Anatomy and Physiology Honors Exam,

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Microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments are structures of the _________________

*

The shrinkage that occurs when cells are placed into a hypertonic solution is called _________________

*

Cranial bones

** descriptions of what they look like not what they are

Sutures

***

Briefly explain the process of Endochondral ossification

-Cartilage models form in the shape of the developing bone -The outside cover develops connective tissues forming the periosteum - Chondrocytes at the center of the bone calcify and die forming medullary cavity - A primary blood vessel enters the cavity and provides osteoprogenic cells (Osteoblasts) to begin forming compact bone. - Bone forms at this primary center. The new blood vessels enter the epiphysis to begin a secondary ossification center - This continues until the bone ossification is complete. Epiphyseal Cartilage(plate) remains so bone can continue to lengthen until maturity. At maturity epiphyseal lines forms. Cartilage at the end of bone becomes articular cartilage for joints -primary ossification inside to out -need blood supply -osteoblasts deposit bone out towards ends -secondary ossification outside in -epiphyseal plate

Test two

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Vertebrae Surface Markings

...

Short Answer

... Pg 145 anatomy of a long bone

Essays (Critical Thinking)

....

ESSAY: Name the three types of fibers found in connective tissue. What are the advantages or reason for these fibers (function)? What are mast cells and goblet cells? What is their function?

1. Collagen - SUPER strong and gives support like a well made brazierre 2. Elastin - SUPER flexible and stretchy and it goes back to the original size and shape which makes childbirth slightly less frightening for women 3. Reticular - SUPER strong and flexible jk only slightly flexible due to the glycoproteins that are on these fibers ***Goblet cells are epithelial cells. Specialized to secrete mucous into the Respiratory tract and intestineswhich sounds gross but is great for your body ***Mast cells are connective tissue cells that generate histamine in response to allergens or tissue injury (obviously some peoples mast cells aren't doing a great job producing histamine)

ESSAY: Name the 4 major tissue types and discuss in detail the the regenerative properties of each.

1. Epithelial Tissue - high regeneration rate -blood supply -only tissue that is constantly regenerated in large amounts 2. Connective -highly vascular(blood supply) - regenerates well -exception -cartilage, no blood supply which is why you get ear infections when you pierce your cartilage 3. Muscular -Does not regenerate well 4. Nervous -Does not regenerate -brain cells are gone once you kill them i.e. Stop smoking, drinking ,drugs cause you don't get them back

ESSAY: Namd and briefly describe the function of the four major tissue types.

1. Epithelial Tissue -Protection -Secretion -Absorption -Excretion -Sensory Reception -Reproduction 2. Connective Tissue - Bind -Support - Protect - Fil spaces - Store Fat -Produce blood cells 3. Muscle Tissue - movement -maintain posture -produce heat 4. Nervous Tissue - conduct impulses for coordination -regulation integration -sensory reception

List and describe the 6 functions of the skeletal system

1. Support-without it, we'd be unable to stand 2. Protection-skull protects the brain 3. Movement-muscles are bound to bone which helps movement 4. Mineral Storage-bones store minerals like calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and carbonate ions 5. Homeostasis-osteoclasts break down cells, osteoblasts produce cells 6. Site of blood cell production-yellow marrow produces blood cells 7. Storage of energy-red marrow stores energy

List 4 factors that affect bone growth and formation.

1. Vitamins/Diet: rich in Vitamin D and Calcium 2. Activities/Exercise: weight-bearing activities provide mechanical strength 3. Ct/Pth 4. Genetics: are parents tall or short

1. Draw a diagram of negative feedback loop. Name its parts and explain why it is a negative loop.

=

Consists of mostly thick filaments

A band

Synovial Membrane

A layer of connective tissue that lines the cavities of joints, tendon sheaths, and bursae and makes synovial fluid, which has a lubricating function.

Define motor unit

A motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it controls constitute a motor unit

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a long bone

A. Bones of the rib cage

A gluteal injection refers to an injection into the

A. Buttock

Intercalated discs are characteristic structures in

A. Cardiac muscle

Glands that are present in the external auditory meatus are

A. Ceruminous glands

When a skeletal muscle fiber normally contracts, it contracts:

A. Contracts completely or not at all

In a negative feedback system, the response of the effector

A. Enhances the original stimulus

The site where bone growth occurs is the

A. Epiphyseal plate

The tissue lining body cavities is the

A. Epithelial tissue

A depression in or on a bone is a

A. Fossa

The slippery, viscous substance that bids cells together and lubricates joints is

A. Hyaluronic acid

Which is true of smooth muscle

A. It is not under voluntary control

All of the following are pigments involved in skin color except

A. Keratin

An embryonic connective tissue

A. Mesenchyme

Which of the following are considered the "powerhouse" of the cell?

