Anatomy

Carbon atoms are unique in that their outer shell needs ______additional electrons to be complete.

4

Covalent bonds tend to occur when the participating atoms that form the bond have ______electrons in the outer shell.

4, 5, 6, or 7

f the atomic number of nitrogen (N) is 7, then the total number of electrons is equal to

7

Which of the following is an organic molecule?

C6H12O6

proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Calcium Ion

Functions to create hardness of bone and teeth

is a strong acid because it almost fully dissociates into hydrogen ions and chloride ions in water.

HCL

The reason water behaves in this manner is because the____charge on the hydrogen end of the water molecule is attracted to the negative charge of a polar molecule, while the____charge of the oxygen end of the water molecule is attracted to the positive side of a polar molecule.

Positive and negative

What does pH measure?

The amount of hydrogen ions in a solution

medial

Toward the midline of the body

This initial energy is called the energy of ____________ .

activation

distal

away from the point of attachment

The second component is the __________. It is the structure that interprets input from the receptor and initiates changes through the _________ (the final component).

control center; effector

Atoms share electrons in a(n) _____ bond either equally or unequally between the atoms.

covalent

If two carbon atoms share two pairs of electrons, they have a ______bond

double covalent

The octet rule refers to the tendency of electrons to lose, gain, or share electrons to obtain _____electrons in the outer shell.

eight

How they share is determined by each atom's

electronegativity

An atom with four electrons in its outer shell will become more stable if it gains _____electrons.

four

Anions are formed when an atom _____ an electron or electrons.

gains

The joint just proximal to the knee is which one of these?

hip

coxal region

hip

living things must be able to maintain a relative ________ or set of stable internal conditions.

homeostasis

An atom with six electrons in its outer shell will be stable than an atom with eight electrons in its outer shell.

less

A cation is formed when an atom_____ an electron or electrons

loses

lumbar region

lower back

The unequal sharing of electrons between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms within a water molecule makes water a _____molecule.

polar

If the sharing is unequal, a _____covalent bond results.

polar (2)

Cations have a _____ charge.

positive

If you are cold and your body alters the circulation near the skin in order to conserve heat, what characteristic of life is this representing?

regulation

For accuracy and clarity, the initial point of reference for body regions or parts is anatomic position. An individual is in this position if they are ____________ _______________ with the feet _________________. The upper limbs are at the ________________ and the palms face _____________. The head should be ________ and the eyes ________________.

standing upright; parallel and flat on the floor; sides of the body; anteriorly; level; looking forward.

Sodium Ion

-Most common extracellular cation -Most important in osmotic movement of water

Potassium Ion

-Most common intracellular cation. - Function in pH balance.

Sulfur has an atomic mass of 32 and an atomic number of 16. With this information, the total number of electrons for this element is

16

The esophagus is ________ to the vertebral column

anterior

The smallest part of an element that maintains the properties of the element is defined as a(n

atom

The _______ of an element reflects the number of protons and neutrons in each atom of that element, and it reflects the heaviness of that element's atoms.

average atomic mass

inferior

away from the head, toward the feet

Lateral

away from the midline of the body

The bond that is formed when atoms share electrons is a(n)____ bond

covalent

Characterized by both differentiation and growth, ____________ explains increased size and functional complexity.

development

The toes are ______ to the ankle

distal

coronal plane

divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

transverse planes

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

midsagittal plane

divides the body or origin into right and left halves

The mouth is ______ to the nose

inferior

The bond that is formed when one ion donates an electron and another ion accepts the electron is called a(n) _____bond.

ionic

A noble gas is _____stable than the "common" elements in the rest of the periodic table.

more

Which level of organization in the human body involves two or more tissue types working together to perform specific, complex functions?

organ level

All living things exhibit _________ or complexity far greater than their inanimate surroundings.

organization

The Four Most Common Elements of the Human Body

oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen

The bond between adjacent amino acids is a(n) ________ bond.

peptide

The esophagus is _________ to the trachea

posterior

The atomic number of an element reflects the number of ___ in each atom of that element.

protons

All atoms of the same element have the same number of positive subatomic particles, _______, also known as the atomic number. Neutrons have a _____ charge and when combined with protons, determine the atomic mass.

protons and neutral

The elbow is _______ to the wrist

proximal

A buffer can only minimize changes in H⁺ levels over a portion of the pH scale, called the buffering _____ of the buffer.

