AH 201 (Kim) Final

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Duccio, The Maesta Altarpiece, 1308-1311. Tempera and gold on wood

14th century Sienna, Italy Altarpiece The Maesta ("Majesty") Tempera depiction of

Pieta, c. 1330

14th century Vesperbild (pieta) Mysticism Christ's suffering- emphasizing his humanity and poverty

Mayans

1500 B.C. to 900 A.D. This is the most advanced civilization of the time in the Western Hempishere. Famous for its awe-inspiring temples, pyramids and cities. A complex social and political order.

Six Dynasties

220-581 CE; a period of chaos and division

Gu Kaizhi

A Chinese painter from the Six Dynasties period. Admonitions of the Instructress to the Ladies of the Palace is attributed to him.

Shiva

A Hindu god considered the destroyer of the world.

Mysticism

A form of religious belief and practice involving sudden insight and intense experiences of God

Mesoamerica

A geographic region in the western hemisphere that was home of the Mayan and Aztec civilizations.

Cluny

A new French monastery where monks strictly followed Benedictine rule.

Kofun Period

A period of initial stages of state formation in Japan.

Confucianism

A philosophy that adheres to the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.

monastery

A place where communities of monks live lives of devotion to God in isolation from the outside world

Apse

A recess, usually semicircular, in the wall of a Roman basilica or at the east end of a church.

Hinduism

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

Daoism

A religion in China which emphasizes the removal from society and to become one with nature.

Mandala

A religious symbol associated with meditation, usually created with geometric patterns and shapes

Esoteric Buddhism

A sect of Buddhism that maintains that the secrets of enlightenment have been secretly transmitted from the Buddha and can be accessed through initiation into the mandalas, mudras, and mantras.

Silk Roads

A system of ancient caravan routes across Central Asia, along which traders carried silk and other trade goods.

Tempera

A technique of painting using pigment mixed with egg yolk, glue, or casein; also, the medium itself.

rib vaulting

A vault in which the diagonal and transverse ribs compose a structural skeleton that partially supports the masonry web between them.

Abbot Suger

Abbot of Saint-Denis. Set the stage for the heavy decoration of costly stained-glass windows and sculptures in the cathedrals of the Gothic age. Mark the beginning of Gothic architecture.

Life is pain and suffering

Acknowledges the existence of "happiness" in the world, but teaches it does not last forever.

Giotto

An artist who led the way into realism; his treatment of the human body and face replaced the formal stiffness and artificiality that had long characterized the representation of the human body

Mathura Style

An artistic style named after a city in Northern India, one of the two earliest centers of Buddhist art. Most Mathura style art came out of the Gupta period (AD 320 to 530), called the "Golden Age of India." Mathura Buddhas are generally unadorned and closely resemble traditional representations of Indian gods.

Head, Nok, Nigeria, 500BCE-200CE, Terra-cotta

Ancient Nok Terra-cotta

Pyramids at Meroe, Nubian, 337BCE-339CE

Ancient Nubia Pyramids Comparison to Egyptian pyramids

Shiva Nataraja

"Lord of the Dance" - Manifestation of Shiva where he destroys the world through dance

Shinto

"Way of the Kami"; Japanese worship of nature spirits

Shang Dynasty (China)

(1650 - 1027 BCE) Considered to be the earliest dynasty in China. A major contribution to Chinese culture was an advanced system of writing, by using pictographs, or drawings of objects, and ideographs, or drawings that expressed a thought or idea.

Gupta Period

(320-647 B.C.E.) is considered the height of Indian culture benefitting from royal patronage.

Tang Dynasty

(618-907 CE) The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty had the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, and a Confucian education system.

Heian Period

(794 - 1100) move the capital to Heian; 300 years of developing a new culture; growth of large estates; arts and literature of china flourished; elaborate court life; personal diaries (pillow book and the take of genji); moved away from chinese culture

Song Dynasty

(960-1279 CE) The Chinese dynasty that placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education, and arts other than military.

Karma

(Hinduism and Buddhism) the effects of a person's actions that determine his destiny in his next incarnation

Kushan Period

-50 to 320 AD -Northwest India -First images of Buddha -Gandhara: northeast frontier of Kushan empire where Romano-Buddhist sculpture was made

Mamallapuram

-7th Century AD -Pilgrimage site -"Descent of the Ganges"

Seokguram

-Balguksa, South Korea -looks toward the east and rising sun -probably built as a private chapel for royalty

KANDARIYA MAHADEVA TEMPLE, KHAJURAHO India. c. 1000 CE.