A. Mitochondria

A type of neuron that stimulates muscle tissue

A. Motor neuron

The basic unit of compact bone is

A. Osteoblasts

The body cavity containing the urinary bladder and portions of the large intestine is the

A. Pelvic cavity

The science dealing with the the functions of the body parts is called

A. Physiology

The primary function of hair is protection

A. Protection

The rate of bone loss during aging can be slowed down by

A. Regular walking

The cell division which produces two identical cells is called

A. Somatic cell division

The membranes that line the cavities of some joints are

A. Synovial membranes

A sustained contraction of a muscle is called

A. Tetanus

The sarcomere is the area between two

A. Z discs

The immediate direct source of energy for muscle contraction is

ATP

Which of the following substances are absolutely necessary for muscle contraction

ATP and calcium

Synaptic vesicles are filled with chemicals called _________

Acetylcholine

Synaptic vesicles are filled with chemicals called ______________.

Acetylcholine

The neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction is

Acetylcholine

Acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is broken down by

Acetylcholinesterase

Sketch a my organ of a single muscular twitch, and identify the latent period, period of contraction, and period of relaxation.

Add in later

Cells that are specialized for far storage are ________

Adipose

Cells that are specialized for fat storage are ____________________

Adipose

In response to a stimulus, muscle fibers either contract or do not contract, which is in accordance with the ___________ principle.

All or none

A process that does not require oxygen

Anaerobic respiration

The study dealing with the structure of the human body is called

Anatomy

2. Describe and explain the relationship between anatomy and physiology. Give two examples fromthe human body

Anatomy and Physiology are often studied together because the location of most body parts is very closely related to its function. A.) rib cage is in front of heart to protect it. B.) hands have long finger and thumbs in order to grasp.

Thoracic Vertebrae - angled spinous process

Angled down Giraffe

Sweat glands associated with hair follicles are classified as __________ glands.

Apocrine

The sheet of fibrous connective tissue around muscles is __________

Aponeuroses

Describe the differnece between a tendon and an aponeurosis

Aponeuroses attach to bone, or to the coverings of adjacent muscles. A tendon attaches the muscle to the bone. Aponeurosis - sheet Tendon - cord

The sheet of fibrous connective tissue around muscle is __________.

Aponeurosis

Lambdoidal

Around Occipital

Creatine Phosphate converts

B. ADP to ATP

Which of the following substances are absolutely necessary for muscle contraction

B. ATP and calcium

The neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction is

B. Acetylcholine

A process that does not require oxygen

B. Anaerobic respiration

The splitting and separation of centromeres occurs during

B. Anaphase

The sternum, breastbone, is ____________ to the heart

B. Anterior

Which of the following processes is controlled by positive feedback

B. Blood-clotting

Which of the following is/are striated and involuntary

B. Cardiac muscle

The sum of all chemical processes in our body is

B. Catabolism

Goblet cells are found in which of the following tissues

B. Columnar epithelium

The ability of muscle fibers to shorten is referred to as

B. Contractility

The corpuscles of touch (Meissner's corpuscles) are found in the

B. Dermis

Osteogenic cells

B. Develop into osteoblasts

The shaft of a long bone is called

B. Diaphysis

The best anatomical term to describe the back region of the body would be

B. Dorsal

The brain and the spinal cord are located in the

B. Dorsal cavity

Mucous secreting goblet cells are found in all of the following organ systems except

B. Endocrine system

A group of specialized cells which secrete their products into ducts

B. Exocrine Glands

A red blood cell placed in a hypotonic solution

B. Gains water

The packaging and sorting of proteins is the function of the

B. Golgi complex

The condition in which the body's internal environment stays within physiological limits is

B. Homeostasis

Failure of the body to maintain homeostasis will cause

B. Illness

The number of muscle fibers in a motor unit is:

B. Lesser where precise control is needed

Most of the lactic acid produced by anaerobic respiration in muscle fibers is reconverted to glucose in the

B. Liver

The cells producing the pigment responsible for skin color are the

B. Melanocytes

A motor unit is all the:

B. Muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron.

An increase in the diameter of muscle fiber is called

B. Muscular hypertrophy

The pigment in the muscle fibers that stores oxygen is

B. Myoglobin

Smooth muscle is:

B. Non-striated, single nucleated and involuntary

The cells responsible for the re-absorption of bone are

B. Osteoclasts

The amount if oxygen needed to support the conversion of lactic acid to glucose is called the

B. Oxygen debt

Certain white blood cells can destroy bacteria by the process of

B. Phagocytosis

The matrix of blood is

B. Plasma

The fibers in the matrix of connective tissue are made of

B. Proteins

Which of the following does NOT belong to the nine-abdominopelvic regions

B. Right upper quadrant

Protein synthesis occurs at the

B. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

The cell membrane of a muscle cell is named:

B. Sarcolemma

A burn that involves the entire epidermis and some of the dermis is a

B. Second-degree burn

Small bones located within a tendon are called

B. Sesamoid

A single layer of cuboidal cells lining a secretory duct would be classified as

B. Simple cuboidal epithelium

The layer of the epidermis which contains cells capable of continued cell division is the

B. Stratum Basale

Where are the melanocytes found?

