

The external input shaft of certain gear operators, which drives the internal reduction gearing. The pinion shaft can accept a hand wheel or power operator.

pinion shaft

"

pipe stretch

The sealing principle involved in utilizing line pressure to effect a seal across the floating seats of some valves.

piston effect

Pertaining to screw threads, the pitch refers to the measurement between adjacent threads. The lead refers to the distance the screw advances in one complete revolution. Worm gears of gear operators also are identified by pitch and lead. Speed of operation and torque required are related to pitch and lead.

pitch-and-lead

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plug and abandon

A quarter-turn valve whose closure element is usually a tapered plug having a rectangular port

plug valve

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plunger lift

What term refers to the expression of the volume of void spaces in the rocks?

porosity

For 10 points each, name the two types of displacement in oil-well pumps

positive and dynamic

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pressure buildup analysis

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pressure drawdown

What department ensures the flow of hydrocarbons from the reservoir through the wellbore to the surface facilities?

production department

Contribution to the efficient of the operations for recovering the oil that has already been found is the primary objective of what type of geologist?

production geologist

A Christmas tree that is installed once fracturing has been completed and the frac tree has been removed. Production trees tend to have smaller bores and lower pressure ratings than those of frac trees, which makes them more economical to use during the less-demanding production phase.

production tree

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productivity index (PI)

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rabbit

A nondestructive evaluation (NDE) procedure that uses X-rays for locating flaws in welds, casting and fabricated parts.

radiographic inspection

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relative permeability

A quick-acting, spring-loaded valve that opens to relieve pressure when the pressure exceeds the spring setting. Often installed on the body cavity of ball and gate valves to relieve thermal overpressure in liquid services.

relief valve

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retarder

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rigless operation

A valve stem that rises as the valve is opened.

rising stem

A concrete or metal box with a removable cover, enclosing and providing access to valves installed in buried lines alongside roads or streets. The valves are operated by removing the box cover and inserting a long-handled T-wrench which engages the valve stem or the pinion shaft of geared valves.

road box

Name four components of an electrical submersible pump

rotor, stator, motor, impeller, diffuser

"

rupture disk

A quick-opening, pop-action valve used for fast relief of excessive pressure.

safety valve

A system for indicating the wall thickness of pipe. The higher the schedule number, the thicker the wall for a certain pipe size.

schedule

This rock type forms when sediment becomes cemented or compacted into solid rocks. Name this rock type.

sedimentary rock

A valve designed only for on and off service. Not a throttling valve. Sometimes referred to as a block valve.

shutoff valve

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sieve analysis

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skin

Name the zone of reduced or enhanced permeability around a wellbore, often explained by formation damage and mud-filtrateinvasion during drilling or perforating, or by well stimulation.

skin

What is teh numerical value used to analytically model the difference from the pressure drop predicted by Darcy's law due to skin.

skin factor

A device to prevent the clapper of a check valve from slamming as it closes upon flow reversal. Hydraulic damping cylinders, rotary vanes and torsional springs are all used for this purpose.

slam retarder

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slickline

A multiphase-fluid flow regime characterized by a series of liquid plugs seperated by relatively large gas pockets.

slug flow

An application involving a flowing medium consisting of small solid particles suspended in a liquid. Coal slurry consisting of about equal parts of coal and water is transported by pipeline from coal mines to plants where the coal is dewatered and burned.

slurry service

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solution gas

"

solution gas drive

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spacer

Schilthuis was the first person that found mathematic model for water influx in what condition?

steady state

A valve used underwater, generally in a manifold that will close and isolate a particular pipeline or process in an emergency.

subsea isolation valve

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surface-controlled subsurface safety valve (SCSSV)

A surge is the transient sudden rise or fall of pressure in a pipeline. Pipeline surges can be positive or negative and are caused most frequently by the sudden closure of a block valve or emergency shutdown of a pump. Surge pressure in excess of the rated capacity of a pipeline can cause ruptures of the piping system.

surge

A valve designed to relieve pressure surges in pipelines carrying liquids, thus preventing linerupture due to transient pressures exceeding design limits of the pipe. A special flexible tube valve can function as a fast-acting surge reliever.

surge reliever

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swab valve

"

swage

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sweet crude

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swellable packer

A check valve in which the closure element is a hinged clapper that swings or rotates about a supporting shaft.

swing check valve

A flange consisting of two parts—a hub and a ring. The hub contains the gasket profile, and the ring features the bolt-hole pattern. The ring can rotate around the hub for easier makeup. Once the bolts are tightened, the ring is compressed against the hub via a shoulder and secured in place.