-carved from a mountain

Vihara

Buddhist monastery

Pyramids in Mesoamerica

Built for the purpose of human sacrifice, appeasing the gods, and making the king close to the gods

The Bayeux Embroidery, Norman-Anglo Saxon, England, c. 1066- 1082.

Bayeux Embroidery History of the Norman Conquest of England • Embroidery

Buddhism

Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering.

Palace Plaque of a War Chief, Warriors, and Attendants, Benin City Kingdom, Nigeria, 17th century

Benin Kingdom Used to decorate palace walls and columns Hierarchical size made with Brass

Shield Jaguar and Lady Xok (Lintel 24), Yaxchilan, Maya culture, 726 CE.

Bloodletting ritual Unique inscriptions Relief

Virgin and Child Enthroned, c. 1280. Tempera and gold on wood

Cimabue Tempera Stylized quality and flatness Altarpiece Comparison to Virgin and Child Enthroned

Narrative reliefs

Common in Buddist Art, tells stories usually involving symbols

The cause of pain is "desire" or "craving."

Even desire for existence itself.

A fang ding, a ceremonial cooking vessel. Shang dynasty, 13th century BCE. Bronze

Found in a tomb

PAINTED BANNER From the tomb of the Marquess of Dai, Mawangdui, Changsha, Hunan. Han dynasty, c. 160 BCE.

Found in a tomb

Gautama Siddhartha

Founder of Buddhism

Vesperbild (Pieta)

German Art -A Pieta is an image of the virgin mary holding dead Jesus -Popular in northern Germany/Europe -Wooden/graphic nature is relative to germany -Virgin's face shows pure human despair

Hindu temples

Hindu Worship involves treating the deities very much as if they were alive (washing, dressing, feeding, etc.). Daily ritual (puja) is performed either at home or in the temple

Angkor Wat

Hindu monument Cambodia Khmer empire Vishnu Churning the Ocean of Milk Devaraja (god king)

Shiva Nataraja (Lord of the Dance)

Indian. 1200 CE. Bronze. Bhakti movement stressing relationship between humans and deities. depicts shiva dancing in ring of fire.

Great Mosque at Djenne, Mali, 1906-1907 CE

Islamic architecture Mosque Quibla wall Kaaba Abode construction

BYODOIN (PHOENIX HALL), UJI Kyoto Prefecture. Heian period, c. 1053 CE.

Japan Heian period Byodoin

WOMB WORLD MANDALA Heian period, late 9th century CE.

Japan Heian period Mandala Esoteric Buddhism Meditation

Scene from The Tale of Genji Heian period, 12th century CE.

Japan Heian period Painting Handscroll (emaki in Japanese) The Tale of Genji Yamato-e Use of color, line, composition to deliver emotions

FIVE-STRINGED LUTE (BIWA) WITH DESIGN OF A CENTRAL ASIAN MAN PLAYING A BIWA ATOP A CAMEL Chinese. Tang dynasty, 8th century CE.

Japan Nara period Emperor Shomu Todaiji Eye-opening ceremony Silk Roads Buddhism

Fig. 12-4 HORYUJI COMPOUND

Japan Asuka period Horyuji temple-pagoda for relics and kondo (golden hall) for a statue

SCENE FROM FROLICKING ANIMALS Heian period, 12th century CE.

Japan Heian period Painting Handscroll (emaki in Japanese) Yamato-e

Amaterasu

Japanese sun goddess

Borobudur Temple

Java island, Indonesia Buddhist monument Stupa on the upper circular levels Four square terraces Buddhist reliefs Circumambulation path

King Oni

King of Nigeria

SEATED SHAKYAMUNI BUDDHA Seokguram Grotto, near Gyeongju, North Gyeongsang Province, Korea. Unified Silla period, c. 751 CE.

Korea Modeled after Chinese cave temples but not a cave temple. Shakyamuni Buddha with earth touching gesture

Ise Shrine

Leading Shinto holy place, established by the imperial family

Sanchi

Location of Great Stupa

Padua

Made accurate drawings of human anatomy.

Moralized Bible made in Paris, 1226-1234. Tempera, and gold leaf on vellum.