B. Stratum basale

Perspiration is the substance produced by

B. Sudoríferos glands

The space between an axon terminal and the sarcolemma is the

B. Synaptic cleft

Group of related organs that have a common function is called a

B. System

All of the following are functions of the skin EXCEPT

B. Vitamin B synthesis

Which of the following substances does not have a known effect on bone metabolism

B. Vitamin E

The skin belongs to the

B. integumentary Sutem

Blood belongs to which major tissue type

B.Connective

What is the main function of fibrous connective tissue

B.Support

Ethmoid (1)

Behind the nose (heart shaped)

A basement membrane is always present

Between the Epithelium and Connective Tissue

Describe how muscles obtain oxygen

Blood carries oxygen from lungs to body cells to support aerobic respiration. It is passed through myoglobin. Red blood cells carry the oxygen, loosely bound to molecules of hemoglobin.

Thoracic Region (12)

Blue -concave curve

Cervical Vertebra -bifurcated spinous process

Body is small Two points

Skeletal system

Bone Tissue, Cartilage, dense connective tissue, blood, and nervous tissue

Briefly explain how bone maintains its homeostasis

Bone growth is under control of Human Growth Hormone, releases from the pituitary gland. Osteoclasts reabsorb bone and osteoblasts build it back up. Vitamin D is needed for absorption of Calcium into bone, from the GI tract. Ossification is complete by age 25. Need blood supply.

Endochondral Ossification

Bone that begins as hyaline cartilage that is subsequently replaced by bone tissue

Intramembranous ossification

Bone that forms from membrane i.e. Layers of primitively connective tissue

Parietal (2)

Bowl

Sphenoid (1)

Butterfly

Endocytosis is an example of

C active transport

An isotonic solution for human red blood cells is

C. A 0.9% saline solution

The immediate direct source of energy for muscle contraction is

C. ATP

Acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is broken down by

C. Acetylcholinesterase

The bundle of smooth muscle associated with hair follicles is called

C. Arrector pili

The process by which worn-out cell organelles are digested is called

C. Autophagy

All of the following are functions of the skeletal system except.

C. Blood protein production

The different types of epithelial are named according to

C. Cell shape and arrangement of layers

The basic structural and functional units of an organism are

C. Cells

The anatomical term used to describe the region of the neck

C. Cervical

Connective tissue fibers that can be stretched considerable without breaking are

C. Collagen

All of the following belong to the ventral body cavity EXCEPT

C. Cranial cavity

Type of gland that secretes their products into the blood stream

C. Endocrine

The majority of the stomach is found in the

C. Epicanthic region

If the arector pili muscles stay contracted for several minutes, we would assume the individual is:

C. Is cold

The protein that helps protect and water proof the skin and underlying cells is

C. Keratin

The endosteum

C. Lines the medullary cavity

The ____________ is the region between the lungs from the breastbone to the vertebra

C. Mediastinum

Hair and skin color depend on:

C. Melanin

The process by which unspecialized cells become specialized is called

C. Metabolism

Membranes that line body cavities that open directly to the exterior are

C. Mucous membranes

Tissue that functions in support and protections of body organs, stores energy, and provides immunity is

C. Nervous tissue

Bundles of muscle fibers are covered by

C. Perimysium

What type if epithelial tissue forms the epidermal layer of the skin

C. Stratified squamous

The layer of skin that contains dead cells filled with keratin is the

C. Stratum corneum

Continued, sustained smooth contraction due to rapid stimulation.

C. Tetanus

The epithelial tissue which contains cells of different shapes and is capable of distinction is

C. Transitional epithelium

The plane that divides the body into a superior and inferior portion is the

C. Transverse plane

Tunnel-like extensions of the sarcolemma into the muscle fiber are

C. Transverse tubules

The anatomical term for navel is

C. Umbilicus

Which of the following is NOT a function of muscle tissue?

C. Vitamin D production.

Nutrient arteries and nerves from the periosteum penetrate compact bone through the

C. Volkman's canal

All of the following are examples of organs except:

C. muscle

The ion absolutely essential for the sliding of the filaments in muscle contraction is ____________.

Ca 2+

The ion absolutely essential for the sliding of the filaments in muscle contraction is ______________

Calcium ion Ca^2+

The minerals responsible for the hardening of bone matrix are ____________ and ______________.

