AMSCO - 7.4 Reading Notes - AP History

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

The two causes of the Great Depression were:

1. Agricultural overproduction 2. The US stock market crash in 1929

What were the MAIN reasons of WWI?

1. European Expansionism 2. Serbian Nationalism 3. The Assassination of Franz Ferdinand 4. Conflicts over Alliances 5. The Blank Check Assurance: Conspired Plans of Germany and Austria-Hungary 6. Germany Millenarianism

Fascism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition

What was the Popular Front? Summarize their goals and how they ruled

A popular front is "any coalition of working-class and middle-class parties", including liberal and social-democratic ones, "united for the defense of democratic forms"

New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression.

Great Depression

A time of utter economic disaster; started in the United States in 1929.

Mandate System

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I; to be administered under League of Nations supervision.

What were the results of the five year plans? Along with these impacts, why is Stalin's legacy and regime condemned today?

Although it did make Russia stronger in the first two aspects, socially there was a decline in working conditions and mood.

Suffering countries

American investors suffered the most. German banks suffered becuase they depend on the imperial nations also suffering. The American stock market suffered because its economy depend on foreign trade.

Who was Benito Mussolini and how is he connected to fascism and totalitarianism?

As dictator of Italy and principal founder of fascism, Mussolini inspired and supported the international spread of fascist movements during the inter-war period. Mussolini was originally a socialist politician and a journalist at the Avanti! newspaper.

Why was Brazil known as Latin America's "sleeping giant"?

Brazil has gone from long being a perennial economic laggard—mired in high inflation and slow growth that won it the moniker of Latin America's "sleeping giant" for its vast unrealized potential—to now being the eighth largest economy in the world

Balfour Declaration

British document that promised land in Palestine as homeland for Jews in exchange for Jews help in WWI

How did the Treaty of Versailles aim to maintain peace?

During the course of the Treaty, Germany and the Allied Powers ended their war. Germany was required to disarm, make substantial territorial concessions, and compensate some countries that made up the Entente power bloc as part of the treaty

What caused the Russian Civil War? How did Lenin try to fix it? Explain his plan

During this time, the Bolsheviks faced massive opposition to their rule in the form of the White Armies, led by former officers of the Tsarist state, and also from intervention by the forces of foreign countries. Yet, by the start of 1921, the Bolsheviks had defeated their enemies and gained a complete victory

Why did fascism become popular? Which countries begin using it?

Fascism arose in Europe after World War I when many people yearned for national unity and strong leadership. In Italy, Benito Mussolini used his charisma to establish a powerful fascist state. Benito Mussolini coined the term "fascism" in 1919 to describe his political movement.

Benito Mussolini

Fascist Dictator of Italy that at first used bullying to gain power, then never had full power.

Salt March

Gandhi led a march over 240 miles to protest the British monopoly on salt in India

Chiang Kai Shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong.

Who was John Keynes and what were his economic ideas to fix the Great Depression?

He rejected the laissez-faire idéal. He concluded that intentional government action could improve the economy. Governments should use deficit spending (spending more than the government takes in) to stimulate economic activity. Cutting taxes and increasing spending, governments would spur economic growth. People would return to work and the depression would end.

How did Franklin Delano Roosevelt apply Keyne's ideas to the US?

He used it so that America could run the US government at a lost.

How did war change? How did it stay the same?

In WW1 there were remarkable advances in technology,e.g. tanks, barbed wire, and the radio

How did the Great Depression impact trade?

International trade fell 30 percent as nations tried to protect their industries by raising tariffs on imported goods

How did WWI impact both the Allied powers and Triple Alliance Powers?

It resulted in a global economic crisis that resulted in the great depression

How did the PRI impact Mexico?

Mexico benefited from the peace and stability of the PRI regime and a steady increase in U.S. investment; therefore, Mexico became more industrialized, urban and educated. Its economy also became heavily dependent on the United States

March 1st Movement

On March 1st, 1919, Korean nationalists held a huge, peaceful demonstration to demand independence. The Japanese responded by killing 2,000 Koreans and jailing 19,000 more.

The Spanish Civil War ended with the triumph of who? What was Spain's role in WWII?

On March 28, 1939, the victorious Nationalists entered Madrid in triumph, and the Spanish Civil War came to an end. The main part of Spain's involvement in the war was through volunteers

May 4th Movement

On May 4th, 1919, students in Peking protested Japan being given the Shantung province and all around China. It was an intellectual revolution of young, educated people in China, that was also a protest of China's weak government and their reaction to the Treaty of Versailles. This movement allowed the KMT to come back and have power, and it also gave rise to the CCP.

What was Guernica and why is it significant?

Pablo Picasso's Most-famous Cubist Painting Introduction Created as an anti-war protest piece in response to the 1937 aerial bombing of a small town in northern Spain

What was Stalin's plan to fix the Soviet Union? Explain his ideas of collectivized agriculture and kolkhoz.

Stalin established the USSR's system of state and collective farms when he moved to replace the New Economic Policy (NEP) with collective farming, which grouped peasants into collective farms (kolkhozy) and state farms (sovkhozy).

Five Year Plan

Stalin's economic policy to rebuild the Soviet economy after WWI. tried to improve heavy industry and improve farm output, but resulted in famine

Why did Brazil have a coup in 1930? Who took charge and how did he rule Brazil?

The "revolution" stemmed in part from the domination of Brazil by the state of São Paulo since the fall of the monarchy in 1889, and in part from the fact that the incumbent president, Washington Luís Pereira De Sousa of São Paulo misjudged the mood of the nation when he imposed another paulista as the official candidate for the presidential election of March 1930 after an earlier promise that the new chief executive would come from Minas Gerais.

Why was the Treaty of Versailles so terrible for Germany?

The Germans hated the Treaty of Versailles because they had not been allowed to take part in the Conference. Germany had to pay £6,600 million 'reparations', a huge sum which Germans felt was just designed to destroy their economy and starve their children. Finally, Germans hated the loss of land.

When did the Great Depression end for the US? Why?

The New Deal programs, however historians argue that the Depression was only ended by WWII. As the US started building up to help the Allies and, eventually, to participate in WWII, the Depression ended.

The Spanish Civil War was a conflict between which political ideologies? Who won?

The Struggle Between Fascism and Communism The Spanish civil war of 1936-1939 was an important conflict in Spain's history. This war was initiated by a military revolt led by General Francisco Franco on the 17 July 1936 and ended with Franco's victory on the 1 April, 1939.

What was the most immediate cause of WWI?

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary

What was the Mexican PRI? What were their goals?

The party was created with the intent of providing a political space in which all the surviving leaders and combatants of the Mexican Revolution could participate and to solve the severe political crisis caused by the assassination of President-elect Álvaro Obregón in 1928

Why did Italy become upset after WWI? How did this lead to Mussolini's rise in power? What were his goals?

The radical left was particularly strong in Italy during the Great War, as it benefitted from the government's unpopularity and the war among the poor and the working class. In 1917, the Italian Socialist Party allied itself with the Soviet Union and agitated for Italy's revolution. Industrial workers in the major Italian cities had formed themselves the party/

Keynesian Economics

Theory based on the principles of John Maynard Keynes, stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms.

Totalitarian State

a government that aims to control the political, economic, social, intellectual, and cultural lives of its citizens