Anatomy & Psychology Exam 2:

Movement (bone function)

- skeletal muscles attach to tendons - bones articulate - skeletal muscles contract which produces movement around joints

How to classify fractures

-> can be classified by..... - the direction of the fracture line. - the location on the bone (proximal, medial, distal). - displaced (bone fragments are non in proper position) or non-displaced (the bone fragments are still pretty much in the proper position). - open (the skin is broken) or closed (the skin is not broken). * open fractures: higher risk of = infection; collaborative interventions = antibiotics, antibiotic solution may be irrigated into the wound; nursing care/interventions = monitoring the wound, looking for signs of infection as in increased vitals, using strict sterile technique with wound care.

Mineral storage (bone function)

-Calcium and phosphate -stored in bone matrix -maintain ion and pH levels in blood

Fracture repair

1. Hematoma formation 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus 3. Bony callus 4. Remodelling

Healing of fractures

1. hematoma formation 2. soft callus formation 3. hard callus formation 4. bone remodeling

Open Fracture (compound fracture)

A bone fracture that breaks through the skin

Negative feedback

A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation.

Syndemoses (Fibrous Joint)

Amount of movement depends on the length of connecting tissue.

Complete Fracture

Bone broken into 2 or more pieces

Osteoblasts

Bone building cells

Ligaments

Connect bone to bone

Compact bone

Has it's own bone supply and nerve it is brought through you from the have canal.

Spongy bone

It is NOT spongy or soft but it is HARD. Also does have space for RED BONE MARROW to reis. It DOESN'T have ANY VESSELS of its OWN. RECEIVES from SURROUNDING CONNECTIVE TISSUE called the ENDOSOME.

Articular discs

Pads composed of fibrocartilage, may also be present to minimize wear and tear on the bone surfaces

Gomphoses (fibrous joint)

Peg-in-socket joints Only examples are the teeth in alveolar sockets Fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament Holds tooth in socket

Synovial Fluid

Secretion of synovial membranes that lubricates joints and nourishes articular cartilage

Diaphysis

Shaft of a long bone

Closed Fractures

Skin is NOT broken

Artivular Cartilage

Smooth white tissue that covers the ends of bones

Reinforcing Ligaments

The fibrous layer of the capsule is usually reinforced with ligaments

Osteoporosis

The loss of bone mass often due to age, causing the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured.

Epipyseal Plate

The region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. It is a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of the diaphysis occurs.

Flat bones

These bones are thin, flat, and curved. They form the ribs, breastbone, and skull.

Periosteum

Thin layer of connective tissue that covers the outer surface of a bone in all places EXPECT the JOINTS

Epiphyses

Two ends of long bone

Gliding movement

Two surfaces slide past each other Between carpal or tarsal bones

Intramembranous

________ ossification is when a bone develops from a fibrous membrane

Irregular bones

any of a group of bones with a special shape to fit into certain areas of the skeleton, such as the skull

Greenstick Fracture

bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children

Syndesmoses (fibrous)

bones connected by ligaments (radius/ulna)

Medullary Cavity

cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow

Articular Capsule

connective tissue structure that encloses the joint cavity of a synovial joint

Articular Cartilage

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints

Short bones

cube-shaped bones of the wrist and ankle

Tendon Sheath

elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon

Structurally joints are classified as

fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial joints

Bursa

fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another

Blood cell formation is called

hematopoiesis occurs in red bone marrow

Sutures

immovable joints of the skull

Angular movements

increase or decrease the angle between two bones

Long bone

longer than they are wide (femur, humerus)

Osteocytes

mature bone cells

Endosteum

membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone

Multi-axial movement

movement in or around all three planes

Biaxial movement

movement on two planes -ex: wrist

Incomplete Fracture

partial fracture extends only partway across the bone

Protection (bone function)

provide a protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs

Nonaxial movement

slipping movements only, since there is no axis around which movement can occur

Ostemalacia

softening and deformed of the bone

Common Joint Injuries

sprains, cartilage injuries, dislocations, joint

Support (bone function)

supports body and soft organs

Functionally joints are classified as

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

uniaxial movement

synovial joint motion; movement in one plane (ex. elbow)

Joint Cavity

the space between two connecting bones