Anatomy 02- Connect

Name the type of bond that holds amino acids together in a protein molecule.

Peptide bond

A lipid that consists of two hydrophobic fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic phosphate head is called a(n)

Phospholipid

A lipid that consists of two hydrophobic fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic phosphate head is called a(n)

Phospholipids

Which of the following molecules are the major component of the plasma membrane?

Phospholipids

What term refers to a covalent bond in which the electrons are not equally shared?

Polar

Name the level of protein structure that is determined by the amino acid sequence of the protein.

Primary

The level of protein structure that is determined by the interactions between two or more polypeptide chains within a protein is the________ level

Quaternary, fourth

Name the level of protein structure that is determined by the folding of the protein into alpha helices and beta sheets due to hydrogen bonding between amino acids.

Secondary

Anabolic reaction

Small glucose molecules are linked together to form a larger molecule like starch.

Saltwater is a solution made out of NaCl (salt) dissolved in water. In this case, water is the solvent and NaCl is the________

Solute

The particles of matter that are dissolved in a solution are known as what?

Solute

In a solution, the more abundant substance that dissolves another substance is known as what?

Solvent

A peptide bond is formed through ______.

dehydration synthesis

A protein that functions as a biological catalyst is called a(n)

enzyme

pH is a measurement of the concentration of what?

hydrogen ions

Hydrolysis

is a decomposition reaction that involves water.

Energy that is actively doing work is called_______ energy

kinetic

The energy of motion is what type of energy?

kinetic

Most exploratory surgery has been replaced with ______.

medical imaging techniques

Salt on a watermelon is an example of a ______.

mixture

Substances that are physically blended but not chemically bound are called

mixture

Disaccharides can be broken down into ______.

monosaccharides

What percentage of the body weight is made of oxygen?

more than 50%

The abbreviation __________ is a measurement of acidity derived from the concentration of H+.

pH

List the factors that affect enzyme conformation.

pH and temperature

A cation has a net ______ charge

positive

Which term refers to energy in a system that is not being used to do work?

potential

Energy contained in an object due to its position or state is referred to as what type of energy?

potential energy

The structure of a protein that is its amino acid sequence is called_________ structure.

primary structure

Saltwater is a solution made out of NaCl (salt) dissolved in water. In this case, water is the solvent and NaCl is the

solvent

What is an example of decomposition

starch is broken down into glucose molecules during digestion.

An example of a hydrolysis reaction

the breaking down of a dipeptide into two amino acids (the opposite of the example in the question).

Deuterium and tritium are isotopes of hydrogen. What is different about them?

they have different numbers of neutrons

How do catalysts affect reaction rates?

they increase reaction rates

Hydrophilic substances are soluble in

water

Hydrophobic means that a substance is insoluble in

water

Which of the following best describes the chemical reaction called hydrolysis?

A covalent bond is broken by adding an OH to one side of the molecule, and an H to the other side.

Oxidation reaction

Molecules of iron combine with oxygen, giving up electrons and forming iron oxide (rust).

Which term is used to refer to a simple sugar, or sugar monomer?

Monosaccharide

What is the term for an ion with a net negative charge (more electrons than protons)?

Anion

A chemical reaction in which two or more smaller molecules combine to form a larger molecule is what type of reaction?

Decomposition

Sucrose or table sugar is formed when the simple sugars fructose and glucose are covalently bonded. This reaction releases water. What is the name of this type of reaction?

Dehydration synthesis

Synthesis

Two amino acids are brought together to form a dipeptide.

Which term refers to a change in the three-dimensional conformation of a protein that destroys its functional properties?

Denaturation

What term can be used to describe any molecule that is non-polar and does not dissolve in water?

Hydrophobic

Which are true regarding metabolism?

- It can be defined as the sum of all of the chemical reactions in the body. - It includes reactions where molecules are broken down. - It includes reactions where new molecules are synthesized.

If an atom has 2 electrons in its innermost shell and 3 electrons in its outmost shell, how many valence electrons does it have?

3

Which of the following best describes what occurs in a decomposition reaction?