Manuscripts Illumination Moralized Bible Created in Paris

Englightenment

Nirvana. Buddha= The Enlightened One

Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde, c. 1150-1300 CE

North America The Southwest Kivas

Cimabue

One of first artists to break away from Italio-Byzantine style, Giotto's teacher,

COLOSSAL HEAD, Olmec culture, c. 1200-900 BCE

Portraits of rulers Individualized

Dancers in Ceremonial Attire, Tassili-n-Ajjer, Algeria, c. 5000- 2000BCE

Prehistoric period Ritual scene Tassili-n-Ajjer

Powerful priesthood

Priests controlled a lot of early Indian civilizations

MAIN HALL, INNER SHRINE, ISE Mie Prefecture. Last rebuilt 2013

Purification Rebuilding Connection to Japanese imperial family

First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty

Qin Shi Huang 秦始皇(Qín shǐ Huáng)

Shiva as Eternal Shiva

Shive with three heads and one body; carved inside a manmade cave, Elephanta

Romanesque Period

Period during 11th and 12th centuries in western Europe, characterized by influence and interpretation of Roman architecture.

Cistercians

So called "White Monks," after the color of their habits, this order was founded by the Cluniac monk St. Robert of Molesme in 1098. They adopted the Benedictine rule and placed a special emphasis on austerities, farming, simplicity, and strictness in daily life.

Charlemagne (Charles the Great)

Son of Pepin, crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in 800 (this strengthened church/state relationship in W. Europe). Set up empire capital in Aachen (present-day Germany).

A sculpture, Chavin de Huantar, c. 900 BCE

South America Animals with spiritual connections Made for a temple (maze-like system of narrow galleries)

Moche Portrait vessel, Moche culture, c. 100-700 CE

South America Moche culture Ceramic Individualized faces Discovered in a royal tomb

Earth Drawing of a Hummingbird, Nazca culture, c.1-700 CE

South America The Nazca culture Earthworks

Region of Hinduism

South India

Immortals' land

Taoism version of heaven

Palace Chapel of Charlemagne, Aachen

The Barbarians The Carolingian Empire Charlemagne (King) Palace city at Aachen Modeled after the Roman empire (especially the reign of Constantine the Great)

Amitabha Buddha

The Buddha of the Western Paradise, a bliss-body Buddha in Mahayana

King Ashoka

The King who sent out missionaries to expand Buddhism.

Pallava Dynasty

The Pallava dynasty was an Indian dynasty that existed from 275 CE to 897 CE, ruling a portion of southern India. They gained prominence after the eclipse of the Satavahana dynasty

The Descent of the Ganges-Bhagiratha's penance to Shiva

The legend depicted in the relief is the story of the descent of the sacred river Ganges to earth from the heavens led by Bhagiratha. The waters of the Ganges are believed to possess supernatural powers. The descent of the Ganges and Arjuna's Penance are portrayed in stone at the Pallava heritage site

Kaaba

The most sacred temple of Islam, located at Mecca

Transept

The part of a church with an axis that crosses the nave at a right angle.

Monasticism

The practice of living the life of a monk

Benin Kingdom

This ancient African society was famous for its bronze statues of the oba, or king.

Lindisfarne Gospel Book

This work of art, filled with highly detailed designs, is a good example of pre-Romanesque portable, British Medieval Art

Attributed to Tori Busshi BUDDHA SHAKA AND ATTENDANT BODHISATTVAS IN THE HORYUJI KONDO Asuka period, 7th century CE.

Tori Busshi (artist for the right image) Shakya triad (Shakya means Shakyamuni Buddha in Japanese)

"Great Departure"

When Siddhartha Gautama left his palace and set off on his journey to learn about human suffering and how it could be stopped.

mythical animal decoration

When myths were passed down from generations, these creatures would also appear in art

Kushan Dynasty

Who was in control (kings of what Dynasty) of Gandhara's region during the close of the 1st century?

Crowned Head of a Yoruba Ruler from Ife, Yoruba, 12th-15th century

Yoruba people Ife (city name) Zinc brass Oni (king)

urna

a circle of hair, usually symbolized as a dot, between the eyebrows of a Hindu or a Buddhist figure.

arcade

a covered passageway usually lined with shops

vault

a curved ceiling made of arches

Kami

a divine being in the Shinto religion.

triforium

a gallery or arcade above the arches of the nave, choir, and transepts of a church.

