Anatomy and Physiology Honors Exam,
Microfilaments, microtubules, and intermediate filaments are structures of the _________________
*
The shrinkage that occurs when cells are placed into a hypertonic solution is called _________________
*
Cranial bones
** descriptions of what they look like not what they are
Sutures
***
Briefly explain the process of Endochondral ossification
-Cartilage models form in the shape of the developing bone -The outside cover develops connective tissues forming the periosteum - Chondrocytes at the center of the bone calcify and die forming medullary cavity - A primary blood vessel enters the cavity and provides osteoprogenic cells (Osteoblasts) to begin forming compact bone. - Bone forms at this primary center. The new blood vessels enter the epiphysis to begin a secondary ossification center - This continues until the bone ossification is complete. Epiphyseal Cartilage(plate) remains so bone can continue to lengthen until maturity. At maturity epiphyseal lines forms. Cartilage at the end of bone becomes articular cartilage for joints -primary ossification inside to out -need blood supply -osteoblasts deposit bone out towards ends -secondary ossification outside in -epiphyseal plate
Test two
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Vertebrae Surface Markings
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Short Answer
... Pg 145 anatomy of a long bone
Essays (Critical Thinking)
....
ESSAY: Name the three types of fibers found in connective tissue. What are the advantages or reason for these fibers (function)? What are mast cells and goblet cells? What is their function?
1. Collagen - SUPER strong and gives support like a well made brazierre 2. Elastin - SUPER flexible and stretchy and it goes back to the original size and shape which makes childbirth slightly less frightening for women 3. Reticular - SUPER strong and flexible jk only slightly flexible due to the glycoproteins that are on these fibers ***Goblet cells are epithelial cells. Specialized to secrete mucous into the Respiratory tract and intestineswhich sounds gross but is great for your body ***Mast cells are connective tissue cells that generate histamine in response to allergens or tissue injury (obviously some peoples mast cells aren't doing a great job producing histamine)
ESSAY: Name the 4 major tissue types and discuss in detail the the regenerative properties of each.
1. Epithelial Tissue - high regeneration rate -blood supply -only tissue that is constantly regenerated in large amounts 2. Connective -highly vascular(blood supply) - regenerates well -exception -cartilage, no blood supply which is why you get ear infections when you pierce your cartilage 3. Muscular -Does not regenerate well 4. Nervous -Does not regenerate -brain cells are gone once you kill them i.e. Stop smoking, drinking ,drugs cause you don't get them back
ESSAY: Namd and briefly describe the function of the four major tissue types.
1. Epithelial Tissue -Protection -Secretion -Absorption -Excretion -Sensory Reception -Reproduction 2. Connective Tissue - Bind -Support - Protect - Fil spaces - Store Fat -Produce blood cells 3. Muscle Tissue - movement -maintain posture -produce heat 4. Nervous Tissue - conduct impulses for coordination -regulation integration -sensory reception
List and describe the 6 functions of the skeletal system
1. Support-without it, we'd be unable to stand 2. Protection-skull protects the brain 3. Movement-muscles are bound to bone which helps movement 4. Mineral Storage-bones store minerals like calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and carbonate ions 5. Homeostasis-osteoclasts break down cells, osteoblasts produce cells 6. Site of blood cell production-yellow marrow produces blood cells 7. Storage of energy-red marrow stores energy
List 4 factors that affect bone growth and formation.
1. Vitamins/Diet: rich in Vitamin D and Calcium 2. Activities/Exercise: weight-bearing activities provide mechanical strength 3. Ct/Pth 4. Genetics: are parents tall or short
1. Draw a diagram of negative feedback loop. Name its parts and explain why it is a negative loop.
=
Consists of mostly thick filaments
A band
Synovial Membrane
A layer of connective tissue that lines the cavities of joints, tendon sheaths, and bursae and makes synovial fluid, which has a lubricating function.
Define motor unit
A motor neuron and the muscle fibers that it controls constitute a motor unit
Which of the following is NOT considered to be a long bone
A. Bones of the rib cage
A gluteal injection refers to an injection into the
A. Buttock
Intercalated discs are characteristic structures in
A. Cardiac muscle
Glands that are present in the external auditory meatus are
A. Ceruminous glands
When a skeletal muscle fiber normally contracts, it contracts:
A. Contracts completely or not at all
In a negative feedback system, the response of the effector
A. Enhances the original stimulus
The site where bone growth occurs is the
A. Epiphyseal plate
The tissue lining body cavities is the
A. Epithelial tissue
A depression in or on a bone is a
A. Fossa
The slippery, viscous substance that bids cells together and lubricates joints is
A. Hyaluronic acid
Which is true of smooth muscle
A. It is not under voluntary control
All of the following are pigments involved in skin color except
A. Keratin
An embryonic connective tissue
A. Mesenchyme
Which of the following are considered the "powerhouse" of the cell?