swivel flange

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tail pipe

The intentional restriction of flow by partially closing or opening a valve. A wide range of throttling is accomplished automatically in regulators and control valves.

throttling

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through flowline (TFL)

An expression characterizing valves when in the open position, wherein the bore presents a smooth uninterrupted interior surface across seat rings and through the valve port, thus affording minimum pressure drop. There are no cavities or large gaps in the bore between seat rings and body closures or between seat rings, balls and gates. Consequently, there are no areas where debris can accumulate and impede pipeline cleaning equipment or restrict the valve's motion.

through-conduit

The design of a particular valve or regulator where the unit can be serviced or repaired by leaving its body in the line and accessing its internals by removing a top portion of the unit.

top entry

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transition flow

The part of a ball valve that holds the ball on a fixed vertical axis and about which the ball turns. The torque requirements of a trunnion-mounted ball valve are significantly less than for a floating ball design.

trunnion

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tubing hanger

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turbulent flow

A nondestructive evaluation (NDE) inspection procedure that uses high-frequency sound waves to detect voids and imperfections of metal parts.

ultrasonic inspection

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upstream

A small variable profile valve put in a flowline and used with a pilot to restrict the flow into the pilot and make the pilot more or less sensitive to changing conditions.

variable orifice

A special pipe plug having a small Allen-wrench-operated vent valve. These special plugs are located at the bottom of most ball valves. With the line valve closed (and under pressure), the body cavity pressure can be vented through this small valve to check the tightness of seat seals or to make minor repairs. Having vented the body pressure, the vent plug can be removed to blow out debris and foreign material or to flush the body cavity. On some gate valves, the vent plug is installed on the bonnet for the purpose of venting the body. Such valves have separate drain valves.

vent plug

A venturi valve is a reduced-bore valve having a bore smaller in diameter than the inlet or outlet. For example, an 8-in. x 6-in. x 8-in. ball valve has 8-in. inlet and outlet connections, while the ball and seats are 6 in. The flow through a venturi valve will be reduced because of the smaller port. Venturi valves can often be economically substituted for plug valves.

venturi valve

In well with low Gas Oil Ratio, what is the type of separator?

vertical separator

A position-indicating rod supplied with gate valves. It extends from the top of the valve stem and serves to indicate the relative position of the gate.

visible position indicator

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wait on cement

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water block

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water coning

What occurs in vertical or slightly deviated wells and is affected by the characteristics of the fluids involved and the ratio of horizontal to vertical permeability? It is also defined as the change in the oil-water contact profile as a result of drawdown pressures during production.

water coning

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water cushion

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water drive

The physical effect, often accompanied by loud banging, produced by pressure waves generated by a rapid change of velocity in a liquid system within piping.

water hammer

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water wet

A gate whose seating surfaces are inclined to the direction of closing thrust so that mechanical force on the stem produces tight contact with the inclined seat rings.

wedge gate

To have maximum flow in a well bore which condition is needed? What is it specifically called?

well flowing pressure = 0, Absolute Open Flow Potential

"

wing valve

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wireline retrievable safety valve (WRSV)

This is an empty channel that can penetrate several feet into the formation, caused by the nonuniform dissolution of limestone or dolomite by hydrochloric acid. Name this large empty channel that are created during matrix stimulation or acid fracturing of carbonate formations.

wormhole

When constructing IPR curves what are the axis?

y axis is bottom hole pressure pwf, and x axis is flow rate

The part of a gate valve that serves as a spacer between the bonnet and the operator or actuator.

yoke

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zipper manifold

n. [Production Logging] A small, radioactive plastic sphere that is insoluble and used to make a tracer-loss measurement. The bead is designed to have the same density as the injection fluid so that it travels with the fluid when it is placed in the flow stream of an injection well. However, the bead does not enter the formation. It remains on the rock face in openhole, or within the perforation channel in cased hole, where it can be detected by a gamma ray log. A high radioactivity opposite a perforation indicates a large number of beads and hence a high injectivity. The technique was used mainly in the 1960s and 1970s.

Bead tracer

n. [Production Logging] The frequency with which a local probe detects a change from one type of fluid to another. For example, if water is the continuous phase, the probe will respond digitally each time a bubble of oil or gas passes it. The average frequency of change is the bubble count rate, or bubble count. In this example, an increasing bubble count means an increasing oil or gas velocity. Bubble velocity can be calculated from bubble count and bubble size, the latter being estimated from an empirical correlation with water holdup. The depth at which the first bubbles are counted is a sensitive indicator of the lowest hydrocarbon entry. Since the bubble count is based on local probe measurements, both bubble count and bubble velocity can be presented as images, similar to the holdup image.

