ALED 424 - Barry Boyd - Quiz 4

George Washington's observation in his farewell address in 1796:

"Of all the dispositions and habits which lead to political prosperity, religion and morality are indispensable supports. ... And let us with caution indulge the supposition that morality can be managed without religion."

Thoughts on One's "Word of Honor"

"Place me behind prison walls--walls of stone ever so high, ever so thick, reaching ever so far into the ground--there is a possibility that in some way or another I may escape; but stand me on the floor and draw a chalk line around me and have me give my word of honor never to cross it. Can I get out of the circle? No. Never! I'd die first!" - Karl G. Maeser

Independence thesis

(God loves things because they are good)

Divine command theory

- Principles are the commands of God (things are good because God loves them) - If God doesn't exist, then no valid morality?

Create a process for productive conflict

1. Engage in self analysis (your goals, issues, hot buttons) 2. Set up a meeting to talk about the issue 3. Define the issue for both sides 4. Develop several solutions 5. Narrow the choices 6. Commit to the solution by crating an implementation and evaluation plan 7. Monitor the implementation of the solution

Principled Negotiation Model

1. Separate the people from the problem 2. Focus on interest, not positions 3. Invent options for mutual gain 4. Insist on objective criteria

If we weren't born with anti-social passions - narcissism, envy, lust, meanness, greed, hunger for power, just to name the more obvious - why the need for so many laws, whether religious or secular, that govern behavior? | WHO said THIS?

Dennis Prager

Codes of Ethics

Starbucks • Has Business Ethics and Compliance program • Supports the mission and protects the values • Communicated at all times to employees, vendors, etc Enron • 64 page booklet distributed to employees • No known enforcement dept. • Board of Directors suspended them to allow Andrew Fastow (CFO) to operate illegal partnership

Structure

Starbucks • Has a system for reporting ethical issues • Open communications regarding company business, etc. • Rewards behaviors that support mission & values • All on their website Enron • Lacked an accountability system • Many insiders aware of fraudulent accounting practices • Rewarded maximized share values

Core Values

Starbucks • Values - quality product, our partners, engaged with customers, stores are a haven for people, be part of our community Enron • Communication • Respect • Integrity • Excellence

Mission

Starbucks • to inspire and nurture the human spirit - one person, one cup and one neighborhood at a time. Enron • Couldn't find one

Is Deception ok when bargaining?

• "Falsehood ceases to be falsehood when it is understood to all sides that truth is not expected to be spoken" Henry Taylor • Deceit violates Kant's imperative to treat people as ends and not as the means to our ends. • David Lax & James Sebenius give a set of questions to help decide if you should use deceit or not when bargaining • Would you want friends and family to know what you did? • Are there alternative tactics you can use? • Does this tactic poison the ethical atmosphere for this kind of industry?

Rushworth Kidder, There is Only Ethics

• "We cannot survive the 21st century with the ethics of the 20th century."

Conflict Management | Step 5: Employ Collaborative Conflict management Tactics

• Conflict Guidelines for Collaboration • Descriptive statements: non-evaluative comments based on observation • Disclosing statements: non-evaluative statements about conflicts (thoughts, feelings, intentions, motivations, etc...) • Qualifying statements: Remarks that qualify the nature and boundaries of the conflict • Solicitation for disclosure: non-hostile queries (" What was your reasoning for...") • Solicitation of criticism: non-hostile question aimed to induce criticism of one's self ("Does it bother you when I ...") • Supportive remarks: understanding and acceptance • Concessions: comments that signal flexibility, willingness to change, and a reconciliatory attitude and concern to reach a mutual agreement • Acceptance of responsibility: Remarks that attribute responsibility

Conflict Management | Step 3: Identify Your Personal Conflict Style

• Conflict styles are based on two dimensions: 1. Concern for one's needs 2. Concern for the needs of others -Styles- • Avoiding - low concern for ones self and others • Accommodation - low concern for self and high concern for others. This type usually gives in to what others want. • Compromising - moderate concern for self & others • Competing/Forcing - Has little concern for others cares more about self. Usually displace aggressive behaviors • Collaborative - Has a high degree of concern for both parties and want to reach a solution that is good for both sides

What makes an ethical culture?

