adv ana final

Select all the forms of kinetic energy

Sound energy Electrical energy Radiant energy

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Mitosis is cell division that occurs in somatic cells, where 1 cell divides into 2 and meiosis is cell division that occurs in sex cells with 2 rounds of division that produces 4 haploid daughter cells.

Which of the following correctly represents the sequence of events associated with the thoracic cavity to produce inspiration?

Muscle contraction, increase in volume, decrease in pressure

What layer is correctly matched with the tissue that forms it?

Papillary layer of dermis; areolar connective tiss

Select all that apply: which of the following bones are found in the axial skeleton?

Ribs Lumbar vertebrae Hyoid bone

Briefly describe the "All-or-None" principle.

The All-or-None principle explains how a skeletal muscle fiber will contract in response to a stimulus completlely if a certain amount of stimulus is met. If there is not sufficent stimulus above the needed threshold, then the fiber will not fire at all, making it an all or nothing type of contraction.

Describe the anatomical differences between cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae.

The anatomical characteristics of the cervical vertebrae include a relatively small size, kidney-bean shaped, no coastal facets for the ribs, small transverse processes, more slender spinous process and a transverse foramina. The thoracic vertebrae are more medium sized with a heart shaped body, that have coastal facets for ribs, medium sized transverse processes, long spinous processes, and no transverse foramina. Lastly, the lumbar vertebrae are the largest, that have a large or oval body shape, no coastal facets for the ribs, large transverse processes, short spinous processes, and no transverse foramina.

Which of the following is a characteristic of intercalated discs?

The consist of desmosomes and gap junctions

At which sarcomere length can a skeletal muscle generate the strongest contraction?

at resting length

Velocity of blood flow is the slowest in which type of blood vessel?

capillaries

Which cell type forms platelets in the red bone marrow?

megakaryocytes

Which type of sweat gland releases sweat onto skin surfaces throughout the body, producing a secretion that is primarily water?

merocrine glans

What is the term for forming RNA from DNA?

transcription

What is hyperplasia?

increase in number of cells

What structures are collectively known as a triad?

1 t-tubule + 2 terminal cisternae

Put the following skeletal muscle contraction events in the order that they occur.

1. An action potential is propagated along the sarcolemma and transverse tubules. 2. Calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum and bind to troponin. 3. Tropomyosin molecules are moved off active sites on actin. 4. Myosin binds to actin, forming cross bridges. 5. The myosin heads swivel toward the center of the sarcomere. 6. Myosin heads bind ATP molecules and release from actin. 7. ATPase splits ATP, providing the energy to reset the myosin head.

Which of the following is the primary cause of "altitude sickness" at higher elevations?

Alveolar PO2 decreases in conjunction with the atmospheric decrease, resulting in a decrease in hemoglobin saturation

Which of the following increases enzymatic activity?

An increase in temperature

affect the rate of diffusion.

An increase in temperature and a steeper gradient will increase the rate of diffusion

Which of the following is a characteristic of fast oxidative (type IIa) muscle fibers?

Are the least numerous skeletal muscle fiber type

Where is the pericardial cavity located?

Between the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium

Select all that apply: what are similarities between DNA and RNA?

Both use adenine as a base Both contain sugar

Select all that apply: which of the following receive relatively MORE blood during exercise than at rest?

Brain Skeletal muscles Skin

Which is an example of a homeostatic system regulated by positive feedback?

Blood Clotting

List the special names that are given to vertebrae C1 and C2.

C1 is named the atlas which helps in supporting the head, while C2 is the axis which has the distinctive feature of the dens which acts as a pivot for rotation

Which process does not require cellular energy?

Carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

Which of the following is NOT a function of cartilage?

Cartilage serves as levers for movement by skeletal muscle

How is blood prevented from backflowing from the pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle

Closing of the pulmonary semilunar valve

Select all that apply: which of the following result in vasodilation?

Decreased oxygen levels Histamine Increased carbon dioxide levels

Select all that apply: which of the following are molecular compounds?

H20 CO2

What is the main action of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg?

Dorsiflex the foot and extend the toes

Select all that apply: which stages of cellular respiration occur in the mitochondria?

Electron Transport Chain Citric Acid Cycle Intermediate stage

Describe the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands, and give one example of each.

Endocrine glands lack ducts and secrete hormones into blood while exocrine glands are connected with epithelial surfaces with ducts. The pituitary and thyroid glands are endocrine glands while the mammary and salivary glands are exocrine glands.

What hormone controls red blood cell production?

Erythropoietin

True or False: as pH increases, the amount of H+ in the solution also increases.

False

Select all of the following that are characteristics of smooth muscle contraction

Fatigue resistant Longer duration of contraction Can contract more forcefully at shorter and longer lengths than skeletal muscle More complex relaxation mechanism compared to skeletal muscle.