Bubble count

n. [Production Logging] An in-situ record of the capability of the fluid passing through a sensor to store electrical charge. Since water has a high dielectric constant, and hence capacitance, it can be distinguished from oil or gas. The capacitance, or fluid capacitance log, can therefore identify water and be scaled in terms of water holdup. However, the relation between capacitance and holdup depends strongly on whether the water is the continuous phase, complicating quantitative evaluation. The log was introduced in the 1960s with the so-called holdup meter. It was mainly used in three-phase flow, or when fluid-density measurements were insufficiently sensitive to water at low holdup, or with heavy oils. Since the late 1980s, other holdup measurements have been preferred.

Capacitance log

n. [Production Logging] Another term for holdup meter, a device for determining the water holdup in a producing well by measuring the capacitance or impedance of the fluid. The holdup meter is used to produce a capacitance log. Since water has a high dielectric constant, and hence capacitance, it can be distinguished from oil or gas. The meter is a coaxial capacitor, with fluid flowing between a central probe and an external cage that act as electrodes. The meter has often been combined with a packer flowmeter or a diverter flowmeter, so that all the fluids in the well pass through the meter.

Capacitance meter

n. [Production Logging] An in situ record of casing thickness and integrity, to determine whether and to what extent the casing has undergone corrosion. The term refers to an individual measurement, or a combination of measurements using acoustic, electrical and mechanical techniques, to evaluate the casing thickness and other parameters. The log is usually presented with the basic measurements and an estimate of metal loss. It was first introduced in the early 1960s. Today the terms casing-evaluation log and pipe-inspection log are used synonymously.

Casing inspection log

n. [Production Logging] A record of the difference in temperature between two vertical points in a well. Most differential-temperature logs are obtained by differentiating a normal temperature log with respect to depth. Some are obtained by recording the difference in temperature between two vertically displaced sensors. Note that the differential-temperature log and the radial differential-temperature log are not the same.

Differential-temperature log

n. [Production Logging] A multiphase flow regime in pipes in which one fluid moves as small dispersed bubbles through a continuous fluid. The relative velocity of the bubbles depends mainly on the difference in density between the two fluids. Bubble flow normally occurs at low flow rate and low holdup of the bubbly fluid. As the velocity of the continuous fluid increases, the bubbles are dispersed into smaller, more widely separated bubbles. This is known as a dispersed or finely dispersed bubble flow, or sometimes dispersed flow.

Dispersed bubble flow

What is bubble flow?

Dispersed bubbles of gas in a continous liquid phase.

adj. [Production Logging] Pertaining to a technique in which a packer flowmeter is partially inflated and dragged up the hole to give a continuous flow log. This obsolete technique was introduced in the 1960s because the packer flowmeter could make only stationary measurements.

Drag bag

This term describes the difference between average reservoir pressure and the flowing bottomhole pressure

Drawdown

n. [Production Logging] A technique for measuring the effect of pits and holes in the inner wall of a casing on a high-frequency electrical signal induced in the casing. The eddy-current measurement is used in conjunction with a flux-leakage measurement to determine casing corrosion, the latter being sensitive to the defects on both the inner and outer walls. The principle of measurement is similar to the openhole induction log, but at higher frequencies. A transmitter coil produces a magnetic field that induces eddy currents in the casing wall. These currents generate their own magnetic field that induces a signal in two closely spaced receiver coils. In smooth casing, these signals are the same, but if the inner wall is pitted, the signals are different. Transmitter-receiver combinations are placed on multiple pads applied against the casing at several azimuths to fully cover the casing wall.

Eddy current measurement

n. [Production Logging] An in-situ measurement of the inside diameter of a casing or tubing using an electromagnetic technique. As with the electromagnetic thickness measurement, and usually measured at the same time, a coil centered inside the casing generates an alternating magnetic field. Another coil farther up the tool measures the phase shift introduced by the casing. At high frequency, the signal penetrates less than a tenth of a millimeter into the casing, and the phase shift can be related to the casing internal diameter. Unlike a mechanical or ultrasonic caliper, the measurement does not respond to nonmagnetic scale. For the purpose of determining the true internal diameter, this is a disadvantage, but for the purpose of determining corrosion, it is an advantage.