Calcium, Phosphorus

The two minerals causing hardening of bone are ______ and _____

Calcium, Phosphorus

Intercalated discs are structures of

Cardiac Muscle

Intercalated discs are characteristic structures in

Cardiac muscle

Striated involuntary muscle

Cardiac muscle

Which of the following is/are striated and involuntary

Cardiac muscle

Make a table comparing contraction between mechanisms of cardiac and skeletal muscle fibers

Cardiac: Network of cells contact as a unit, self-exciting: rythmic Skeletal: Contracts and relaxes rapidly

Epiphyseal plate

Cartilaginous layer between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone that grows, lengthening the bone.

The different types of epithelia are named according to

Cell Shape and Arrangement of Layers

Molecules combine to form the ________ level of organization

Cellular

ESSAY: Explain the difference between cilia and microvilli (functional)?

Cilia - Hairlike structures who move one direction to transfer things or filter bad things out -commonly found in respiratory tracts and the female reproductive system Microvilli - They are found in digestive tract - increase surface area in order tooooo......??????

The most abundant connective tissue fibers are ___________ fibers

Collagen

A connective tissue where bundles of collagen fibers have an orderly parallel arrangement is classified as ____________________ connective tissue

Collagenous

Compare and Contrast compact bone with spongy bone.

Compact bone is very hard and dense, it is very strong. Spongy bone is cancellous, it is porous, and has many openings. Spongy bone can sometimes turn into compact bone if it continues to ossify.

When molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, they move with the _________________

Concentrated ingredient

Blood belongs to which major tissue type

Connective Tissue

Describe how connective tissue associates with skeletal muscle

Connective tissue wraps around skeletal muscle. The endosyium wraps around single muscle fibers, the perimyseum wraps around fascicles, the epiphysium covers the entire skeletal muscle. The fascia is on the outside of the epimysium.

The ability of muscle fibers to shorten is referred to as

Contractility

Lordosis

Cora

___________ is a high energy molecule in skeletal muscle fibers, which can be used to produce ATP as needed,

Creatine Phosphate

____________ is a high energy molecule in skeletal muscle fibers, which can be used to produce ATP as needed.

Creatine Phosphate

Describe how ATP and creative phosphate interact

Creative phosphate is the first thing the body uses to regenerate ATP. Creative phosphate contains high-energy phosphate bonds. When ATP supply is sufficient, an enzyme in the mitochondria (creative phosphate) catalyze so the synthesis of creating phosphate, which stores excess energy in its phosphate bonds.

The branch of science dealing with the study of cellular structure is _________________

Cytology

The science that deals with the study of tissue is called ________

Cytology

The thick, semifluid portion of the cytoplasm is the _________________

Cytosol

The plasma membrane consists of

D phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

The cytoplasm is the term for

D the cytosol plus cell organelles

Which is the most correct level of organization from the smallest to the largest

D. Atom-Molecule-Organelle-Cell-Organ

The base of a hair follicle is enlarged into an onion-shaped structure called

D. Bulb

The cells of mature cartilage are

D. Chondrocytes

Which of the following tissues is often ciliated

D. Columnar epithelium

Which of the following are classified as flat bones

D. Cranial bones

Which layer contains blood vessels?

D. Dermis

To which of the following tissues does cartilage belong

D. Elastic fibers

The outermost portion of the skin is the

D. Epidermis

Which of the followign tissues is avascular

D. Epithelium

The movement of the solvents and dissolved substances across a selectively permeable membrane by gravity is called

D. Filtration

The portion of a nail that extends past the end of the finger is the

D. Free edge

The pericardial cavity contains the

D. Heart

All of the following are secretory products of exocrine glands except

D. Hormones

The replication of DNA takes place during

D. Interphase

Digestive enzymes are found in

D. Lysosomes

Atoms combine to form

D. Molecules

The region of the sarcolemma near the axon terminal

D. Motor end plate

The presence of Chondrocytes and elastic fibers indicates

D. Muscle tissue

The tissue that is highly specialized for contraction is

D. Muscle tissue

The level of organization when different tissues join together is called the

D. Organ level

The attachment of a muscle to the stationary bone is called

D. Origin

The hormones responsible for the homeostasis of blood calcium levels is are

D. Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

The main function of stratified squamous epithelium is

D. Protection

The structure storing calcium in the skeletal muscle fibers at rest is the

D. Sarcoplasmic reticulum

The flat, single layered tissue which allowed for diffusion to occur is

D. Simple squamous epithelium

Yellow bone marrow

D. Stores triglycerides lipids/fats, Consists of mainly adipose cells

The layer of the epidermis primarily found in the thick skin of the palms and soles is called the

D. Stratum Granulosum

Which layer of the skin becomes keratinized?

D. Stratum corneum

If you were on a frantic search for adipose tissue, you would most likely find it in what skin layer?

D. Subcutaneous layer

The anatomical term which best describes a structure towards the head is

D. Superior

The final stage of mitosis is

D. Telophase

The difference between picking up a pencil and 30 pounds is:

D. The number of motor units involved.

Fat is stored in

D. Yellow bone marrow

Epithelium that appears to have several layers of cells but does not, is classified as

D. pseudostratified epithelium

Melanin

Dark pigment normally found in skin and hair

Compact bone

Dense tissue in which cells are organized in osteons without apparent spaces

In the upper layer of the dermis, finger-like extempntions called __________ are present to increase the surface area.