A. Mitochondria
A type of neuron that stimulates muscle tissue
A. Motor neuron
The basic unit of compact bone is
A. Osteoblasts
The body cavity containing the urinary bladder and portions of the large intestine is the
A. Pelvic cavity
The science dealing with the the functions of the body parts is called
A. Physiology
The primary function of hair is protection
A. Protection
The rate of bone loss during aging can be slowed down by
A. Regular walking
The cell division which produces two identical cells is called
A. Somatic cell division
The membranes that line the cavities of some joints are
A. Synovial membranes
A sustained contraction of a muscle is called
A. Tetanus
The sarcomere is the area between two
A. Z discs
The immediate direct source of energy for muscle contraction is
ATP
Which of the following substances are absolutely necessary for muscle contraction
ATP and calcium
Synaptic vesicles are filled with chemicals called _________
Acetylcholine
Synaptic vesicles are filled with chemicals called ______________.
Acetylcholine
The neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction is
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is broken down by
Acetylcholinesterase
Sketch a my organ of a single muscular twitch, and identify the latent period, period of contraction, and period of relaxation.
Add in later
Cells that are specialized for far storage are ________
Adipose
Cells that are specialized for fat storage are ____________________
Adipose
In response to a stimulus, muscle fibers either contract or do not contract, which is in accordance with the ___________ principle.
All or none
A process that does not require oxygen
Anaerobic respiration
The study dealing with the structure of the human body is called
Anatomy
2. Describe and explain the relationship between anatomy and physiology. Give two examples fromthe human body
Anatomy and Physiology are often studied together because the location of most body parts is very closely related to its function. A.) rib cage is in front of heart to protect it. B.) hands have long finger and thumbs in order to grasp.
Thoracic Vertebrae - angled spinous process
Angled down Giraffe
Sweat glands associated with hair follicles are classified as __________ glands.
Apocrine
The sheet of fibrous connective tissue around muscles is __________
Aponeuroses
Describe the differnece between a tendon and an aponeurosis
Aponeuroses attach to bone, or to the coverings of adjacent muscles. A tendon attaches the muscle to the bone. Aponeurosis - sheet Tendon - cord
The sheet of fibrous connective tissue around muscle is __________.
Aponeurosis
Lambdoidal
Around Occipital
Creatine Phosphate converts
B. ADP to ATP
Which of the following substances are absolutely necessary for muscle contraction
B. ATP and calcium
The neurotransmitter at the neuromuscular junction is
B. Acetylcholine
A process that does not require oxygen
B. Anaerobic respiration
The splitting and separation of centromeres occurs during
B. Anaphase
The sternum, breastbone, is ____________ to the heart
B. Anterior
Which of the following processes is controlled by positive feedback
B. Blood-clotting
Which of the following is/are striated and involuntary
B. Cardiac muscle
The sum of all chemical processes in our body is
B. Catabolism
Goblet cells are found in which of the following tissues
B. Columnar epithelium
The ability of muscle fibers to shorten is referred to as
B. Contractility
The corpuscles of touch (Meissner's corpuscles) are found in the
B. Dermis
Osteogenic cells
B. Develop into osteoblasts
The shaft of a long bone is called
B. Diaphysis
The best anatomical term to describe the back region of the body would be
B. Dorsal
The brain and the spinal cord are located in the
B. Dorsal cavity
Mucous secreting goblet cells are found in all of the following organ systems except
B. Endocrine system
A group of specialized cells which secrete their products into ducts
B. Exocrine Glands
A red blood cell placed in a hypotonic solution
B. Gains water
The packaging and sorting of proteins is the function of the
B. Golgi complex
The condition in which the body's internal environment stays within physiological limits is
B. Homeostasis
Failure of the body to maintain homeostasis will cause
B. Illness
The number of muscle fibers in a motor unit is:
B. Lesser where precise control is needed
Most of the lactic acid produced by anaerobic respiration in muscle fibers is reconverted to glucose in the
B. Liver
The cells producing the pigment responsible for skin color are the
B. Melanocytes
A motor unit is all the:
B. Muscle fibers controlled by a single motor neuron.
An increase in the diameter of muscle fiber is called
B. Muscular hypertrophy
The pigment in the muscle fibers that stores oxygen is
B. Myoglobin
Smooth muscle is:
B. Non-striated, single nucleated and involuntary
The cells responsible for the re-absorption of bone are
B. Osteoclasts
The amount if oxygen needed to support the conversion of lactic acid to glucose is called the
B. Oxygen debt
Certain white blood cells can destroy bacteria by the process of
B. Phagocytosis
The matrix of blood is
B. Plasma
The fibers in the matrix of connective tissue are made of
B. Proteins
Which of the following does NOT belong to the nine-abdominopelvic regions
B. Right upper quadrant
Protein synthesis occurs at the
B. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
The cell membrane of a muscle cell is named:
B. Sarcolemma
A burn that involves the entire epidermis and some of the dermis is a
B. Second-degree burn
Small bones located within a tendon are called
B. Sesamoid
A single layer of cuboidal cells lining a secretory duct would be classified as
B. Simple cuboidal epithelium
The layer of the epidermis which contains cells capable of continued cell division is the
B. Stratum Basale
Where are the melanocytes found?