Electromagnetic caliper

n. [Production Logging] A multiphase-flow regime with oil as the continuous phase, in which water exists as small, approximately homogeneously distributed droplets. There may also be a thin film of water on the pipe wall.

Emulsion flow

n. [Well Testing] The predominant flow geometry reflected in a pressure-transient response that is most easily recognized in the log-log presentation of the pressure-change derivative. The most easily recognized flow regime is radial flow, which produces a constant or flat derivative. Spherical flow, which may result from a limited-entry completion, has a characteristic -1/2 slope in the derivative. Wellbore storage starts as a unit slope in pressure change and then the derivative bends over in a characteristic hump shape. Linear flow produced by flow to a fracture or a long horizontal well has a derivative slope of +1/2. Bilinear flow results when the fracture has finite conductivity and has a derivative slope of +1/4.

Flow regime

n. [Production Logging] A neutron porosity log recorded while the well is flowing to determine the gas-oil contact in the borehole. The log is often compared with a log run while the well is shut-in. The term was used in the1950s and 1960s but is now obsolete.

Flowing neutron log

n. [Production Logging] In a gradiomanometer tool or pressure derivative calculation, the apparent increased fluid density observed due to frictional pressure losses along the tool and casing in a fast-flowing fluid. The magnitude of the correction depends on the flow rate, tool geometry and the casing size, and is negligible in most casings below about 2000 B/D [318 m3/d]. The fluid density will appear erroneously high unless this effect is corrected for.

Friction effect

n. [Well Completions, Production Logging] A multiphase flow regime in near-vertical pipes in which large, irregular slugs of gas move up the center of the pipe, usually carrying droplets of oil or water with them. Most of the remaining oil or water flows up along the pipe walls. The flow is relatively chaotic, producing a frothy mixture. Unlike slug flow, neither phase is continuous. The gas slugs are relatively unstable, and take on large, elongated shapes. Also known as transition flow, this flow is an intermediate flow condition between slug flow and mist flow and occurs at relatively high gas velocity. As the gas velocity increases, it changes into annular flow.

Froth flow

n. [Production Logging] With reference to multiphase flow in pipes, the fraction of a particular fluid present in an interval of pipe. In multiphase flow, each fluid moves at a different speed due to different gravitational forces and other factors, with the heavier phase moving slower, or being more held up, than the lighter phase. The holdup of a particular fluid is not the same as the proportion of the total flow rate due to that fluid, also known as its cut. To determine in-situ flow rates, it is necessary to measure the holdup and velocity of each fluid. Holdup is usually given the symbol y, with the suffixes g, o or w for gas, oil or water. The sum of the holdups of the fluids present is unity. The holdup ratio is the ratio of the holdups of two fluids, and is sometimes used as a parameter to express the phenomenon.

Holdup

n. [Production Logging] A record of the fractions of different fluids present at different depths in the borehole. Various techniques are used to measure these fractions. The earliest techniques measured the fluid density, using a gradiomanometer or a nuclear fluid densimeter, or the dielectric properties, as in the capacitance or water-cut meter. While these techniques were satisfactory in near-vertical wells with two-phase flow, they were often found to be inadequate in highly deviated and horizontal wells, where flow structures are complex. More recent developments are based on the use of multiple local probes to detect bubbles of gas, oil or water, and on a combination of nuclear techniques usually known as three-phase holdup.

Holdup log

adj. [Production Logging] Referring to the change in temperature observed when a gas expands while flowing through a restriction without any heat entering or leaving the system. The change may be positive or negative. For each gas, there is an inversion point that depends on temperature and pressure, below which it is cooled and above which it is heated. For example, for methane at 100oC [212oF], the inversion point occurs at about 500 atmospheres [7350 psi]. The magnitude of the change of temperature with pressure depends on the Joule-Thomson coefficient for a particular gas. The Joule-Thomson effect often causes a temperature decrease as gas flows through pores of a reservoir to the wellbore.

Joule Thomson

What is the term for the effect of gas slippage at low pressure and is the cause for overestimation of absolute permeability in a gas saturated core?

Klinkenberg effect or slippage effect

n. [Production Logging] A type of streamlined flow for single-phase fluids in which the fluid moves in parallel layers, or laminae. The layers flow smoothly over each other with instabilities being dampened by the viscosity. Laminar flow occurs in straight pipes when the Reynolds number is below a critical value, corresponding to a low production rate. Above this value, the flow is turbulent. For laminar flow in straight pipes, the velocity profile across the pipe is parabolic, increasing from zero at the wall of the pipe to a maximum at the center equal to twice the mean velocity.

