Anatomy
Carbon atoms are unique in that their outer shell needs ______additional electrons to be complete.
4
Covalent bonds tend to occur when the participating atoms that form the bond have ______electrons in the outer shell.
4, 5, 6, or 7
f the atomic number of nitrogen (N) is 7, then the total number of electrons is equal to
7
Which of the following is an organic molecule?
C6H12O6
proximal
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Calcium Ion
Functions to create hardness of bone and teeth
is a strong acid because it almost fully dissociates into hydrogen ions and chloride ions in water.
HCL
The reason water behaves in this manner is because the____charge on the hydrogen end of the water molecule is attracted to the negative charge of a polar molecule, while the____charge of the oxygen end of the water molecule is attracted to the positive side of a polar molecule.
Positive and negative
What does pH measure?
The amount of hydrogen ions in a solution
medial
Toward the midline of the body
This initial energy is called the energy of ____________ .
activation
distal
away from the point of attachment
The second component is the __________. It is the structure that interprets input from the receptor and initiates changes through the _________ (the final component).
control center; effector
Atoms share electrons in a(n) _____ bond either equally or unequally between the atoms.
covalent
If two carbon atoms share two pairs of electrons, they have a ______bond
double covalent
The octet rule refers to the tendency of electrons to lose, gain, or share electrons to obtain _____electrons in the outer shell.
eight
How they share is determined by each atom's
electronegativity
An atom with four electrons in its outer shell will become more stable if it gains _____electrons.
four
Anions are formed when an atom _____ an electron or electrons.
gains
The joint just proximal to the knee is which one of these?
hip
coxal region
hip
living things must be able to maintain a relative ________ or set of stable internal conditions.
homeostasis
An atom with six electrons in its outer shell will be stable than an atom with eight electrons in its outer shell.
less
A cation is formed when an atom_____ an electron or electrons
loses
lumbar region
lower back
The unequal sharing of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms within a water molecule makes water a _____molecule.
polar
If the sharing is unequal, a _____covalent bond results.
polar (2)
Cations have a _____ charge.
positive
If you are cold and your body alters the circulation near the skin in order to conserve heat, what characteristic of life is this representing?
regulation
For accuracy and clarity, the initial point of reference for body regions or parts is anatomic position. An individual is in this position if they are ____________ _______________ with the feet _________________. The upper limbs are at the ________________ and the palms face _____________. The head should be ________ and the eyes ________________.
standing upright; parallel and flat on the floor; sides of the body; anteriorly; level; looking forward.
Sodium Ion
-Most common extracellular cation -Most important in osmotic movement of water
Potassium Ion
-Most common intracellular cation. - Function in pH balance.
Sulfur has an atomic mass of 32 and an atomic number of 16. With this information, the total number of electrons for this element is
16
The esophagus is ________ to the vertebral column
anterior
The smallest part of an element that maintains the properties of the element is defined as a(n
atom
The _______ of an element reflects the number of protons and neutrons in each atom of that element, and it reflects the heaviness of that element's atoms.
average atomic mass
inferior
away from the head, toward the feet
Lateral
away from the midline of the body
The bond that is formed when atoms share electrons is a(n)____ bond
covalent
Characterized by both differentiation and growth, ____________ explains increased size and functional complexity.
development
The toes are ______ to the ankle
distal
coronal plane
divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
transverse planes
divides the body into superior and inferior parts
midsagittal plane
divides the body or origin into right and left halves
The mouth is ______ to the nose
inferior
The bond that is formed when one ion donates an electron and another ion accepts the electron is called a(n) _____bond.
ionic
A noble gas is _____stable than the "common" elements in the rest of the periodic table.
more
Which level of organization in the human body involves two or more tissue types working together to perform specific, complex functions?
organ level
All living things exhibit _________ or complexity far greater than their inanimate surroundings.
organization
The Four Most Common Elements of the Human Body
oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
The bond between adjacent amino acids is a(n) ________ bond.
peptide
The esophagus is _________ to the trachea
posterior
The atomic number of an element reflects the number of ___ in each atom of that element.
protons
All atoms of the same element have the same number of positive subatomic particles, _______, also known as the atomic number. Neutrons have a _____ charge and when combined with protons, determine the atomic mass.
protons and neutral
The elbow is _______ to the wrist
proximal
A buffer can only minimize changes in H⁺ levels over a portion of the pH scale, called the buffering _____ of the buffer.