Dermal papillae

You're in charge of a retirement home, specifically their diet and activities. What would you suggest in an effort to reduce bone disorders and accident?

Diet - rich in calcium, vitamin d, and protein spinach broccoli dark leafy greens, oranges, almonds, salmon Excercise - go outside, activate vitamin d, weight bearing activities

A neurotransmitter ____________

Diffuses across a synapse from a neuron to a muscle cell because it needs to go from a high concentration to a low concentration Vesicles release the acetacholin***

Sagittal

Down middle separates parietal

Describe how an oxygen debt may develop

During strenuous exercises, available oxygen is used primarily to synthesize the ATP the muscle fiber requires to contract, rather than to make ATP for synthesizing glucose from lactate. Consequently as lactate accumulates, a person develops an oxygen debts.

Muscle fatigue can be caused by

E. All of the above Increased ADP, Insufficient oxygen, deletion of creation phosphate

All of the following are considered a contraction except

E. All of the above are contractions Tetanus, twitch, isotonic, isometric

All the following belong to feedback systems which control homeostasis EXCEPT

E. All of these are basic components of the feedback system

The movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration requires

E. Both cellular energy and integral proteins

Which of the following epithelia function in absorption and secretion

E. Columnar and cuboidal

All of the following are proteins of myofilaments EXCEPT

E. Elastin

The structure made of dense irregular connective tissue that covers muscles together and separates them into functional groups is

E. Fascia

An opening in bone through which blood vessels and nerves pass is a

E. Foramen

All of the following cells can be found in connective tissue except

E. Glial cells

Cells of the skin that are active in the immune process are

E. Langerhans cells

Neuroglia cells belong to which of the following tissues

E. Nervous tissue

Receptors in the skin that are sensitive to touch are

E. Pacinian corpuscles and Meissner's corpuscles

All of the following are structures of nervous tissue except

E. Periosteum

The glands usually associated with hair follicles are

E. Sebaceous glands

Cardiac muscle is

E. Striated, multi nucleated, and involuntary

Which of the following contain a large amount if elastic connective tissue

E. Walls of arteries

Epithelial tissue has which of the following functions

E. secretion, absorption, protection, lining space s

The basic component of a feedback system that produces a response is the ___________

Effectors

Connective tissue fibers that can be stretched considerably without breaking are

Elastic Fibers

All of the following are proteins of myofilaments except

Elastin

Explain how muscles may become fatigued

Electrolyte imbalances and decreases ATP levels in muscles and increase in ADP many cause muscle fatigue, decrease in oxygen causing the muscle to not be able to contract fully.

The distal and proximal ends of a long bone are called ___________.

Epiphysis

The ends of a long bone are called

Epiphysis

The tissue lining body cavities is the

Epithelial Tissue

Explain how skeletal muscle function affects the maintenance of body temperature

Exercise in Skeletal muscle results in heat which is exothermic. Muscles generate heat and blood transports it to the other tissues.

All proteins that are exported from the cell are released to the exterior of the cells by the process of _________________

Exocytosis

Frontal (1)

Eyes and front

The structure made of dense irregular connective tissue that holds muscle together and separates them into functional groups is

Fascia

The inability of a muscle of maintain its strength is called ____________

Fatigue

The inability of a muscle to maintain its strength is called _________.

Fatigue

The cells producing fibers in connective tissue are ___________

Fibroblasts

The cells producing fibers in connective tissues are ____________________

Fibroblasts

A burn that involves the surface of the epidermis only is a __________-degree burn.

First

The plane that divides the body into anterior and posteriors positions is the ____________ plane.

Frontal

Explain how it could be determined if a child is complete grown

Get an X-Ray of a long bone(femur) and see if the growth plate is closed if the epiphyseal plate is done then you're done growing

All of the following cells can be found in connective tissue EXCEPT

Glial Cells

Sacrum (5 fused) 1. Sacral Foramen 2. Superior Facet

Green

It is located in the center of each A band

H zone

The superficial portion of the hair is the __________.

Hair shaft

The pigment in the muscle fibers that stores oxygen is

Hemoglobin

Body

High legend in green.

Pedicle

Highleted in orange

Inferior Facet

Highlighted in blue

Superior Facet

Highlighted in pink

Transverse process

Highlighted in pink

Vertebral Foramen

Highlighted in purple

The chemical that dilates small blood vessels and is released by mast cells is _________

Histamine

The chemical that dilates small blood vessels and is released by mast cells is ____________________

Histamine

Occipital (1)

Hole

The maintenance of relatively stable conditions for the cells of the human body is called ___________

Homeostasis

The ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue is called bone_____________.