Lintel

a horizontal support of timber, stone, concrete, or steel across the top of a door or window.

Indus River

a large river surrounded by fertile land in modern India/Pakistan.

Brass (technique-p. 428)

a metal copy produced from an original image made of wax

The Benedictine

a monk or nun of an order following the rule of St. Benedict

Maesta

a painting of the Virgin Mary as enthroned Queen of Heaven, surrounded by angels and saints

Bronze Age

a period of human culture between the Stone Age and the Iron Age, characterized by the use of weapons and implements made of bronze

piece-mold casting

a process for casting metal objects in which a mold is broken into several pieces that are then reassembled into a final sculpture

Ashokan pillars

a series of columns dispersed throughout the Indian subcontinent, erected or at least inscribed with edicts by the Mauryan king Ashoka during his reign in the 3rd century BC

Caste System

a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society

Mudra

a symbolic hand gesture in Hindu and Buddhist art

Sanskrit

an Indo-European, Indic language, in use since c1200 b.c. as the religious and classical literary language of India.

Indus Valley Civilization

an early civilization with an advanced culture, located in the Indus River valley on the Indian subcontinent

Bayeux Embroidery

an embroidered cloth nearly 70 metres long and 50 centimetres tall, which depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England concerning William, Duke of Normandy, and Harold, Earl of Wessex, later King of England, and culminating in the Battle of Hastings.

Archivolts (Romanesque)

an ornamental molding or band following the curve on the underside of an arch.

Banner

banner system was also the basic organizational framework of all of Manchu society

Moksha (Hinduism)

becoming one with Brahman

Ancient Chinese afterlife

believed that life carried on after death

The Tale of Gengi

centers on the life and loves of a handsome son, Hikaru Genji, born to an Emperor during the Heian Period

Axis

central focal point

Gandara Style

combines Persian, Hellenistic and Indian styles; portrayed Buddaha as an athletic figure

ambulatory

continuation of the aisled spaces on either side of the nave (central part of the church) around the apse (semicircular projection at the east end of the church)

Han Dynasty

imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy

Buddha as a human form

important depiction in different styles of South Asian art

Handscroll

in Asian art, a horizontal painted scroll that is unrolled to the left and often used to present illustrated religious texts or landscapes

stained glass windows

in Gothic cathedrals, depicted Bible stories and lives of martyrs and saints

Reaction to Vedic Religious

initially frowned upon because of violent rituals and practices

Ushnisha

knot of hair on the top of the head; one of the lakshanas of the Buddha

garbha griha ("womb chamber")

most important and the most sacred area as it hosts the deity itself.

Gandhara Style

multi-ethnic population and strategic location

Pagoda

multistoried Buddhist temple with eaves that curve up at the corners

Tassili-n-Ajjer

national park in the Sahara desert, located on a vast plateau in south-east Algeria; having one of the most important groupings of prehistoric cave art in the world

Fresco (buon fresco)

refers to painting into wet (freshly prepared)

Sainte-Foy

reliquary in Aachean

Ancestor Worship in Shang Dynasty

rituals/praying or giving gifts to dead relatives

Yoruba people of Nigeria

said to be prolific sculptors, famous for their terra cotta works throughout the 12th and 14th century; artists also earnests their capacity in making artwork out of bronze.

Stupas

semi-circular burial mounds covering the remains of a great leader or teacher. No interior space!

Asceticism

severe self-discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons.

Ashokan edicts

showed Ashokyas adoption of Buddhist and Hindu principles, particularly by spreading his moral code he called the Dhamma.

Red Sandstone

significant in Buddhist Mathura art

Flying buttresses

stone support on the outside of a building that allowed builders to construct higher walls and leave space for large stained-glass windows

Wheel

symbol of Buddhist teaching at Sarnath

pinnacles

tall, pointed formations

Journey of Spirits

taoism believes that your spirit leaves your corpse and is reunited with god after death

Rebirth in Buddism

teaching that the actions of a person lead to a new existence after death

Neo-Confucianism

term that describes the resurgence of Confucianism and the influence of Confucian scholars during the T'ang Dynasty; a unification of Daoist or Buddhist metaphysics with Confucian pragmatism

Qin Dynasty

the Chinese dynasty (from 246 BC to 206 BC) that established the first centralized imperial government and built much of the Great Wall

circumambulations

the act of moving around a sacred object or idol

nave

the central part of a church building, intended to accommodate most of the congregation