B. Stratum basale
Perspiration is the substance produced by
B. Sudoríferos glands
The space between an axon terminal and the sarcolemma is the
B. Synaptic cleft
Group of related organs that have a common function is called a
B. System
All of the following are functions of the skin EXCEPT
B. Vitamin B synthesis
Which of the following substances does not have a known effect on bone metabolism
B. Vitamin E
The skin belongs to the
B. integumentary Sutem
Blood belongs to which major tissue type
B.Connective
What is the main function of fibrous connective tissue
B.Support
Ethmoid (1)
Behind the nose (heart shaped)
A basement membrane is always present
Between the Epithelium and Connective Tissue
Describe how muscles obtain oxygen
Blood carries oxygen from lungs to body cells to support aerobic respiration. It is passed through myoglobin. Red blood cells carry the oxygen, loosely bound to molecules of hemoglobin.
Thoracic Region (12)
Blue -concave curve
Cervical Vertebra -bifurcated spinous process
Body is small Two points
Skeletal system
Bone Tissue, Cartilage, dense connective tissue, blood, and nervous tissue
Briefly explain how bone maintains its homeostasis
Bone growth is under control of Human Growth Hormone, releases from the pituitary gland. Osteoclasts reabsorb bone and osteoblasts build it back up. Vitamin D is needed for absorption of Calcium into bone, from the GI tract. Ossification is complete by age 25. Need blood supply.
Endochondral Ossification
Bone that begins as hyaline cartilage that is subsequently replaced by bone tissue
Intramembranous ossification
Bone that forms from membrane i.e. Layers of primitively connective tissue
Parietal (2)
Bowl
Sphenoid (1)
Butterfly
Endocytosis is an example of
C active transport
An isotonic solution for human red blood cells is
C. A 0.9% saline solution
The immediate direct source of energy for muscle contraction is
C. ATP
Acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft is broken down by
C. Acetylcholinesterase
The bundle of smooth muscle associated with hair follicles is called
C. Arrector pili
The process by which worn-out cell organelles are digested is called
C. Autophagy
All of the following are functions of the skeletal system except.
C. Blood protein production
The different types of epithelial are named according to
C. Cell shape and arrangement of layers
The basic structural and functional units of an organism are
C. Cells
The anatomical term used to describe the region of the neck
C. Cervical
Connective tissue fibers that can be stretched considerable without breaking are
C. Collagen
All of the following belong to the ventral body cavity EXCEPT
C. Cranial cavity
Type of gland that secretes their products into the blood stream
C. Endocrine
The majority of the stomach is found in the
C. Epicanthic region
If the arector pili muscles stay contracted for several minutes, we would assume the individual is:
C. Is cold
The protein that helps protect and water proof the skin and underlying cells is
C. Keratin
The endosteum
C. Lines the medullary cavity
The ____________ is the region between the lungs from the breastbone to the vertebra
C. Mediastinum
Hair and skin color depend on:
C. Melanin
The process by which unspecialized cells become specialized is called
C. Metabolism
Membranes that line body cavities that open directly to the exterior are
C. Mucous membranes
Tissue that functions in support and protections of body organs, stores energy, and provides immunity is
C. Nervous tissue
Bundles of muscle fibers are covered by
C. Perimysium
What type if epithelial tissue forms the epidermal layer of the skin
C. Stratified squamous
The layer of skin that contains dead cells filled with keratin is the
C. Stratum corneum
Continued, sustained smooth contraction due to rapid stimulation.
C. Tetanus
The epithelial tissue which contains cells of different shapes and is capable of distinction is
C. Transitional epithelium
The plane that divides the body into a superior and inferior portion is the
C. Transverse plane
Tunnel-like extensions of the sarcolemma into the muscle fiber are
C. Transverse tubules
The anatomical term for navel is
C. Umbilicus
Which of the following is NOT a function of muscle tissue?
C. Vitamin D production.
Nutrient arteries and nerves from the periosteum penetrate compact bone through the
C. Volkman's canal
All of the following are examples of organs except:
C. muscle
The ion absolutely essential for the sliding of the filaments in muscle contraction is ____________.
Ca 2+
The ion absolutely essential for the sliding of the filaments in muscle contraction is ______________
Calcium ion Ca^2+
The minerals responsible for the hardening of bone matrix are ____________ and ______________.
Calcium, Phosphorus
The two minerals causing hardening of bone are ______ and _____
Calcium, Phosphorus
Intercalated discs are structures of
Cardiac Muscle
Intercalated discs are characteristic structures in
Cardiac muscle
Striated involuntary muscle
Cardiac muscle
Which of the following is/are striated and involuntary
Cardiac muscle
Make a table comparing contraction between mechanisms of cardiac and skeletal muscle fibers
Cardiac: Network of cells contact as a unit, self-exciting: rythmic Skeletal: Contracts and relaxes rapidly
Epiphyseal plate
Cartilaginous layer between the epiphysis and diaphysis of a long bone that grows, lengthening the bone.
