Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 6, 8, 10.1-10.4

Movement of the shoulder laterally away from the body is called

Abduction

Tensor fascia latae is involved in hip

Abduction

Reduction in the lateral angle of the glenohumeral join in relation to the anatomical position would be called

Adduction

Muscle that is primarily responsible for bringing about a particular movement

Agonist

Which functional group has the major responsibility for producing a specific movement?

Agonists, prime movers

GreenStick

An incomplete fracture or cracking of the bone without actual separation of the parts. common in children

Extension is an example of _____movement

Angular, Movements increase or decrease the angle between articulating bones. Extension is an angular movement that increases the angle between the articular bones. Angular movements may occur in any plane of the body to include flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction and circumduction

Muscle that opposes and reverses the action of another muscle

Antagonist

The process of bones increasing in width is known as ________.

Appositional growth

To realign an anteriorly dislocated Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) a physician must push the mandible inferiorly and posteriorly in order to move the mandibular condyle past the temporal bone

Articular tubercle Tubercle is a round nodule or bumpy outgrowth from the main body of a bone. This tubercle from the anterior boundary of the mandibular fossa

Syndesmosis

Attach ligament bone to bone tibia fibia

Shoulder and hip are examples of

Ball and socket joints

Hamstring muscle

Bicep femoris, semitendinosus semimbranosus

Comminuted

Bone fragments into many pieces

Which of the following is stored in bones?

Bone is a reservoir for calcium and phosphate.

The ____muscles compress the cheeks to help keep food between the grinding surfaces of the teeth while chewing

Buccinator

Which of the following hormones is curently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children?

Calcitonin is currently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in children and pregnant women

Which hormone works directly in the intestine to increase plasma calcium levels

Calcitriol, PTH activates vitamin d into calcitriol in the kidney. Calcitriol then increases absorption of calcium in the intestine

Osterblasts

Cells that can build boy matrix

Osteoclasts

Cells that can dissolve the bony matrix

Alice and James adopted a 3yr from a developing country. they noticed her legs were bowed and there were some deformities in her cranial and pelvic bones. they brought her to a physician for a diagnosis. what was the diagnosis, and what was the treatment for the disorder?

Child most likely has rickets. Treatment is to increase the intake of calcium and vitamin D in the diet, and to get some sunshine every day.

Osteoarthritis

Chronic degenerative joint disease often called 'wear and tear arthritis'

Spiral

Common sports fracture resulting from a twisting force

Example of knuckle joints

Condylar type of joint

Suture

Cranial

What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?

Decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage

Muscle is innervated by the phrenic nerve

Diaphragm

Which are the most important muscles of inspiration (inhalation)?

Diaphragm, Prime mover of inspiration

What is the major factor controlling how levers work?

Difference in the positioning of the effort, load, and fulcrum

During infancy and childhood, the most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity is ________.

During infancy and childhood the single most important stimulus for bone growth is growth hormone. It directly stimulates growth of the hyaline cartilage that forms the epiphyseal plates in long bones, causing the bones to lengthen.

Mechanical advantage

Effort farther than load from fulcrum

Mechanical disadvantage

Effort nearer to load than fulcrum

In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. what might be the cause

Elevated levels of sex hormones

Which joints develop synostosis

Endochondral ossification leads to the eventual fusion of the epiphysis and diaphysis to form a synostosis

A cylinder shaped bone articulating with a trough shaped bone would exhibit

Extension and flexion

Vertebrae

Facet

Convergent arrangement of fascicles

Fan shaped muscle

Muscle that stabilizes the origin of another muscle

Fixator

Description of nonaxial movement

Flat none sliding past one another, vertebral processes gliding past one another, movement between adjacent carpal bones

In uniaxial movement at the elbow joint, the movement allowed is

Flexion and extension

Occipital Bone

Foramen

A torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is not properly repaired, the consequences could include the inability to prevent______

Forward sliding of the tibia on the femur ACL extends the anterior intercondylar notch of the femur to the anterior intercondylar eminence of the tibia. this ligament prevents the tibia from being pushed too far anterior relative to the femur

The correct order (from start to finish) of fracture repair is ________.

From start to finish, a fracture is repaired by: (1) formation of a hematoma, (2) formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus, (3) formation of a bony callus, and (4) bone remodeling. Use the pneumonic HFBR (His Femur Better Repair!) to help you remember the order. H = hematoma, F = fibrocartilaginous callus, B = bony callus, R = remodeling.

Prime mover of hip extension is the

Gluteus maximus

What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?

Hyaline Cartilage

Which type of cartilage covers and protects the ends of bones at freely moveable joints?

Hyaline cartilage covers the ends of long bones as articular cartilage, providing springy pads that absorb compression at joints.

In adults, yellow marrow is located ________.

In adults, much of the yellow marrow is located in the medullary cavity of the long bones.

Coxal Bone

Ishial Spine

Which joint in the body is most susceptible to sports injuries

Knee, because of their high reliance on nonarticular factors for stabability and the fact that they carry the body's weight. Vulnerable to lateral, horizontal blows

A sprain, the ___ of a joint are stretched or torn

Ligaments that reinforce a joint are stretched or torn

Endosteum

Lining of the marrow cavity

If a lever operates at a mechanical disadvantage, it means that the __

Load is far from the fulcrum and the effort is applied near the fulcrum

Naming muscles criterion

Locations of muscle, location of muscle attachments, number of origins of muscles, shape of muscles

The epiphyseal plate is ________.

Long bones elongate from growth at the epiphyseal plate, a layer of hyaline cartilage between the epiphyses and diaphysis of long bones.