• Core Values - guiding principles • Mission - identifies organization's reason for being • Codes of ethics - all publicly traded companies must have them (Sarbanes-Oxley Act) • Conflicts of interest, records, confidentiality, relationships • Structure - creates authority, lines of accountability, who makes decisions, reward systems

CODES COMMON IN MANY PROFESSIONS | WHY?

• Define acceptable behavior in the profession • Conflicts of interest • Ethical relationships (lawyers/clients) • Set common standards • Hold professionals accountable • Managing information • Records, funds, assets • Safety, use of technology, vehicles, etc.

Organizations | Ethically Transformed

• Ethics end in itself • Exceed ethical requirements • Actions reflect collective values • Driven by mission & values • Rewards moral behavior • Invest in creating ethical culture

Organizations | Ethically Decoupled

• Ethics is means to an end • Comply with legal requirements • Behavior inconsistent with org. values • Driven by bottom line • Inconsistent reward structures • Invest little in building positive ethical culture

Conflict Management | Step 2: Manage Your Emotions

• Experts Craig Runde & Tim Flangan provide a three phase model to help keep negative emotions under wraps • Phase 1: Cooling down- figure out what your triggers are and find ways to respond better to them • Phase 2: Slowing down- Have a back up plan in case you are unable to keep your cool (remove yourself from the situation, take deep breaths, think about things that make you happy/ calm, and then try to think logically about the situation • Phase 3: Engaging constructively- Once you have gotten your emotions under control and you think clearly you are ready to resolve the conflict. Approach the other person and encourage dialogue about the issue and listen closely to their point of view and consider their perspective,

HOW TO ACQUIRE VIRTUES?

• Goal of virtue theory is to create a moral identity • How to create your moral identity? • Observe others/read or watch biographies/ • Spiritual and religious sources • Virtue ethics can provide a framework for our moral behavior

If theism is true....

• God is the source of morality • Our god will win over evil - we aren't fighting alone • Cosmic justice - everyone will get what they deserve • Moral reason over-rides non-moral reason • God loves us, inspires us to be good • We are created in God's image, all are of equal worth. Makes no sense without God. • Then we have an obligation to future generations - God knows who will be born in the future • Religion provides a moral framework-What is good, bad-What are consequences • Religion provides "coaches"-Pastors, priests, church community

WHY A PERSONAL CODE?

• Great mental process to think about what you believe. • Communicates to your followers • Sharing with others make commitment stronger

Two Approaches to Negotiation | Distributive Negotiation

• Hidden information • Demand of interests • Self-goals • Forcing• Argument • Relationship sacrificing • Hard on people

SAMURI CODE (BUSHIDO)

• Justice• Courage • Benevolence or Mercy • Politeness • Honesty/Sincerity • Honor • Loyalty • Character & Self-Control • Absolute moral standard

CODES COMMON IN MANY PROFESSIONS

• Lawyers • Doctors (Hippocratic Oath) • Engineers/Architects • Bankers/Accountants • Government Employees

VIRTUE ETHICS DEFINED

• Learned behavioral dispositions that result in habitual acts of moral goodness. • Theories that emphasize the role of character in moral decision-making • We should acquire ideal character traits, not follow moral rules • "How should I live?," "What is the good life?" • We aspire to be the ideal person

The link between moral development and conflict styles

• Low stages of moral development usually use dominating and avoiding approaches • Moderate levels tend to use the compromise approach • High levels try to use the collaborative approach as often as possible

Two Approaches to Negotiation | Integrative Negotiation

• Open sharing of information • Trade of valued interests • Mutual Goal • Problem solving • Explanation • Relation building • Hard on problem

Conflict Management | Step 4: Develop Conflict Guidelines

• Pamela Shockley-Zalabak's conflict strategies • Monitor your personal behavior & the behavior of the other party for signs of destructive conflict • Identify common goals & interests • Develop rules to work on the problems • Focus on mutual gain- shoot for a win-win situation • Create a process for productive conflict