The different types of epithelia are named according to
Cell Shape and Arrangement of Layers
Molecules combine to form the ________ level of organization
Cellular
ESSAY: Explain the difference between cilia and microvilli (functional)?
Cilia - Hairlike structures who move one direction to transfer things or filter bad things out -commonly found in respiratory tracts and the female reproductive system Microvilli - They are found in digestive tract - increase surface area in order tooooo......??????
The most abundant connective tissue fibers are ___________ fibers
Collagen
A connective tissue where bundles of collagen fibers have an orderly parallel arrangement is classified as ____________________ connective tissue
Collagenous
Compare and Contrast compact bone with spongy bone.
Compact bone is very hard and dense, it is very strong. Spongy bone is cancellous, it is porous, and has many openings. Spongy bone can sometimes turn into compact bone if it continues to ossify.
When molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration, they move with the _________________
Concentrated ingredient
Blood belongs to which major tissue type
Connective Tissue
Describe how connective tissue associates with skeletal muscle
Connective tissue wraps around skeletal muscle. The endosyium wraps around single muscle fibers, the perimyseum wraps around fascicles, the epiphysium covers the entire skeletal muscle. The fascia is on the outside of the epimysium.
The ability of muscle fibers to shorten is referred to as
Contractility
Lordosis
Cora
___________ is a high energy molecule in skeletal muscle fibers, which can be used to produce ATP as needed,
Creatine Phosphate
____________ is a high energy molecule in skeletal muscle fibers, which can be used to produce ATP as needed.
Creatine Phosphate
Describe how ATP and creative phosphate interact
Creative phosphate is the first thing the body uses to regenerate ATP. Creative phosphate contains high-energy phosphate bonds. When ATP supply is sufficient, an enzyme in the mitochondria (creative phosphate) catalyze so the synthesis of creating phosphate, which stores excess energy in its phosphate bonds.
The branch of science dealing with the study of cellular structure is _________________
Cytology
The science that deals with the study of tissue is called ________
Cytology
The thick, semifluid portion of the cytoplasm is the _________________
Cytosol
The plasma membrane consists of
D phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
The cytoplasm is the term for
D the cytosol plus cell organelles
Which is the most correct level of organization from the smallest to the largest
D. Atom-Molecule-Organelle-Cell-Organ
The base of a hair follicle is enlarged into an onion-shaped structure called
D. Bulb
The cells of mature cartilage are
D. Chondrocytes
Which of the following tissues is often ciliated
D. Columnar epithelium
Which of the following are classified as flat bones
D. Cranial bones
Which layer contains blood vessels?
D. Dermis
To which of the following tissues does cartilage belong
D. Elastic fibers
The outermost portion of the skin is the
D. Epidermis
Which of the followign tissues is avascular
D. Epithelium
The movement of the solvents and dissolved substances across a selectively permeable membrane by gravity is called
D. Filtration
The portion of a nail that extends past the end of the finger is the
D. Free edge
The pericardial cavity contains the
D. Heart
All of the following are secretory products of exocrine glands except
D. Hormones
The replication of DNA takes place during
D. Interphase
Digestive enzymes are found in
D. Lysosomes
Atoms combine to form
D. Molecules
The region of the sarcolemma near the axon terminal
D. Motor end plate
The presence of Chondrocytes and elastic fibers indicates
D. Muscle tissue
The tissue that is highly specialized for contraction is
D. Muscle tissue
The level of organization when different tissues join together is called the
D. Organ level
The attachment of a muscle to the stationary bone is called
D. Origin
The hormones responsible for the homeostasis of blood calcium levels is are
D. Parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
The main function of stratified squamous epithelium is
D. Protection
The structure storing calcium in the skeletal muscle fibers at rest is the
D. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
The flat, single layered tissue which allowed for diffusion to occur is
D. Simple squamous epithelium
Yellow bone marrow
D. Stores triglycerides lipids/fats, Consists of mainly adipose cells
The layer of the epidermis primarily found in the thick skin of the palms and soles is called the
D. Stratum Granulosum
Which layer of the skin becomes keratinized?
D. Stratum corneum
If you were on a frantic search for adipose tissue, you would most likely find it in what skin layer?
D. Subcutaneous layer
The anatomical term which best describes a structure towards the head is
D. Superior
The final stage of mitosis is
D. Telophase
The difference between picking up a pencil and 30 pounds is:
D. The number of motor units involved.
Fat is stored in
D. Yellow bone marrow
Epithelium that appears to have several layers of cells but does not, is classified as
D. pseudostratified epithelium
Melanin
Dark pigment normally found in skin and hair
Compact bone
Dense tissue in which cells are organized in osteons without apparent spaces
In the upper layer of the dermis, finger-like extempntions called __________ are present to increase the surface area.