Homeostasis/Ossification

5

How many bones are in lumbar region

7

How many bones are in the cervical region

4

How many bones are in the coccyx region

5

How many bones are in the sacral region

12

How many bones are in thoracic region

Kyphosis

Hunchback

The layer below the dermis is called __________.

Hypodermis, subcutaneous layer

Consists of mostly thin filaments

I Band

Muscle fatigue can be caused by

Increased ATP, Insufficient oxygen, depletion of creative phosphate, increases ADP and insufficient oxygen

Proteins loosely attached to the interior surface of the cell membrane are called _________________ proteins

Integral

The fluid in the human body that is contained inside the cells is called _________________ fluid

Inter*

Keratin

Intracellular protein in epidermis, hair, and nails.

The formation of bone within fibrous connective tissue membranes is referred to as __________.

Intramembraneous

The formation of bone within a membrane is known as

Intramembraneous ossification

Explain the difference between Endochondral and intramembranous formation.

Intramembraneous ossification is due to when fibrous connective tissues continue to build on one another. Endochondral ossification occurs by starting with cartilage that is a "mold" of a bone and then it ossified from a primary and secondary center when the blood comes bringing osteoblasts. Osteoprogenic cells and osteoclasts along with ossification all of the nutrients.

A contraction where the tension of the muscle increases, but the shortening is minimal, is called a ________ contraction.

Isometric

A contraction where the tension of the muscle increases, but the shortening is minimal, is called a ___________ contraction

Isometric contraction

Synovial membranes are found in __________

Joints

Synovial membranes are found in ____________________

Joints

Lamellar (Pacini) corpuscle

Lamellar corpuscles, or Pacinian corpuscles, are one of the four major types of mechanoreceptor. They are nerve endings in the skin responsible for sensitivity to vibration and pressure. They respond only to sudden disturbances and are especially sensitive to vibration.

Lumbar Vertebrae -hatchet spinous process

Largest body Moose Thick process that looks like hatchet

The period of time between the application of a stimulus and the beginning of muscle contraction is called _______

Latent

The period of time between the application of a stimulus and the beginning of muscle contraction is called __________.

Latent

Lamellae

Layer of matrix surrounding the central canal of an Osteon

Basement Membrane

Layer of no living material that anchors epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue

The basic framework of the plasma membrane is the _________________

Lipid bilayer

Long Bone

Long longitudinal axes and expanded ends. Examples are forearm and thigh bone

Stratum Germinativum

Loose connective tissue layer that is mostly fat and beneath the skin.

Subcutaneous Tissue

Lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates

The whitish portion of the nail is the __________.

Lunula

The pigment found in specialized cells of the stratum basale is __________.

Melanin

Cancer of __________ is considered to be one of the most serious skin cancers.

Melanocytes

Fontanals

Membranous region between certain developing cranial bones in the skull of a fetus or infant

Canaliculi

Microscopic canal that connects lacunae of bone tissue

Cristae are a series of folds found in _________________

Mitochondria

The region of the sarcolemma near the axon terminal

Motor end plate

A type or neuron that stimulates muscle tissue

Motor neuron

The process in which the number of contracting motor units is increased is called ___________.

Motor recruitment

A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it stimulates is called a _________-

Motor unit

A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it stimulates is called a _____________.

Motor unit

Membranes that line body cavities that open directly to the exterior are

Mucous Membrane

The electrical current that travels over the sarcolemma and along the transverse tubules is called _____

Muscle action potential

The electrical current that travels over the sarcolemma and along the transverse tubules is called __________.

Muscle action potential

An increase in the diameter of muscle fibers is called

Muscular hypertrophy

Neuroglia cells belong to which of the following tissues?

Nervous Tissue

Cells that are capable of generating and conducting nerve impulses are ____________________

Neurons

Sebum

Oily secretion of sebaceous glands

Explain the difference between an open fracture and closed fracture. Which one is potentially more harmful;why? How does the fracture heal?

Open fracture - bone protrudes through the skin Closed fracture - inside of body still Open fracture makes you more susceptible to infections, skin is not meant to have holes in it. Circulatory system is supposed to be closed not open, bleeding is done. Doctors can pin the bone back together and osteoblasts form spongy bone which form a callus and then form into compact bone later from osteoblasts

All the body systems combined make up an ___________

Organism

Distinguish between a muscle's origin and its insertion.

Origin: attachment to immovable bone Insertion: attachment to movable bone

The movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane is _________________

Osmosis

Disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass and density is

Osteoporosis

Epidermis

Outer epithelial of the skin

Stratum Corneum

Outer, horny layer of the epidermis

Squamous

Outlines temporal bone

Bundles of muscle fibers are covered by

Perimysium

All of the following are structures of nervous tissue EXCEPT

Periosteum

The tough, white, fibrous membrane around the surface of a bone is called ____________.