A molecule is broken down into smaller parts.

Which best describes what occurs in a condensation reaction?

A water molecule is removed from a molecule when it creates a covalent bond.

Which term refers to the energy needed to get a chemical reaction started?

Activation energy

Peptide bonds are used to join two of these together.

Amino acids

Metabolic reactions that use energy and build more complex molecules from less complex molecules are considered which type of reaction?

Anabolic

Solution A prevents solution C from changing its pH. Solution A is therefore a what?

Buffer

The term anabolism specifically applies to metabolic reactions that do which of the following?

Build large molecules from small molecules

Which term applies to metabolic decomposition reactions that release energy?

Catabolism

In nature, sodium atoms lose electrons; therefore, they become ______.

Cations

Indicate how pH and temperature affect the activity of an enzyme.

Causing a conformational change in the enzyme Altering the shape of the substrate binding site

Which of the following best describes a polar covalent bond?

Electrons are shared unequally between two atoms.

Which of the following statements about enzymes are true?

Enzymes are not consumed in the reactions they catalyze. Enzymes show enzyme-substrate specificity. Enzymes speed up reaction rates by lowering the activation energy of a specific reaction.

True or false: Some catalysts speed up reactions, while other catalysts slow down reactions.

False

What type of anatomy focuses on body structures that can be observed without magnification?

Gross

Name the chemical reaction that breaks a covalent bond in a molecule by adding an OH group to one side of the bond and H to the other side, thus consuming a water molecule.

Hydrolysis

Which term refers to molecules that dissolve in water?

Hydrophilic

Exchange

In exchange reactions, two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms.

What does the quaternary structure of a protein depend upon?

Interactions between multiple polypeptide chains

Which of the following describes a catabolic reaction?

Large protein molecules are broken down into smaller amino acids during digestion.

Hydrophobic organic molecules, such as fatty acids, fats, steroids, and prostaglandins, are classified as what type of molecule?

Lipid

Anabolic

Metabolic reactions that use energy and build more complex molecules from less complex molecules are considered which type of reaction? build up

The term that refers to the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body is

Metabolism

Isotopes differ from one another by containing different numbers of which subatomic particle?

Neutrons

In a carbon dioxide molecule, electrons are shared equally among the atoms. What type of bond do they form?

Nonpolar covalent

Which organic molecules are composed of a nitrogenous base, a monosaccharide, and a phosphate group?

Nucleotides

Which term refers to the substance upon which an enzyme acts?

Substrate

A chemical reaction in which two or more smaller molecules combine to form a larger molecule is what type of reaction?

Synthesis

The folding of proteins into various globular and fibrous shapes is referred to as the________ structure of the proteins.

Tertiary

The folding of proteins into various globular and fibrous shapes is referred to as the__________ structure of the proteins.

Tertiary

Which level of protein structure is due to bending and folding into various globular and fibrous shapes?

Tertiary

Which of the following best describes denaturation?

The unfolding of a protein's three-dimensional shape

Choose the lipids in the list below.

Triglycerides Phospholipids Fatty acids Eicosanoids Steroids

Electrons that determine the reactive properties of an atom are called ___________ electrons.

Valence

The electrons found in the outermost shell of the electron cloud are called ___________ electrons.

Valence

Decomposition

a large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller ones.

The energy required to initiate or begin a chemical reaction is called its________ energy

activation

Which term refers to a negatively charged ion

anion

Nucleotides contain a phosphate, a sugar and a nitrogenous

base

Which of the following is another term for enzyme?

biological catalyst

Physiology is the study of ______.

body function

Substances that resist changes in pH are known as

buffers

The six most abundant elements in the human body are

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, phosphorus, calcium, Nitrogen

True or false: An enzyme is consumed by the reaction it catalyzes.

false

In a solution, the solute can be a ______.

gas, solid, or liquid

The level of protein structure that is determined by the interactions between two or more polypeptide chains within a protein is the _______ level.

quaternary

The level of protein structure that is determined by the folding of the protein due to hydrogen bonding between amino acids to form alpha helices and beta-pleated sheets is called the _________ level.

secondary