Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 6, 8, 10.1-10.4
Movement of the shoulder laterally away from the body is called
Abduction
Tensor fascia latae is involved in hip
Abduction
Reduction in the lateral angle of the glenohumeral join in relation to the anatomical position would be called
Adduction
Muscle that is primarily responsible for bringing about a particular movement
Agonist
Which functional group has the major responsibility for producing a specific movement?
Agonists, prime movers
GreenStick
An incomplete fracture or cracking of the bone without actual separation of the parts. common in children
Extension is an example of _____movement
Angular, Movements increase or decrease the angle between articulating bones. Extension is an angular movement that increases the angle between the articular bones. Angular movements may occur in any plane of the body to include flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction and circumduction
Muscle that opposes and reverses the action of another muscle
Antagonist
The process of bones increasing in width is known as ________.
Appositional growth
To realign an anteriorly dislocated Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ) a physician must push the mandible inferiorly and posteriorly in order to move the mandibular condyle past the temporal bone
Articular tubercle Tubercle is a round nodule or bumpy outgrowth from the main body of a bone. This tubercle from the anterior boundary of the mandibular fossa
Syndesmosis
Attach ligament bone to bone tibia fibia
Shoulder and hip are examples of
Ball and socket joints
Hamstring muscle
Bicep femoris, semitendinosus semimbranosus
Comminuted
Bone fragments into many pieces
Which of the following is stored in bones?
Bone is a reservoir for calcium and phosphate.
The ____muscles compress the cheeks to help keep food between the grinding surfaces of the teeth while chewing
Buccinator
Which of the following hormones is curently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children?
Calcitonin is currently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in children and pregnant women
Which hormone works directly in the intestine to increase plasma calcium levels
Calcitriol, PTH activates vitamin d into calcitriol in the kidney. Calcitriol then increases absorption of calcium in the intestine
Osterblasts
Cells that can build boy matrix
Osteoclasts
Cells that can dissolve the bony matrix
Alice and James adopted a 3yr from a developing country. they noticed her legs were bowed and there were some deformities in her cranial and pelvic bones. they brought her to a physician for a diagnosis. what was the diagnosis, and what was the treatment for the disorder?
Child most likely has rickets. Treatment is to increase the intake of calcium and vitamin D in the diet, and to get some sunshine every day.
Osteoarthritis
Chronic degenerative joint disease often called 'wear and tear arthritis'
Spiral
Common sports fracture resulting from a twisting force
Example of knuckle joints
Condylar type of joint
Suture
Cranial
What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause?
Decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartilage
Muscle is innervated by the phrenic nerve
Diaphragm
Which are the most important muscles of inspiration (inhalation)?
Diaphragm, Prime mover of inspiration
What is the major factor controlling how levers work?
Difference in the positioning of the effort, load, and fulcrum
During infancy and childhood, the most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity is ________.
During infancy and childhood the single most important stimulus for bone growth is growth hormone. It directly stimulates growth of the hyaline cartilage that forms the epiphyseal plates in long bones, causing the bones to lengthen.
Mechanical advantage
Effort farther than load from fulcrum
Mechanical disadvantage
Effort nearer to load than fulcrum
In some cases the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. what might be the cause
Elevated levels of sex hormones
Which joints develop synostosis
Endochondral ossification leads to the eventual fusion of the epiphysis and diaphysis to form a synostosis
A cylinder shaped bone articulating with a trough shaped bone would exhibit
Extension and flexion
Vertebrae
Facet
Convergent arrangement of fascicles
Fan shaped muscle
Muscle that stabilizes the origin of another muscle
Fixator
Description of nonaxial movement
Flat none sliding past one another, vertebral processes gliding past one another, movement between adjacent carpal bones
In uniaxial movement at the elbow joint, the movement allowed is
Flexion and extension
Occipital Bone
Foramen
A torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is not properly repaired, the consequences could include the inability to prevent______
Forward sliding of the tibia on the femur ACL extends the anterior intercondylar notch of the femur to the anterior intercondylar eminence of the tibia. this ligament prevents the tibia from being pushed too far anterior relative to the femur
The correct order (from start to finish) of fracture repair is ________.
From start to finish, a fracture is repaired by: (1) formation of a hematoma, (2) formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus, (3) formation of a bony callus, and (4) bone remodeling. Use the pneumonic HFBR (His Femur Better Repair!) to help you remember the order. H = hematoma, F = fibrocartilaginous callus, B = bony callus, R = remodeling.
Prime mover of hip extension is the
Gluteus maximus
What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?
Hyaline Cartilage
Which type of cartilage covers and protects the ends of bones at freely moveable joints?
Hyaline cartilage covers the ends of long bones as articular cartilage, providing springy pads that absorb compression at joints.
In adults, yellow marrow is located ________.
In adults, much of the yellow marrow is located in the medullary cavity of the long bones.
Coxal Bone
Ishial Spine
Which joint in the body is most susceptible to sports injuries
Knee, because of their high reliance on nonarticular factors for stabability and the fact that they carry the body's weight. Vulnerable to lateral, horizontal blows
A sprain, the ___ of a joint are stretched or torn
Ligaments that reinforce a joint are stretched or torn
Endosteum
Lining of the marrow cavity
If a lever operates at a mechanical disadvantage, it means that the __
Load is far from the fulcrum and the effort is applied near the fulcrum
Naming muscles criterion
Locations of muscle, location of muscle attachments, number of origins of muscles, shape of muscles
The epiphyseal plate is ________.
Long bones elongate from growth at the epiphyseal plate, a layer of hyaline cartilage between the epiphyses and diaphysis of long bones.
Which inflammatory joint disease is caused by the bites of ticks that live on mice and deer
Lyme disease, results in joint pain and arthritis
Multiaxial movement
Movement in all three planes and around all three axes (shoulder, hip)
Names of muscles often indicate the action of the muscle. what does the term levator mean?