Dermal papillae
You're in charge of a retirement home, specifically their diet and activities. What would you suggest in an effort to reduce bone disorders and accident?
Diet - rich in calcium, vitamin d, and protein spinach broccoli dark leafy greens, oranges, almonds, salmon Excercise - go outside, activate vitamin d, weight bearing activities
A neurotransmitter ____________
Diffuses across a synapse from a neuron to a muscle cell because it needs to go from a high concentration to a low concentration Vesicles release the acetacholin***
Sagittal
Down middle separates parietal
Describe how an oxygen debt may develop
During strenuous exercises, available oxygen is used primarily to synthesize the ATP the muscle fiber requires to contract, rather than to make ATP for synthesizing glucose from lactate. Consequently as lactate accumulates, a person develops an oxygen debts.
Muscle fatigue can be caused by
E. All of the above Increased ADP, Insufficient oxygen, deletion of creation phosphate
All of the following are considered a contraction except
E. All of the above are contractions Tetanus, twitch, isotonic, isometric
All the following belong to feedback systems which control homeostasis EXCEPT
E. All of these are basic components of the feedback system
The movement of molecules from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration requires
E. Both cellular energy and integral proteins
Which of the following epithelia function in absorption and secretion
E. Columnar and cuboidal
All of the following are proteins of myofilaments EXCEPT
E. Elastin
The structure made of dense irregular connective tissue that covers muscles together and separates them into functional groups is
E. Fascia
An opening in bone through which blood vessels and nerves pass is a
E. Foramen
All of the following cells can be found in connective tissue except
E. Glial cells
Cells of the skin that are active in the immune process are
E. Langerhans cells
Neuroglia cells belong to which of the following tissues
E. Nervous tissue
Receptors in the skin that are sensitive to touch are
E. Pacinian corpuscles and Meissner's corpuscles
All of the following are structures of nervous tissue except
E. Periosteum
The glands usually associated with hair follicles are
E. Sebaceous glands
Cardiac muscle is
E. Striated, multi nucleated, and involuntary
Which of the following contain a large amount if elastic connective tissue
E. Walls of arteries
Epithelial tissue has which of the following functions
E. secretion, absorption, protection, lining space s
The basic component of a feedback system that produces a response is the ___________
Effectors
Connective tissue fibers that can be stretched considerably without breaking are
Elastic Fibers
All of the following are proteins of myofilaments except
Elastin
Explain how muscles may become fatigued
Electrolyte imbalances and decreases ATP levels in muscles and increase in ADP many cause muscle fatigue, decrease in oxygen causing the muscle to not be able to contract fully.
The distal and proximal ends of a long bone are called ___________.
Epiphysis
The ends of a long bone are called
Epiphysis
The tissue lining body cavities is the
Epithelial Tissue
Explain how skeletal muscle function affects the maintenance of body temperature
Exercise in Skeletal muscle results in heat which is exothermic. Muscles generate heat and blood transports it to the other tissues.
All proteins that are exported from the cell are released to the exterior of the cells by the process of _________________
Exocytosis
Frontal (1)
Eyes and front
The structure made of dense irregular connective tissue that holds muscle together and separates them into functional groups is
Fascia
The inability of a muscle of maintain its strength is called ____________
Fatigue
The inability of a muscle to maintain its strength is called _________.
Fatigue
The cells producing fibers in connective tissue are ___________
Fibroblasts
The cells producing fibers in connective tissues are ____________________
Fibroblasts
A burn that involves the surface of the epidermis only is a __________-degree burn.
First
The plane that divides the body into anterior and posteriors positions is the ____________ plane.
Frontal
Explain how it could be determined if a child is complete grown
Get an X-Ray of a long bone(femur) and see if the growth plate is closed if the epiphyseal plate is done then you're done growing
All of the following cells can be found in connective tissue EXCEPT
Glial Cells
Sacrum (5 fused) 1. Sacral Foramen 2. Superior Facet
Green
It is located in the center of each A band
H zone
The superficial portion of the hair is the __________.
Hair shaft
The pigment in the muscle fibers that stores oxygen is
Hemoglobin
Body
High legend in green.
Pedicle
Highleted in orange
Inferior Facet
Highlighted in blue
Superior Facet
Highlighted in pink
Transverse process
Highlighted in pink
Vertebral Foramen
Highlighted in purple
The chemical that dilates small blood vessels and is released by mast cells is _________
Histamine
The chemical that dilates small blood vessels and is released by mast cells is ____________________
Histamine
Occipital (1)
Hole
The maintenance of relatively stable conditions for the cells of the human body is called ___________
Homeostasis
The ongoing replacement of old bone tissue by new bone tissue is called bone_____________.