range

The ability to make additional copies of themselves describes the necessary life characteristic of ___________.

reproduction

Magnesium Ion

required for ATP production

All living things must also be able to interact with their respective environments and are thus said to display ___________ .

responsiveness

Atoms on the ______ side of the periodic table tend to become anions in order to satisfy the octet rule.

right

The first part, the receptor, is the body structure that detects changes in a variable that is either the substance or process that is regulated. These usually consist of ________. The change in the variable is the _________.

sensory nerves; stimulus

f two carbon atoms share a pair of electrons, it is called a ____bond.

single covalent

plantar region

sole of foot

The final component is the structure that brings about the change to alter the __________.

stimulus

The skin is __________ to all other body structures

superficial

Noncompetitive Inhibitors

-Do not resemble the substrate -Blind to the allosteric site on the enzyme -Not influenced by the concentration of substrate

enzyme mechanisms

-Enzymes bind a specific substrate to form an enzyme-substrate complex. -Enzyme active sites stress chemical bonds of the substrate. -Once the reaction is over, enzymes are degraded and recycled.

Sugar

Carbohydrate

Which of the following correctly represents the mechanism of enzyme function?

E + S -> E-S -> E-P -> E + P

An enzyme can only bind one reactant at a time.

False

Nucleic acid

Nucleotide

Amino acid

Protein

Substances that release hydrogen ions when dissociated in water are

acids

Enzymes have various factors that can affect their

activity

Elements are arranged by _______in consecutive rows in the periodic table.

atomic number

A polar covalent bond is created when

atoms within the bond do not have the same pull on the shared electron, and as a result the electron spends more time around one atom relative to the other atom within the bond.

A____ is a substance that releases or takes up hydrogen ions as the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution changes.

buffer

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are examples of

carbohydrates.

Enzymes act as ____________ , speeding up the rate of reactions.

catalysts

Chloride Ion

component of stomach acid

A significant pH disruption renders enzymes inactive because it induces

denaturation

The correct anatomic directional term for "at the back side of the human body" is

dorsal

Of the three basic components of an atom, _____ have a negative charge and are not located in the nucleus of the atom.

electrons

An atom is the smallest particle that exhibits the chemical properties of a(n)

element

Every reaction has a certain amount of ____________ needed to begin.

energy

Living species will all demonstrate ___________ over time as a result of gene mutations and rate of success in the environment.

evolution

orbital region

eye

An enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction in the cell, but can only be used once.

fALSE

Organic molecules always contain carbon and ____ atoms.

hydrogen

A change in pH can affect such things as interactions and ionization, or it can even make the enzyme

inactive

Enzymes are used to ____________ the energy of activation needed to begin a reaction.

lower

The more hydrogen ions released by an acid, the _____ the pH value of the solution becomes.

lower.

Any object that takes up space and has mass is considered to be

matter

the eyes are ________ to the ears

medial

The ability to bring in nutrients, produce energy, build necessary components, and eliminate waste products is __________.

metabolism

Anions have a _____ charge.

negative

If the sharing is equal, a ______ covalent bond results.

nonpolar

Each enzyme has a(n) _____ pH at which the rate of reaction is highest.

optimal

A buffer acts to maintain _____ values at fairly constant levels.

pH

Some of these factors include concentration, temperature, and

pH

In terms of anatomic directional terms, the heart is considered ______ to the sternum.

posterior

Enzymes are

proteins

The first part. Is the body structure that detects changes in a variable that is either the substance or process that is regulated

receptor

Competitive Inhibitors

resemble substrate -Bind to active site of the enzyme

When an organism senses and reacts to changes in their internal or external environments, this is an example of

responsiveness

With the exception of hydrogen, the elements that form covalent bonds with each other are on the_____ side of the periodic table.

right

As a result of the electron configuration of a water molecule, water is a great_____because water can break up and surround a_____as long as it is not _______dissolving it into solution.

solvent, solute and nonpolar

Which of the following binds to the active site of an enzyme?

substrate

Homeostasis is best described as

the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite a changing external environment.

posterior

toward the back of the body

anterior

toward the front of the body

superior

toward the head

Some homeostatic imbalances cause a variable that is normally controlled by negative feedback to be abnormally controlled by positive feedback.

true

When a variable is regulated by negative feedback, its value fluctuates above and below the set point rather than being a constant.

true