Select all that apply: These hormones promote bone growth.

Growth hormone Calcitonin Thyroid hormone

Which of the following statements is accurate about hemoglobin?

Hemoglobin releases oxygen at the level of the cell, making hemoglobin less saturated

10-year-old Michael is diagnosed with asthma after having difficulty breathing during his recent soccer match. What change occurred in his lungs because of the asthma?

Inflammation and bronchoconstriction of his bronchioles

Which statement is accurate about an agonist?

It is the primary muscle that produces movement

Osteoclasts

Large, multinuclear, phagocytic cells that break down bone

Osteocytes

Maintain the bone matrix and detect mechanical stress on bone

Which of the following can travel across the membrane via simple diffusion? There may be more than one answer so select all that apply.

O2 CO2 Small non-polar solutes

Which long bone structure is correctly matched with its description or function?

Periosteum; responsible for the growth in bone width

Select all that apply: Type B blood contains:

Red blood cells with surface antigen B Anti-A antibodies

Which muscles bilateral action is flexion of the neck?

Sternocleidomastoid

Select all that apply: muscles of forced inspiration.

Sternocleidomastoid Pectoralis minor Erector spinae

Which layer of the epidermis is not present in thin skin?

Stratum lucidem

Osteoblasts

Synthesize and secrete osteoid

In general, explain the fate of pyruvate if there is (a) sufficient oxygen; and (b) insufficient oxygen

The fate of pyruvate depends on the availability of oxygen. If there is enough oxygen, it goes to the mitochondria to continue in the aerobic repiration pathways, with it's conversion to acetyl CoA being the first step. If no oxygen is present, the pyruvate will be converted to lactate (lactic acid), but produces far less ATP and results in an acidic environment when recycled through.

During surgery, the right vagus nerve was accidently cut. Explain the effect on the heart rate.

The heart rate increases to the inherent rhythm of SA nodal cells

Which statement is accurate about veins?

The largest tunic in a vein is the tunica externa

What normally prevents the lungs from collapsing?

The pressure in the intrapleural cavity is lower than the pressure in the intrapulmonary space (lungs)

List the seven bones that make up the orbital complex.

The seven bones that make up the orbital complex include the frontal, sphenoid, maxillary, zygomatic, palatine, ethmoid, and lacrimal bones

Select all that apply: components of the Inspiratory Capacity

Tidal volume (TV) Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Which pelvis characteristic is considered female-like?

Wide subpubic angle, greater than 100 degrees

List and describe two difference between an adult male skull and an adult female skull.

Within the adult skull, differences in sex can be seen in some of the common characteristics and bony processes. One difference is the mastoid process, which is relatively smaller in an adult female skull vs. a more larger and inferior projection to the EAM in males. The mandibular angle in females is also more typically greater than 125 degress while it is typically less obtuse in males, being closer to 90 degrees and with edges that may flare outward.

What type of substance releases H+ when added to water?

acid

The latissimus dorsi and pectoralis major work synergistically in what action?

adducting the arm

Select all that apply: These are the phases of hair regrowth and replacement.

anagen, catagen, telogen

Alpha and beta globulins

bind and transport substances in the blood

Where is the important anastomosis known as the circle of Willis located?

brain

The amount of which substance in the blood normally increases the respiratory rate?

carbon dioxide

Which connective tissue type is composed of cells called chondrocytes?

cartilage

After atoms donate elctrons, what do they become?

cations

EPO is released from:

cells from kidneys

Which type of chemical bond involves atoms sharing electrons?

covalent bond

Which of the following decreases perfusion of a tissue?

decreased total blood flow

When this large muscle contracts, the vertical dimensions of the thoracic cavity increase.

diaphragm

Which of the following is NOT a type of loose connective tissue?

elastic

Albumin

exerts greatest colloid osmotic pressure

Females tend to have a higher hematocrit than males because they have overall less blood volume.

false

TRUE OR FALSE: A compound fracture is one in which the bone is broken in multiple places and does not penetrate the skin.

false

TRUE OR FALSE: An increase in the venous return of blood will cause an increase in the end diastolic volume and a decrease in the stroke volume.

false

TRUE OR FALSE: Melanin is produced by cells that are located in the stratum spinosum

false

TRUE OR FALSE: The QRS complex represents atrial repolarization, and masks ventricular depolarization

false

TRUE OR FALSE: The wall of the right ventricle is significantly thicker than the wall of the left ventricle because it must pump blood with greater force to the systemic circulation.

false

TRUE OR FALSE: the endomysium surrounds a bundle of muscle fibers.

false

TRUE OR FALSE: the fibula bears some weight, but not as much as the tibia

false

TRUE OR FALSE: we have the same number of carpals as we do tarsals.