Homeostasis/Ossification
5
How many bones are in lumbar region
7
How many bones are in the cervical region
4
How many bones are in the coccyx region
5
How many bones are in the sacral region
12
How many bones are in thoracic region
Kyphosis
Hunchback
The layer below the dermis is called __________.
Hypodermis, subcutaneous layer
Consists of mostly thin filaments
I Band
Muscle fatigue can be caused by
Increased ATP, Insufficient oxygen, depletion of creative phosphate, increases ADP and insufficient oxygen
Proteins loosely attached to the interior surface of the cell membrane are called _________________ proteins
Integral
The fluid in the human body that is contained inside the cells is called _________________ fluid
Inter*
Keratin
Intracellular protein in epidermis, hair, and nails.
The formation of bone within fibrous connective tissue membranes is referred to as __________.
Intramembraneous
The formation of bone within a membrane is known as
Intramembraneous ossification
Explain the difference between Endochondral and intramembranous formation.
Intramembraneous ossification is due to when fibrous connective tissues continue to build on one another. Endochondral ossification occurs by starting with cartilage that is a "mold" of a bone and then it ossified from a primary and secondary center when the blood comes bringing osteoblasts. Osteoprogenic cells and osteoclasts along with ossification all of the nutrients.
A contraction where the tension of the muscle increases, but the shortening is minimal, is called a ________ contraction.
Isometric
A contraction where the tension of the muscle increases, but the shortening is minimal, is called a ___________ contraction
Isometric contraction
Synovial membranes are found in __________
Joints
Synovial membranes are found in ____________________
Joints
Lamellar (Pacini) corpuscle
Lamellar corpuscles, or Pacinian corpuscles, are one of the four major types of mechanoreceptor. They are nerve endings in the skin responsible for sensitivity to vibration and pressure. They respond only to sudden disturbances and are especially sensitive to vibration.
Lumbar Vertebrae -hatchet spinous process
Largest body Moose Thick process that looks like hatchet
The period of time between the application of a stimulus and the beginning of muscle contraction is called _______
Latent
The period of time between the application of a stimulus and the beginning of muscle contraction is called __________.
Latent
Lamellae
Layer of matrix surrounding the central canal of an Osteon
Basement Membrane
Layer of no living material that anchors epithelial tissue to underlying connective tissue
The basic framework of the plasma membrane is the _________________
Lipid bilayer
Long Bone
Long longitudinal axes and expanded ends. Examples are forearm and thigh bone
Stratum Germinativum
Loose connective tissue layer that is mostly fat and beneath the skin.
Subcutaneous Tissue
Lowermost layer of the integumentary system in vertebrates
The whitish portion of the nail is the __________.
Lunula
The pigment found in specialized cells of the stratum basale is __________.
Melanin
Cancer of __________ is considered to be one of the most serious skin cancers.
Melanocytes
Fontanals
Membranous region between certain developing cranial bones in the skull of a fetus or infant
Canaliculi
Microscopic canal that connects lacunae of bone tissue
Cristae are a series of folds found in _________________
Mitochondria
The region of the sarcolemma near the axon terminal
Motor end plate
A type or neuron that stimulates muscle tissue
Motor neuron
The process in which the number of contracting motor units is increased is called ___________.
Motor recruitment
A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it stimulates is called a _________-
Motor unit
A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it stimulates is called a _____________.
Motor unit
Membranes that line body cavities that open directly to the exterior are
Mucous Membrane
The electrical current that travels over the sarcolemma and along the transverse tubules is called _____
Muscle action potential
The electrical current that travels over the sarcolemma and along the transverse tubules is called __________.
Muscle action potential
An increase in the diameter of muscle fibers is called
Muscular hypertrophy
Neuroglia cells belong to which of the following tissues?
Nervous Tissue
Cells that are capable of generating and conducting nerve impulses are ____________________
Neurons
Sebum
Oily secretion of sebaceous glands
Explain the difference between an open fracture and closed fracture. Which one is potentially more harmful;why? How does the fracture heal?
Open fracture - bone protrudes through the skin Closed fracture - inside of body still Open fracture makes you more susceptible to infections, skin is not meant to have holes in it. Circulatory system is supposed to be closed not open, bleeding is done. Doctors can pin the bone back together and osteoblasts form spongy bone which form a callus and then form into compact bone later from osteoblasts
All the body systems combined make up an ___________
Organism
Distinguish between a muscle's origin and its insertion.
Origin: attachment to immovable bone Insertion: attachment to movable bone
The movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane is _________________
Osmosis
Disease characterized by a decrease in bone mass and density is
Osteoporosis
Epidermis
Outer epithelial of the skin
Stratum Corneum
Outer, horny layer of the epidermis
Squamous
Outlines temporal bone
Bundles of muscle fibers are covered by
Perimysium
All of the following are structures of nervous tissue EXCEPT
Periosteum
The tough, white, fibrous membrane around the surface of a bone is called ____________.