Samsara

the cycle of life and rebirth in Hinduism

Unification of China

the merging of Chinese government and culture that occurred during the reign of Qin Shihuangdi

History of the Norman Conquest of England

the military conquest of England by William, duke of Normandy, primarily effected by his decisive victory at the Battle of Hastings (October 14, 1066) and resulting ultimately in profound political, administrative, and social changes in the British Isles

The Barbarians

the name given to outsiders by the ancient Greeks; also used by the ancient Romans

Book of Durrow

the oldest surviving complete illuminated gospel book in the insular style; probably created between 650-700 in Northumbria (northern England/southern Scotland)

Unified Silla Period

the period from 668 to 935. Started when Silla conquered Koguryo in 668 and ending with the rise of Koryo in 935

Vedic Period

the period in which the Vedas, the oldest sacred texts of Aryans were being composed

barrel vault

the simplest form of vault consisting of an unbroken series of arches; it forms a tunnel like shape

tympanum

the space enclosed by a lintel and an arch over a doorway

Crossing

the space in a cruciform church formed by the intersection of the nave and the transept

Clerestory

the upper part of the nave, choir, and transepts of a large church, containing a series of windows. It is clear of the roofs of the aisles and admits light to the central parts of the building.

Relics in Vedic religions

typically stored in a different building; serve to preserve history and tell stories

Taoism immortality

ultimate goal; belief that this can be achieved by becoming harmonious with nature

Kivas

underground ceremonial chambers at the center of Anasazi communities

look at page 15, 16

ur very confused

quibla wall

wall in a mosque that faces mecca

Sarnath

where Gautama preached his first sermon about the Four Noble Truths

Great Wall of China

world's longest man made structure built to keep invaders from the north out of China, started by the Qin Dynasty, expanded by the Han Dynasty,

Chartres Cathedral, 1134

Gothic style Church of Saint -Denis Abbot Suger

Royal Portal, West façade, Chartres Cathedral. C. 1145-1155

Gothic style Door jamb sculptures

Rose Window and Lancets, Chartres Cathedral, c. 1230-1235

Gothic style Stained glass Rose window

trumeau

In church architecture, the pillar or center post supporting the lintel in the middle of the doorway.

Teotihuacan, c. 100-650CE

first example of a metropolian city

Life of Shakyamuni Buddha

He lived and taught in India in the sixth century B.C.E., a time of burgeoning religious and philosophical thought from Greece to China

The Vedas of Hinduism

Aryan hymns originally transmitted orally but written down in sacred books from the 6th century B.C.E.

Maurya Dynasty (India)

Asoka- Famous ruler of India who wrote the laws of India on tall rock pillars (columns) that were displayed throughout India. Asoka converted to Buddhism during his reign and is known for his kind treatment of people and animals.

Saint Faith

Born in the third century CE, she became a martyr for the Christian faith when she was killed by the Romans because she refused to make pagan sacrifices even under torture

Fig. 11-11 Attributed to Gu Kaizhi DETAIL OF ADMONITIONS OF THE IMPERIAL INSTRUCTRESS TO COURT LADIES Six Dynasties period or later, 5th-8th century CE. Handscroll, ink and colors on silk, 9-3/4" × 11'6" (24.8 × 348.2 cm).

Brushstrokes Handscroll

Aachen

Capital of Charlemagne's empire, c. 800; a city in present-day Germany

THE WESTERN PARADISE OF AMITABHA BUDDHA Detail of a wall painting in Cave 217, Dunhuang Tang dynasty, c. 750.

Cave Painting

Dunhuang Caves

Caves of the thousand Buddhas. They were sealed in the 11th century for protection from the Tibetan Raiders.

The Carolingian Empire

Charlemagne's empire; covered much of western and central Europe; largest empire until Napoleon in 19th century

Aniconic Period

Early Buddhist period in India with no human depiction of Buddha - Associated with Hinayana/Theravada Buddhism (Lesser Way) - Aniconic: only symbolic representation of Buddha (his footprint only shown in the beginning)

Giotto, Scrovegni (Arena) Chapel, Padua. 1305-1306

Giotto 14th century Fresco- Buon fresco Padua

Giotto, Scrovegni (Arena) Chapel paintings, Padua. 1305-1306

Giotto 14th century Fresco- Buon fresco Padua depiction of

Virgin and Child Enthroned, c. 1310. Tempera on wood

Giotto Tempera Altarpiece Three dimensionality Toward the Renaissance period 14th-century Comparison to Virgin and Child Enthroned

SECTION OF NIGHT ATTACK ON THE SANJO PALACE Kamakura period, late 13th century CE.