Laminar flow

n. [Well Completions] A multiphase fluid-flow regime characterized by the gas phase being distributed as bubbles through the liquid phase. In a producing wellbore where the bubbles are uniformly distributed, there is little relative motion between the phases. Where the bubbles congregate and combine to form a less uniform distribution of the gas phase, some slippage will occur between the phases with the gas tending to cut through the liquid phase.

Mist flow

n. [Production Logging] A record of the sound measured at different positions in the borehole. Since fluid turbulence generates sound, high noise amplitudes indicate locations of greater turbulence such as leaks, channels and perforations. Noise logging is used primarily for channel detection, but has also been used to measure flow rates, identify open perforations, detect sand production and locate gas-liquid interfaces. The log may be either a continuous record against depth or a series of stationary readings. The log may indicate the total signal over all frequencies, the signal at a single frequency, or consist of a set of logs for different frequency ranges. Different frequency ranges can be tied to different sources of noise or different flow regimes. Although first introduced around 1955, the technique was not used commercially until after laboratory studies in the early 1970s.

Noise log

vb. [Production Logging] To stay on the surface of the formation or a perforation tunnel. When, for example, bead tracers are injected into a well, they will be carried by the injection fluid. Instead of entering the formation with the fluid, the bead tracers will be held, like plates, on the surface.

Plate out

n. [Production Logging] A multiphase flow regime in pipes in which most of the gas moves as large bubbles dispersed within a continuous liquid. The bubbles may span much of the pipe. There are also small bubbles within the liquid, but many of these have coalesced to form the larger bubbles, or plugs. In near-horizontal wells, the plugs are also known as elongated bubbles. Plug flow is similar to slug flow, but the bubbles are generally smaller and move more slowly.

Plug flow

What is segregated flow?

The two phases are for the most part separate.

n. [Well Completions] A fluid-flow regime characterized by swirling or chaotic motion as the fluid moves along the pipe or conduit. The linear velocity of the fluid particles is similar regardless of position in the conduit, although particles close to the conduit walls have a lower velocity. This characteristic makes turbulent flow an efficient flow regime for the pickup and transport of solids. However, the potential for erosion may be significant, especially with abrasive fluids and a tortuous flow path.

Turbulent flow

n. [Production Logging] A device for measuring the internal diameter of a casing, tubing or open borehole using high-frequency acoustic signals. A transducer (in transmit mode) emits a high-frequency pulse that is reflected by the pipe or borehole wall back to the transducer (in receive mode). The diameter is determined from the time of flight of this echo and the fluid acoustic velocity. The transducer is rotated to produce a cross section of the borehole size and full-coverage images of the borehole wall. The measurement has high resolution and is used to detect deformations, the buildup of scale, or metal loss due to corrosion. The amplitude of the echo from the inner casing surface provides qualitative information on the state of the surface, such as rugosity or corrosion. Casing thickness may also be measured simultaneously, either by analysis of the casing resonance signal, or by detecting separately the echoes from the inner and outer casing surfaces.

Ultrasonic caliper

n. [Production Logging] The factor linking the velocity of single-phase liquid flow measured in the center of a pipe with the average velocity across the pipe. For vertical pipes with turbulent flow measured by standard flowmeters, the velocity-correction factor varies within a range of 0.75 to 0.95 but is often taken as 0.83. For laminar flow, it is theoretically 0.5.

Velocity correction factor

n. [Production Logging] Another term for velocity image, a two-dimensional display, using colors or different gray scales, of the bubble velocity around the borehole against depth. The x-axis of the image shows different segments of the borehole, normally inside a casing, displayed from the top of the hole clockwise around through the bottom and back to the top again. Depth is in the z-axis, while the values of bubble velocity are represented by different colors or changes from black to white. The velocity image is constructed from between four and eight local probe measurements using interpolation within constraints. Images, sometimes called maps, are also made for bubble count and holdup.

Velocity map

n. [Production Logging] The loss of material on the inside or outside of a casing or tubing due to corrosion. Monitoring wall loss in situ helps determine when the pipe may be at risk for leaking or failure. Wall loss is determined by comparing casing or tubing thickness measured by electromagnetic, acoustic resonance or mechanical methods with either an earlier measurement or an assumed value.

Wall loss

The instersection of the IPR curve and VLP curve gives what result?

Well deliverability

During pseudo steady state flow, the slope of the pressure change is 1 during which type of well test?

drawdown