Periosteum
Tough, fibrous membrane surrounding bone
Periosteum
Visceral Peritoneum
Peritoneum that invests the abdominal organs. The peritoneum holds the viscera in place by its folds, which are called the mesentery.
Axial skeleton
Pertaining to the head, neck and trunk.
Lamina
Pink
Spinous Process
Pink
Sacral Foramen
Pink highlights
The matrix of blood is
Plasma
Bedsores are __________ sores.
Pressure
Molecules are transported from an area of lower to an area of higher concentration by _________________
Protein ATP
Epithelium that appears to have several layers of cells but does not, is classified as
Pseudostratified Epithelium
Coccyx (4 Fused)
Purple
The component of the feedback system that monitors change in the controlled condition is the ____________
Receptors
Cervical Region (7)
Red -neck
Hemopiesis occurs in the
Red bone marrow
Hemopoiesis occurs in _________ _________ _________.
Red-bone marrow
List the major events of muscle fiber contraction and relaxation
Refer to the chart
Vitamin D deficiency in children can cause this disease
Rickett's Osteomalcia in adults*
At death, when ATP is not available for the detachment of the myosin head from the actin, _______________ occurs
Rigor Mortis
The plasma membrane of a muscle fiber is called ___________
Sarcolemma
The basic, functional units of skeletal muscle fibers are
Sarcomere
The basic, functional units of skeletal muscle fibers are___________.
Sarcomere
List the major parts of a skeletal muscle fiber, and describe the function of each part
Sarcomere - functional unit Thick fibers and thin fibers- work to contract the muscle Myosin, actin, troponin, tropomyosin
The cytoplasm of muscle fiber is called _______.
Sarcoplasm
The structure storing calcium in the skeletal muscle fibers at rest is the
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
A lateral bending (side to side) of the vertebral column is known as
Scoliosis
List 6 functions of the skin.
Secretion, absorption, excretion, protection, sensory, synthesis of vitamin D
Coronal
Separates frontal from parietal
Temporal (2)
Shoulder blade, ear hole(funnel)
Bone tissue is also called ___________ tissue
Skeletal
The three types of muscles tissues are __________,__________, ___________.
Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth
Sebaceous Gland
Skin glands that secretes sebum
Male
Skull: larger mastoid process Pelvic Girdle:hip bones are heavier, obturator foramina is oval and narrower pubic arch Pelvic Cavity: narrower and longer, shorter distance between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities Sacrum: narrower, curvature is less sharp Coccyx: less movable
Female
Skull: lighter and smaller, less evidence of muscular attachments, chin is more pointed and plate is narrower, mastoid process less prominent Pelvic Girdle: hip bones are lighter, thinner, and have less evidence of muscular attachments, obturator foramina is triangular acetabulum is smaller and pubic arch is wider Pelvic Cavity: wider in all diameters and is shorter, roomier, and less funnel-shaped. Distance between ischial spines and ischial tuberosities is greater Sacrum: wider and sacral curvature is bent more sharply posteriorly Coccyx: more movable
Name and describe the three types of muscle tissue
Smooth - visceral, non-striated, tapered, part of organs, involuntary Cardiac - striated, cylindrical and branched, intercalated disc, involuntary Skeletal - striated, cylindrical, attached to bone, control
No striated, involuntary muscle
Smooth muscle
Arrector pili
Smooth muscle in the skin associated with a hair follicle
Sesamoid bone
Special type of short bone is usually small and modular and develops within a tendon or adjacent to a joint ex. Patella
Trabeculae are found in ____________ bone.
Spongy
Trabeculae are found in
Spongy bone
Epithelium that consists of of two or more layers of cells is __________ epithelium
Stratified
Epithelium that consists of two or more layers of cells is ____________________ epithelium
Stratified
Name the layers of skin starting with most superficial to deepest.
Stratum corneum (superficial) Stratum lucidum Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum Stratum basale (deepest)
Explain how skeletal muscle stimulation produces a sustained contraction
Sustained contractions are responses to a rapid series of impulses transmitted from the brain and spinal chord on motor neuron axons.
Eccrine sweat gland
Sweat gland that maintains body temperature
Describe a neuromuscular junction
Synapse between motor neuron and the muscle fiber that it controls
The space between an axon terminal and the sarcolemma is the
Synaptic cleft
The membranes that line the cavities of some joints are
Synovial Membrane
Meissner (tactile) corpuscle
Tactile corpuscles (or Meissner's corpuscles) are a type of mechanoreceptor. They are a type of nerve ending in the skin that is responsible for sensitivity to light touch.
Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium extend beyond the muscle as a __________.
Tendon
Epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium extend beyond the muscle as a ___________
Tendon
Distinguish between tetanic contraction and muscle tone,
Tetanic contractions are when the frequency of contraction is so rapid that the contraction lacks even partial relaxation. Muscle tone is when a muscle appears to be at rest, it's fibers undergo some sustained contraction.