Periosteum

Tough, fibrous membrane surrounding bone

Periosteum

Visceral Peritoneum

Peritoneum that invests the abdominal organs. The peritoneum holds the viscera in place by its folds, which are called the mesentery.

Axial skeleton

Pertaining to the head, neck and trunk.

Lamina

Pink

Spinous Process

Pink

Sacral Foramen

Pink highlights

The matrix of blood is

Plasma

Bedsores are __________ sores.

Pressure

Molecules are transported from an area of lower to an area of higher concentration by _________________

Protein ATP

Epithelium that appears to have several layers of cells but does not, is classified as

Pseudostratified Epithelium

Coccyx (4 Fused)

Purple

The component of the feedback system that monitors change in the controlled condition is the ____________

Receptors

Cervical Region (7)

Red -neck

Hemopiesis occurs in the

Red bone marrow

Hemopoiesis occurs in _________ _________ _________.

Red-bone marrow

List the major events of muscle fiber contraction and relaxation

Refer to the chart

Vitamin D deficiency in children can cause this disease

Rickett's Osteomalcia in adults*

At death, when ATP is not available for the detachment of the myosin head from the actin, _______________ occurs

Rigor Mortis

The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber is called ___________

Sarcolemma

The basic, functional units of skeletal muscle fibers are

Sarcomere

The basic, functional units of skeletal muscle fibers are___________.

Sarcomere

List the major parts of a skeletal muscle fiber, and describe the function of each part

Sarcomere - functional unit Thick fibers and thin fibers- work to contract the muscle Myosin, actin, troponin, tropomyosin

The cytoplasm of muscle fiber is called _______.

Sarcoplasm

The structure storing calcium in the skeletal muscle fibers at rest is the

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A lateral bending (side to side) of the vertebral column is known as

Scoliosis

List 6 functions of the skin.

Secretion, absorption, excretion, protection, sensory, synthesis of vitamin D

Coronal

Separates frontal from parietal

Temporal (2)

Shoulder blade, ear hole(funnel)

Bone tissue is also called ___________ tissue

Skeletal

The three types of muscles tissues are __________,__________, ___________.

Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth

Sebaceous Gland

Skin glands that secretes sebum

Male

Skull: larger mastoid process Pelvic Girdle:hip bones are heavier, obturator foramina is oval and narrower pubic arch Pelvic Cavity: narrower and longer, shorter distance between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities Sacrum: narrower, curvature is less sharp Coccyx: less movable

Female

Skull: lighter and smaller, less evidence of muscular attachments, chin is more pointed and plate is narrower, mastoid process less prominent Pelvic Girdle: hip bones are lighter, thinner, and have less evidence of muscular attachments, obturator foramina is triangular acetabulum is smaller and pubic arch is wider Pelvic Cavity: wider in all diameters and is shorter, roomier, and less funnel-shaped. Distance between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities is greater Sacrum: wider and sacral curvature is bent more sharply posteriorly Coccyx: more movable

Name and describe the three types of muscle tissue

Smooth - visceral, non-striated, tapered, part of organs, involuntary Cardiac - striated, cylindrical and branched, intercalated disc, involuntary Skeletal - striated, cylindrical, attached to bone, control

No striated, involuntary muscle

Smooth muscle

Arrector pili

Smooth muscle in the skin associated with a hair follicle

Sesamoid bone

Special type of short bone is usually small and modular and develops within a tendon or adjacent to a joint ex. Patella

Trabeculae are found in ____________ bone.

Spongy

Trabeculae are found in

Spongy bone

Epithelium that consists of of two or more layers of cells is __________ epithelium

Stratified

Epithelium that consists of two or more layers of cells is ____________________ epithelium

Stratified

Name the layers of skin starting with most superficial to deepest.

Stratum corneum (superficial) Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale (deepest)

Explain how skeletal muscle stimulation produces a sustained contraction

Sustained contractions are responses to a rapid series of impulses transmitted from the brain and spinal chord on motor neuron axons.

Eccrine sweat gland

Sweat gland that maintains body temperature

Describe a neuromuscular junction

Synapse between motor neuron and the muscle fiber that it controls

The space between an axon terminal and the sarcolemma is the

Synaptic cleft

The membranes that line the cavities of some joints are

Synovial Membrane

Meissner (tactile) corpuscle

Tactile corpuscles (or Meissner's corpuscles) are a type of mechanoreceptor. They are a type of nerve ending in the skin that is responsible for sensitivity to light touch.

Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium extend beyond the muscle as a __________.

Tendon

Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium extend beyond the muscle as a ___________

Tendon

Distinguish between tetanic contraction and muscle tone,

Tetanic contractions are when the frequency of contraction is so rapid that the contraction lacks even partial relaxation. Muscle tone is when a muscle appears to be at rest, it's fibers undergo some sustained contraction.