PLATO'S CARDINAL VIRTUES

• Prudence (Wisdom) - right reason applied to practice (critical thinking) • Temperance - restraint of our passions; keeps us from excess (moderation in everything) • Fortitude (Courage) - Allows us to overcome fear, remain steady in face of obstacles • Justice - giving everyone their rightful due

Other Ethical Secularists

• Religion gives rise to inferior morality • Religious rules often over ride natural moral behavior - the rules become important, not moral behavior (David Hume) • By giving up their autonomy in worship - this is immoral. (James Rachels) • Can they answer the question - "Why should I be moral?"

Is religion irrelevant or contrary to morality?

• Religion has caused incalculable suffering. • We have a duty to fill our lives with meaning and purpose, irrespective of God-Bertrand Russell • Ethical secularists-Meaningful life • Can't answer "Why shouldI be moral?"

The Case Against Religion

• Religious morality makes the world a worse place than it would have been without it • What are the arguments? • Evil done in name of religion • Religion based on faith, not hard evidence • Religious morality closes off discussion • Leads to group intolerance • Threatens church-state separation - Why?

Recent Studies say....

• Religious people just as moral or immoral as nonreligious • Religious had more pride and joy when reporting a moral act... • ...more disgust with themselves when committing immoral acts

Ethical Culture

• Research shows a direct relationship between the ethical climate of an organization and the types of ethical decisions that employees make. (Wumbush, Shepard, & Markham (1997). • The values and behavior of senior leadership shape organizational culture

LOUIS L'AMOUR

• Sackett Family • Follows the Sackett family from England to the • New world and the move westward. • * Family honor • * Keep your word • * Earn your keep • * Don't stereotype people

Organizational Culture

• Shared values, belief, vision, symbols, goals, and behaviors that influence organizational behavior • Impacts not just employees, but stakeholders/clients as well • Culture influenced by values

ETHICAL ARTIFACTS

• Teach/reinforce moral codes/virtues • Posters, jewelry, TV shows, movies, stories, books, music • Even organizations use artifacts to tell the company story...

When you may need to use other styles

• Use avoiding if you are in physical danger • Accommodation may be the best choice for a follower to maintain a relationship a leader who knows more about the problem • Competing/forcing can be a quick way to produce results when trying to implement an unpopular decision

VIRTUE ETHICS

• Virtues can be moral (honesty, fairness, kindness) or morally neutral (courage, self-control, patience) • Virtue ethics based on the ethic of care (remember altruism) • Concerns the heart of the person - emphasizes being rather than doing • The opposite of virtues are vices (immoral or wicked behavior) • Codes of Ethics

PROBLEMS

• Virtues change over time - Can you name some? • No clear agreement on what to include in list of virtues (Plato, Aristotle, Franklin, Good Men) • Doesn't provide clear guidance on moral dilemmas _______________________________________________________________________________ *Balanced with Other Virtues and applied using phronesis: • To have any single strength of character in full measure, a person must have the other ones as well.* • Courage without good judgement is blind • Courage without perseverance is short-lived • Courage without a clear sense of your own abilities is foolhardy

Immanuel Kant

• What does Kant say about God and morality? • Meaningful ethics depends on religion • Morality exists without God, but both God and humanity must follow same principles • Religion completes morality • God is necessary to enforce morality

Summary | Religion and Ethics

• While religious ethics are not significantly different from secular ethics, religion enhances the moral life by providing motivation to be moral. • To separate morality from religion is like cutting a flower from its roots and transplanting it rootless into the ground. • Leo Tolstoy

Conflict Management | Step 1: Recognizing the Difference Between Functional & Dysfunctional Conflicts

•Functional conflicts - Focus on the content of the messages- ideas, values, beliefs, proposals, etc... •People involved in this kind of conflict are trying to solve a problem NOT HURT the other person -- • Dysfunctional conflicts - Focus on the personalities of people involved •Negative emotions & verbal attacks leading to fight or flight behavior •Person tries to escalate the conflict•Or person avoids the conflict