Muscle elevates and or adducts a region
The term biceps, triceps, quadriceps forms part of a muscles name, what does it tell you about the muscle?
Muscle has two, three, or four origins respectively
What is the most important stabilizing factor for most synovial joints?
Muscle tone
Serratus anterior
Muscles on ribs under pec
Thumb joint mediates which if the following special movements?
Opposition, is the movement whcih allows the touching of the thumb to the tip of each finger
Osteoclasts ________.
Osteoclasts are bone-breaking (bone-resorption) cells.
What is osteoid?
Osteoid is the organic part of the (extracellular) bone matrix and includes ground substance, composed of proteoglycans and glycoproteins, and collagen fibers.
Which of the following would not be a way that parathyroid hormone (PTH) could alter plasma calcium levels?
PTH would not increase osteoblasts. Osteoblasts store calcium on bone, thus lowering plasma calcium levels
Which hormone increases osteoblast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
Hypercalcemia can be caused by_________.
Parathyroid hormone functions to stimulate the activity of osteoclasts in bone tissue.
PTH promotes the formation of which hormone?
Parathyroid hormone promotes the formation of calcitriol
To allow for flexion, the ____ unlocks the knee joint
Popliteus
What are the levers that operate at a mechanical advantage called?
Power levers
Examples of uniaxial movement permitted at the surfaces of bone can be found at these two articulations
Proximal ulna to radius and distal humerus to proximal ulna
Mandible
Ramus
Hematopoiesis is a term for which of the following physiological processes?
Red bone marrow found within certain regions of spongy bone is the site of blood cell formation from the differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells. Blood cell formation
The atlas to axis joint would exhibit
Rotation
Description of other types of movement
Rotation of a bone on one axis, flexion at the elbow
Major head flexor muscles are the ____
Sternocleidomastoid, flexes and laterally rotates the head.
Which of the following muscles is named for its origin and insertion
Sternocleidomastoid, originates on the sternum (sterno) and clavicle (cleido) and inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone (mastoid)
Rectus
Straight
Why, or why not, is swimming recommended as an exercise to prevent osteoporosis?
Swimming is not recommended to prevent osteoporosis, as it is not considered a weight bearing exercise
Muscle that aides another by promoting the same movement
Synergist
Articular capsule
Synovial membrane and fibrous layer that covers it collectively form the articular capsule
Which of the following is not a factor that contributes to joint stability?
The amount of synovial fluid in the joint cavity is not a factor that contributes to joint stability. The major role of synovial fluid is to lubricate the joint surfaces of freely movable (synovial) joints
Using the structural classification, what type of joint is the epiphyseal plate?
The epiphyseal plate is a cartilaginous joint a hyline cartilage 'growth plate' between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone
What indicates that a long bone has reached its adult length?
The epiphyseal plate is a zone of hyaline cartilage between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone. When the cartilage is replaced with bone and the plate closes (becoming an epiphyseal line), the bone has reached its maximum length.
The notable hardness of bone is attributed to ________.
The exceptional hardness of bone, which allows it to resist compression, is attributed to the presence of mineral salts called hydroxyapatites. The hydroxyapatites, mainly calcium phosphates, form the inorganic matrix of bone.
The osteon is ________.
The osteon, also called the Haversian system, is the structural unit of compact bone.
What is the structural unit of compact bone?
The structural unit of compact bone is the osteon, an elongated cylinder oriented parallel to the long axis of the bone.
Wolff's law is concerned with_______
The thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it
Muscles that act on the knee joint form most of the
Thigh
Most skeletal muscles of the body act in?
Third class lever systems, allowing muscles to be inserted close to the joint across which movement occurs
what is the main factor that determines the power of muscle?
Total number of muscle cells available for contraction
Femur
Trochanter
Cranial bones develop_____
Within fibrous membranes
Interphalangeal joints
are hinge joints capable of uniaxial angular movements (finger tips)
The canal that runs through the core of each osteon (the Haversian canal) is the site of ________.
blood vessels and nerve fibers
Fibrous joints
bones are directly connected by dense fibrous tissue to form a joint lacking a cavity
Which of the following is not a function of the skeletal system?
communication
The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand tension stress?
compact bone
Cartilaginous joints
composed of cartilage (hyaline, Fibrocartilage)
Gomphosis
fibrous peg and socket, ligament attachment (fibrous connection called periodontal ligament)
Rectus abdominis
individual ab muscles
Traversus abdominis
inner most abdomen
The term diploë refers to the ________.
internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones
When chondrocytes in lacunae divide and form new matrix, it leads to an expansion of the cartilage tissue from within. This process is called ________.
interstitial growth
The origin of a muscle
is attached to the immovable or less movable bone
Insertion
is attached to the movable bone
Lamallae
layers of bone matrix
Linea alba
line going down center of abdomen
external oblique
lowest oblique muscle towards groin
internal oblique
oblique muscle
Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of ________.
osteoblasts and osteoclasts
The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by dense connective tissue called ________.
perforating (Sharpey's) fibers
Synchondroses
ribs, epiphseal line
Transverse
right angle
Example of carpometacarpal joint of thumb
saddle joint, concave to convex surfaces displayed
Brevis
short
Canaliculi
small channels that radiate through the matrix of bone
Functional classification of joints is based on
the amount of movement allowed by the joint
What is endochondral ossification?
the formation of bone from pre-existing hyaline cartilage models
Structural classification of joints is based on
the material binding the bones together and whether a joint cavity is present
Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth?
the secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage
The structural unit of cancellous bone tissue is called ________.
trabeculae
the main forearm extensor is ?
triceps brachii
Symphyses
vertebrae, pubic symohysis