range
The ability to make additional copies of themselves describes the necessary life characteristic of ___________.
reproduction
Magnesium Ion
required for ATP production
All living things must also be able to interact with their respective environments and are thus said to display ___________ .
responsiveness
Atoms on the ______ side of the periodic table tend to become anions in order to satisfy the octet rule.
right
The first part, the receptor, is the body structure that detects changes in a variable that is either the substance or process that is regulated. These usually consist of ________. The change in the variable is the _________.
sensory nerves; stimulus
f two carbon atoms share a pair of electrons, it is called a ____bond.
single covalent
plantar region
sole of foot
The final component is the structure that brings about the change to alter the __________.
stimulus
The skin is __________ to all other body structures
superficial
Noncompetitive Inhibitors
-Do not resemble the substrate -Blind to the allosteric site on the enzyme -Not influenced by the concentration of substrate
enzyme mechanisms
-Enzymes bind a specific substrate to form an enzyme-substrate complex. -Enzyme active sites stress chemical bonds of the substrate. -Once the reaction is over, enzymes are degraded and recycled.
Sugar
Carbohydrate
Which of the following correctly represents the mechanism of enzyme function?
E + S -> E-S -> E-P -> E + P
An enzyme can only bind one reactant at a time.
False
Nucleic acid
Nucleotide
Amino acid
Protein
Substances that release hydrogen ions when dissociated in water are
acids
Enzymes have various factors that can affect their
activity
Elements are arranged by _______in consecutive rows in the periodic table.
atomic number
A polar covalent bond is created when
atoms within the bond do not have the same pull on the shared electron, and as a result the electron spends more time around one atom relative to the other atom within the bond.
A____ is a substance that releases or takes up hydrogen ions as the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution changes.
buffer
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are examples of
carbohydrates.
Enzymes act as ____________ , speeding up the rate of reactions.
catalysts
Chloride Ion
component of stomach acid
A significant pH disruption renders enzymes inactive because it induces
denaturation
The correct anatomic directional term for "at the back side of the human body" is
dorsal
Of the three basic components of an atom, _____ have a negative charge and are not located in the nucleus of the atom.
electrons
An atom is the smallest particle that exhibits the chemical properties of a(n)
element
Every reaction has a certain amount of ____________ needed to begin.
energy
Living species will all demonstrate ___________ over time as a result of gene mutations and rate of success in the environment.
evolution
orbital region
eye
An enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction in the cell, but can only be used once.
fALSE
Organic molecules always contain carbon and ____ atoms.
hydrogen
A change in pH can affect such things as interactions and ionization, or it can even make the enzyme
inactive
Enzymes are used to ____________ the energy of activation needed to begin a reaction.
lower
The more hydrogen ions released by an acid, the _____ the pH value of the solution becomes.
lower.
Any object that takes up space and has mass is considered to be
matter
the eyes are ________ to the ears
medial
The ability to bring in nutrients, produce energy, build necessary components, and eliminate waste products is __________.
metabolism
Anions have a _____ charge.
negative
If the sharing is equal, a ______ covalent bond results.
nonpolar
Each enzyme has a(n) _____ pH at which the rate of reaction is highest.
optimal
A buffer acts to maintain _____ values at fairly constant levels.
pH
Some of these factors include concentration, temperature, and
pH
In terms of anatomic directional terms, the heart is considered ______ to the sternum.
posterior
Enzymes are
proteins
The first part. Is the body structure that detects changes in a variable that is either the substance or process that is regulated
receptor
Competitive Inhibitors
resemble substrate -Bind to active site of the enzyme
When an organism senses and reacts to changes in their internal or external environments, this is an example of
responsiveness
With the exception of hydrogen, the elements that form covalent bonds with each other are on the_____ side of the periodic table.
right
As a result of the electron configuration of a water molecule, water is a great_____because water can break up and surround a_____as long as it is not _______dissolving it into solution.
solvent, solute and nonpolar
Which of the following binds to the active site of an enzyme?
substrate
Homeostasis is best described as
the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite a changing external environment.
posterior
toward the back of the body
anterior
toward the front of the body
superior
toward the head
Some homeostatic imbalances cause a variable that is normally controlled by negative feedback to be abnormally controlled by positive feedback.
true
When a variable is regulated by negative feedback, its value fluctuates above and below the set point rather than being a constant.
true