A sustained contraction of a muscle is called
Tetanus
Continued, sustained, smooth contraction due to rapid stimulation
Tetanus
All of the following are considered a kind of contraction except
Tetanus, twitch, isotonic, isometric
Cutaneous membrane(skin)
The cutaneous membrane is the technical term for our skin. The skin's primary role is to help protect the rest of body's tissues and organs from physical damage such as abrasions, chemical damage such as detergents, and biological damage from microorganisms
Callus
The hard new bone substance that forms in an area of bone fracture. Bony callus is part of the bone repair process.
Hypodermis
The hypodermis is the innermost and thickest layer of the skin. It invaginates into the dermis and is attached to the latter, immediately above it, by collagen and elastin fibres. It is essentially composed of a type of cells specialised in accumulating and storing fats, known as adipocytes.
Integumentary system
The integumentary system is the organ system that protects the body from various kinds of damage, such as loss of water or abrasion from outside. The system comprises the skin and its appendages (including hair, scales, feathers, hooves, and nails).
Diaphysis
The shaft of the bone between the epiphysis
Sudoriferous (Gland) Tissue
The sudoriferous (sweat) glands are small tubular structures situated within and under the skin (in the subcutaneous tissue). They discharge sweat by tiny openings in the surface of the skin.
Dermis
The thick layer of skin beneath the epidermis
In order for a muscle fiber to contract, a _______ stimulus has to be applied.
Threshold
Central canal
Tiny channel in bone tissue that houses a blood vessel:
The two major steps in protein synthesis are _________________ and _________________
Transcription, translation.
The epithelial tissue which contains cells of different shapes and is capable of distinction is
Transitional Epithelium
All of the following are characteristic of muscle tissue except
Transmissibility
Tunnel-like extensions of the sarcolemma into the muscle fiber are
Transverse tubules
Hair follicle
Tubelike depression in the in the epidermis in which a hair develops
A brief contraction of muscle fibers
Twitch
Apocrine sweat Gland
Type of gland whose secretions have parts of secretory cells.
Joint
Union of two or more bones articulation
Blood is classified as _________ tissue
Vascular
The type of connective tissue that contains plasma is ____________________
Vascular Tissue (Blood)
Which of the following is NOT a function of muscle tissue
Vitamin D Production
Elderly people can strengthen bone using ________ - _________ exercises
Weight- Bearing Mechanical Stress
Define threshold stimulus
When an isolated muscle fiber is exposes to a series of stimuli of increasing strength, the fiber remains unresponsive until a certain strength of stimulation, the threshold stimulus is applied.
Lumbar Region (5)
Yellow
The sarcomere is the area between two
Z discs/bands
Lunula
a crescent-shaped object or mark, in particular. the white area at the base of a fingernail.
Osteon(Haversian system)
a haversian canal with the concentrically arranged laminae of bone that surround it—called also osteon.
Blister
a small bubble on the skin filled with serum and caused by friction, burning, or other damage.
Follicle
a small secretory cavity, sac, or gland, in particular.
Periosteum
a tough covering of dense connective tissue that completely encloses the bone , except for the articulate cartilage on the bones ends
Synovial fluid
a transparent viscid lubricating fluid secreted by a membrane of an articulation, bursa, or tendon sheath—called also joint fluid, synovia.
Epiphysis
an expanded portion at end of bone which articulates or forms a joint with a mother bone.
Dermal Papilla(pl.,papillae)
any small elevation in the dermis, such as the elongated alpine papilla seen in psoriasis.
Red marrow
blood-cellforming tissue in spaces within bones
Osteoblasts
bone forming cell
Fracture
break in a bone
Spongy Bone
cancellous bone with thin layers of compact bone on their surfaces
Osteoclasts
cell that breaks down bone
Medullary cavity
compact bone in the diaphysis of a long bone forms a tube with a hollow chamber called this that is continuous with spaces of the spongy bone
Short bone
cubelike, with roughly equal lengths and widths, bones of wrist and ankle are examples.
Yellow marrow
fat storage tissue in certain bone cavities
Lanugo
fine, soft hair, especially that which covers the body and limbs of a human fetus or newborn.
Irregular bone
have a variety of shapes and most are connected to several other bones. include the vertebra that compose the backbone, and many facial bones.
Hair papilla
knoblike indentation of the bottom of the hair follicle, on which the hair bulb fits like a cap; it is derived from the corium and contains vascular loops for the nourishment of the hair root
Trabeculae
numerous branding bony plates that the spongy bone consists of
Visceral
of or relating to the viscera.
Appendicular skeleton
pertaining to the upper and lower limbs
Flat bone
plate like structures with broad surfaces, such as the ribs, the scapulae, and some of the bones of the skull.
Hemopoiesis
production of blood cells from dividing stem and progenitor cells
Cuticle
the dead skin at the base of a fingernail or toenail. the outer layer of living tissue, in particular.
Endosteum
thin layer of cells that lines these areas and a specialized type of soft connective tissue called marrow fills them