false

Transferrin is a large, water-soluble protein that serves as the primary storage mechanism for iron.

false

True or False: the control center of homeostatic systems is always the nervous system.

false

True or false: a synthesis reaction occurs when atoms, molecules, or ions are exchanged between two chemical structures.

false

True or false: as pressure gradient increases, total blood flow decreases (assuming resistance remains the same).

false

True or false: at a PO2 of 40 mmHg, hemoglobin is almost 97% saturated.

false

True or false: the arterial supply of blood to the trunk region is more complex than the venous drainage in the same region.

false

Beta-oxidation is the process whereby which macromolecule is metabolized for energy?

fat

The areas of dense regular connective tissue that separate skull bones in an infant are known as which of the following?

fontanelles

Which bone is formed from intramembranous bone growth?

frontal bone

Glucose is converted to pyruvate in which stage of cellular respiration?

glycolysis

Which stage of cellular respiration can function just as effectively in either low or high oxygen levels?

glycolysis

Which muscles attach to the ischial tuberosity and extend the thigh plus flex the leg?

hamstrings

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of epithelial tissue?

highly vascularized

What structure allow action potentials to spread rapidly between cardiac muscle cells?

intercalated discs

Your dog is chewing on an adult cow long bone and breaks it open. He pulls out some fleshy material within the diaphysis of the bone. What statement accurately describes this fleshy material?

it is composed of fat

During an eccentric contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber, myofibrils do which of the following?

lengthen

The femur is classified as which type of bone?

long bone

A greater ratio of motor neurons to skeletal muscle fibers (i.e. in muscle that control eye movement) results in what outcome

more precise control

Which of the following bones has a large foramen in it to allow passage of the spinal cord?

occipital bone

Gamma globulins

part of the body's immune defense system

Fill in the blank: the Na+/K+ pump moves_ into the cell and _ out of the cell.

potassium, sodium

What is the function of dendrites?

receive incoming signals

Fibrinogen

responsible for blood clot formation

What type of burn typically involves the epidermis and part of the dermis, but not the subcutanous layer?

second-degree burn

An alpha helix and beta sheet are examples of what form of protein structure?

secondary

Which of these muscles extends the vertebral column?

spinalis

osteoprogenitor cells

stem cells

Which of the following is NOT a function of the integument?

stores calcium in dermis

In which layer of the epidermis do cells begin the process of keratinization?

stratum granulosum

What is preload a measure of?

stretch of the heart chamber prior to contraction

Which epidermal cell type is responsible for detecting touch sensations?

tactile cell

What is the bundle of dense regular connective tissue that attaches a skeletal muscle to bone?

tendon

A group of similar cells that perform common functions is also known as a:

tissue

Which muscle is an antagonist to the brachialis muscle?

triceps brachii

Albumin is the most abundant plasma protein.

true

Hemostasis is the response to blood vessel damage.

true

Lymphocytes are the leukocytes that produce antibodies.

true

Older individuals are more susceptible to developing anemia.

true

TRUE OR FALSE: Both merocrine and apocrine glands release their secretions via exocytosis

true

TRUE OR FALSE: Cardiac muscle cells have a longer refractory period than skeletal muscle cells to prevent tetany.

true

TRUE OR FALSE: Mammary glands are modified apocrine glands

true

TRUE OR FALSE: Mechanical stress is detected by osteocytes and communicated to osteoblasts, which synthesize osteoid to increase bone strength over time as a result

true

TRUE OR FALSE: each os coxae is formed by the fusion of three bones.

true

The two main components of blood are plasma and formed elements.

true

True or false: Hyperventilation can drastically lower PCO2 levels in the blood and lead to localized vasoconstriction and respiratory alkalosis, which may cause dizziness or loss of consciousness.

true

True or false: an oxidation-reduction reaction is a specific type of exchange reaction that involves the movement of electrons from one chemical structure to another.

true

True or false: blood hydrostatic pressure promotes filtration from the capillary whereas colloid osmotic pressure promotes reabsorption from the capillary.

true

True or false: increased body temperature interferes with hemoglobin's ability to bind and hold oxygen, so additional oxygen is released from hemoglobin during tissue gas exchange

true

True or false: smooth muscle in arterioles is always slightly contracted, known as vasomotor tone.

true

True or false: the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) is the amount of air taken into the lungs during a forced inspiration and is a measure of lung compliance.

true

Which type of vessel has the smallest pressure gradient, which must be overcome by contraction of skeletal muscles and breathing?

vein

In your anatomy and physiology laboratory, you examine developing bone using light microscopy. In the epiphyseal plate region, you note the chondrocytes are slightly enlarged and stacked in a longitudinal array. What epiphyseal plate zone is in your field of view?

zone of proliferation