Which inflammatory joint disease is caused by the bites of ticks that live on mice and deer

Lyme disease, results in joint pain and arthritis

Multiaxial movement

Movement in all three planes and around all three axes (shoulder, hip)

Names of muscles often indicate the action of the muscle. what does the term levator mean?

Muscle elevates and or adducts a region

The term biceps, triceps, quadriceps forms part of a muscles name, what does it tell you about the muscle?

Muscle has two, three, or four origins respectively

What is the most important stabilizing factor for most synovial joints?

Muscle tone

Serratus anterior

Muscles on ribs under pec

Thumb joint mediates which if the following special movements?

Opposition, is the movement whcih allows the touching of the thumb to the tip of each finger

Osteoclasts ________.

Osteoclasts are bone-breaking (bone-resorption) cells.

What is osteoid?

Osteoid is the organic part of the (extracellular) bone matrix and includes ground substance, composed of proteoglycans and glycoproteins, and collagen fibers.

Which of the following would not be a way that parathyroid hormone (PTH) could alter plasma calcium levels?

PTH would not increase osteoblasts. Osteoblasts store calcium on bone, thus lowering plasma calcium levels

Which hormone increases osteoblast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Hypercalcemia can be caused by_________.

Parathyroid hormone functions to stimulate the activity of osteoclasts in bone tissue.

PTH promotes the formation of which hormone?

Parathyroid hormone promotes the formation of calcitriol

To allow for flexion, the ____ unlocks the knee joint

Popliteus

What are the levers that operate at a mechanical advantage called?

Power levers

Examples of uniaxial movement permitted at the surfaces of bone can be found at these two articulations

Proximal ulna to radius and distal humerus to proximal ulna

Mandible

Ramus

Hematopoiesis is a term for which of the following physiological processes?

Red bone marrow found within certain regions of spongy bone is the site of blood cell formation from the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. Blood cell formation

The atlas to axis joint would exhibit

Rotation

Description of other types of movement

Rotation of a bone on one axis, flexion at the elbow

Major head flexor muscles are the ____

Sternocleidomastoid, flexes and laterally rotates the head.

Which of the following muscles is named for its origin and insertion

Sternocleidomastoid, originates on the sternum (sterno) and clavicle (cleido) and inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone (mastoid)

Rectus

Straight

Why, or why not, is swimming recommended as an exercise to prevent osteoporosis?

Swimming is not recommended to prevent osteoporosis, as it is not considered a weight bearing exercise

Muscle that aides another by promoting the same movement

Synergist

Articular capsule

Synovial membrane and fibrous layer that covers it collectively form the articular capsule

Which of the following is not a factor that contributes to joint stability?

The amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity is not a factor that contributes to joint stability. The major role of synovial fluid is to lubricate the joint surfaces of freely movable (synovial) joints

Using the structural classification, what type of joint is the epiphyseal plate?

The epiphyseal plate is a cartilaginous joint a hyline cartilage 'growth plate' between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone

What indicates that a long bone has reached its adult length?

The epiphyseal plate is a zone of hyaline cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone. When the cartilage is replaced with bone and the plate closes (becoming an epiphyseal line), the bone has reached its maximum length.

The notable hardness of bone is attributed to ________.

The exceptional hardness of bone, which allows it to resist compression, is attributed to the presence of mineral salts called hydroxyapatites. The hydroxyapatites, mainly calcium phosphates, form the inorganic matrix of bone.

The osteon is ________.

The osteon, also called the Haversian system, is the structural unit of compact bone.

What is the structural unit of compact bone?

The structural unit of compact bone is the osteon, an elongated cylinder oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone.

Wolff's law is concerned with_______

The thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it

Muscles that act on the knee joint form most of the

Thigh

Most skeletal muscles of the body act in?

Third class lever systems, allowing muscles to be inserted close to the joint across which movement occurs

what is the main factor that determines the power of muscle?

Total number of muscle cells available for contraction

Femur

Trochanter

Cranial bones develop_____

Within fibrous membranes

Interphalangeal joints

are hinge joints capable of uniaxial angular movements (finger tips)

The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of ________.

blood vessels and nerve fibers

Fibrous joints

bones are directly connected by dense fibrous tissue to form a joint lacking a cavity

Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?

communication

The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress?

compact bone

Cartilaginous joints

composed of cartilage (hyaline, Fibrocartilage)

Gomphosis

fibrous peg and socket, ligament attachment (fibrous connection called periodontal ligament)

Rectus abdominis

individual ab muscles

Traversus abdominis

inner most abdomen

The term diploë refers to the ________.

internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones

When chondrocytes in lacunae divide and form new matrix, it leads to an expansion of the cartilage tissue from within. This process is called ________.

interstitial growth

The origin of a muscle

is attached to the immovable or less movable bone

Insertion

is attached to the movable bone

Lamallae

layers of bone matrix

Linea alba

line going down center of abdomen

external oblique

lowest oblique muscle towards groin

internal oblique

oblique muscle

Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of ________.

osteoblasts and osteoclasts

The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called ________.

perforating (Sharpey's) fibers

Synchondroses

ribs, epiphseal line

Transverse

right angle

Example of carpometacarpal joint of thumb

saddle joint, concave to convex surfaces displayed

Brevis

short

Canaliculi

small channels that radiate through the matrix of bone

Functional classification of joints is based on

the amount of movement allowed by the joint

What is endochondral ossification?

the formation of bone from pre-existing hyaline cartilage models

Structural classification of joints is based on

the material binding the bones together and whether a joint cavity is present

Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth?

the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

The structural unit of cancellous bone tissue is called ________.

trabeculae

the main forearm extensor is ?

triceps brachii

Symphyses

vertebrae, pubic symohysis