Handscroll painting Japan Kamakura period Shogun Samurai Kyoto

terracotta

Hard-baked clay, used for sculpture and as a building material. It may be glazed or painted. Commonly used in Chinese art

Xie He's Six Principles

His principles show critical terms borrowed from calligraphy and poetry to judge paintings. A painting with "life's movement" or "spirit." A painting should have an inner essence. Artists must cultivate their own spirit so that this universal energy flows through them and infuses their work. A painting with the brushstrokes containing "bone structure." Brushstrokes should reflect a painter's vitality.

Teotihuacan

first major metropolis in Mesoamerica, collapsed around 800 CE. It is most remembered for the gigantic "pyramid of the sun".

Circumambulation

In Buddhist worship, walking around the stupa in a clockwise direction

Gandhara style

exerted a strong influence on portrayals of Buddha in East Asia

Fan Kuan TRAVELERS AMONG MOUNTAINS AND STREAMS Northern Song dynasty, early 11th century CE.

Landscape Painting

Mohenjo-Daro

Largest city of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large-scale implies central planning.

Temples

for housing a Buddhist sculptures

Carpet Page, Lindisfarne Gospel Book, England, 715-720

Middle Ages Manuscript Illumination Lindisfarne Gospel Book made in the British Isles The Barbarians Abstract/ intertwined animal designs

St. Matthew, Gospel Book of Durrow, England, second half of 7th century

Middle Ages Manuscript Illumination cover of Gospels Book of Durrow made in the British Isles The Barbarians Abstract/ intertwined animal designs

Abbey Church of Cluny

Romanesque period Monastery Monasticism Examples of monastery buildings The Benedictine Cluny

Abbey of Notre-Dame at Fontenay

Romanesque period Monastery Monasticism Examples of monastery buildings The Benedictine The Cistercians

Cathedra of St. James, Santiago de Compostella, 1078-1122

Romanesque period Relics Reliquary Pilgrimage Santiago de Compostella St. James Pilgrimage Church

Reliquary Statue of Sainte Foy, Abby Church, Conques, France, Late 9th to 10th century

Romanesque period Saint Faith-martyr Relics Reliquary-Sainte Foy Pilgrimage

The Romanesque Church Portal

Romanesque sculpture Portal Tympanum Archivolts Lintel Trumeau Door jamb Relief

South Portal, Tympanum Showing Christ in Majesty, Church of Saint-Pierre, Moissac, c. 1115

Romanesque style Tympanum Christ in Majesty Hierarchical scale

The Last Judgement, Western Tympanum, Cathedral of SaintLazare, Autun, c. 1120-1130.

Romanesque style Tympanum Last Judgement Hierarchical size

Oracle bone reading ritual

pieces of ox scapula or turtle plastron, which were used for pyromancy - a form of divination

The Vedic Period

period in the history of the northern Indian subcontinent between the end of the urban Indus Valley Civilisation and a second urbanisation which began in the central Indo-Gangetic Plain c. 600 BCE.

Shang Dynasty Government

The Shang Dynasty was a monarchy in which the king was both lawmaker and judge so no-one dared to argue with him

Illumination

The artistic decoration of books and manuscripts; includes actual gold

Ife

The capital of Yoruba people; produced handsome bronze and iron statues.

Who is the Buddha or a buddha?

The enlightened one. Therefore, there could be more than one!

door jamb

The finished frame surrounding a door

The Olmec

The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., these people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction.

Yakshi

female and male figures of fertility in Buddhist and Hindu art

INCENSE BURNER From the tomb of Prince Liu Sheng, Mancheng, Hebei. Han dynasty, 113 BCE

discovered in a tomb

shikara

dome-like cap to the pyramidal tower of a South Indian Hindu temple or the entire tower of a North Indian temple

The Maurya Dynasty

dynasty that supported Buddhism and its respective art

Composite piers

engaged columns attached to rectangular supports

Discovered in a tomb

oldest image in Daoism religion


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