A sustained contraction of a muscle is called

Tetanus

Continued, sustained, smooth contraction due to rapid stimulation

Tetanus

All of the following are considered a kind of contraction except

Tetanus, twitch, isotonic, isometric

Cutaneous membrane(skin)

The cutaneous membrane is the technical term for our skin. The skin's primary role is to help protect the rest of body's tissues and organs from physical damage such as abrasions, chemical damage such as detergents, and biological damage from microorganisms

Callus

The hard new bone substance that forms in an area of bone fracture. Bony callus is part of the bone repair process.

Hypodermis

The hypodermis is the innermost and thickest layer of the skin. It invaginates into the dermis and is attached to the latter, immediately above it, by collagen and elastin fibres. It is essentially composed of a type of cells specialised in accumulating and storing fats, known as adipocytes.

Integumentary system

The integumentary system is the organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside. The system comprises the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails).

Diaphysis

The shaft of the bone between the epiphysis

Sudoriferous (Gland) Tissue

The sudoriferous (sweat) glands are small tubular structures situated within and under the skin (in the subcutaneous tissue). They discharge sweat by tiny openings in the surface of the skin.

Dermis

The thick layer of skin beneath the epidermis

In order for a muscle fiber to contract, a _______ stimulus has to be applied.

Threshold

Central canal

Tiny channel in bone tissue that houses a blood vessel:

The two major steps in protein synthesis are _________________ and _________________

Transcription, translation.

The epithelial tissue which contains cells of different shapes and is capable of distinction is

Transitional Epithelium

All of the following are characteristic of muscle tissue except

Transmissibility

Tunnel-like extensions of the sarcolemma into the muscle fiber are

Transverse tubules

Hair follicle

Tubelike depression in the in the epidermis in which a hair develops

A brief contraction of muscle fibers

Twitch

Apocrine sweat Gland

Type of gland whose secretions have parts of secretory cells.

Joint

Union of two or more bones articulation

Blood is classified as _________ tissue

Vascular

The type of connective tissue that contains plasma is ____________________

Vascular Tissue (Blood)

Which of the following is NOT a function of muscle tissue

Vitamin D Production

Elderly people can strengthen bone using ________ - _________ exercises

Weight- Bearing Mechanical Stress

Define threshold stimulus

When an isolated muscle fiber is exposes to a series of stimuli of increasing strength, the fiber remains unresponsive until a certain strength of stimulation, the threshold stimulus is applied.

Lumbar Region (5)

Yellow

The sarcomere is the area between two

Z discs/bands

Lunula

a crescent-shaped object or mark, in particular. the white area at the base of a fingernail.

Osteon(Haversian system)

a haversian canal with the concentrically arranged laminae of bone that surround it—called also osteon.

Blister

a small bubble on the skin filled with serum and caused by friction, burning, or other damage.

Follicle

a small secretory cavity, sac, or gland, in particular.

Periosteum

a tough covering of dense connective tissue that completely encloses the bone , except for the articulate cartilage on the bones ends

Synovial fluid

a transparent viscid lubricating fluid secreted by a membrane of an articulation, bursa, or tendon sheath—called also joint fluid, synovia.

Epiphysis

an expanded portion at end of bone which articulates or forms a joint with a mother bone.

Dermal Papilla(pl.,papillae)

any small elevation in the dermis, such as the elongated alpine papilla seen in psoriasis.

Red marrow

blood-cellforming tissue in spaces within bones

Osteoblasts

bone forming cell

Fracture

break in a bone

Spongy Bone

cancellous bone with thin layers of compact bone on their surfaces

Osteoclasts

cell that breaks down bone

Medullary cavity

compact bone in the diaphysis of a long bone forms a tube with a hollow chamber called this that is continuous with spaces of the spongy bone

Short bone

cubelike, with roughly equal lengths and widths, bones of wrist and ankle are examples.

Yellow marrow

fat storage tissue in certain bone cavities

Lanugo

fine, soft hair, especially that which covers the body and limbs of a human fetus or newborn.

Irregular bone

have a variety of shapes and most are connected to several other bones. include the vertebra that compose the backbone, and many facial bones.

Hair papilla

knoblike indentation of the bottom of the hair follicle, on which the hair bulb fits like a cap; it is derived from the corium and contains vascular loops for the nourishment of the hair root

Trabeculae

numerous branding bony plates that the spongy bone consists of

Visceral

of or relating to the viscera.

Appendicular skeleton

pertaining to the upper and lower limbs

Flat bone

plate like structures with broad surfaces, such as the ribs, the scapulae, and some of the bones of the skull.

Hemopoiesis

production of blood cells from dividing stem and progenitor cells

Cuticle

the dead skin at the base of a fingernail or toenail. the outer layer of living tissue, in particular.

Endosteum

thin layer of cells that lines these areas and a specialized type of soft connective tissue called marrow fills them


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