Anatomy & Psychology Exam 2:
Movement (bone function)
- skeletal muscles attach to tendons - bones articulate - skeletal muscles contract which produces movement around joints
How to classify fractures
-> can be classified by..... - the direction of the fracture line. - the location on the bone (proximal, medial, distal). - displaced (bone fragments are non in proper position) or non-displaced (the bone fragments are still pretty much in the proper position). - open (the skin is broken) or closed (the skin is not broken). * open fractures: higher risk of = infection; collaborative interventions = antibiotics, antibiotic solution may be irrigated into the wound; nursing care/interventions = monitoring the wound, looking for signs of infection as in increased vitals, using strict sterile technique with wound care.
Mineral storage (bone function)
-Calcium and phosphate -stored in bone matrix -maintain ion and pH levels in blood
Fracture repair
1. Hematoma formation 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus 3. Bony callus 4. Remodelling
Healing of fractures
1. hematoma formation 2. soft callus formation 3. hard callus formation 4. bone remodeling
Open Fracture (compound fracture)
A bone fracture that breaks through the skin
Negative feedback
A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation.
Syndemoses (Fibrous Joint)
Amount of movement depends on the length of connecting tissue.
Complete Fracture
Bone broken into 2 or more pieces
Osteoblasts
Bone building cells
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone
Compact bone
Has it's own bone supply and nerve it is brought through you from the have canal.
Spongy bone
It is NOT spongy or soft but it is HARD. Also does have space for RED BONE MARROW to reis. It DOESN'T have ANY VESSELS of its OWN. RECEIVES from SURROUNDING CONNECTIVE TISSUE called the ENDOSOME.
Articular discs
Pads composed of fibrocartilage, may also be present to minimize wear and tear on the bone surfaces
Gomphoses (fibrous joint)
Peg-in-socket joints Only examples are the teeth in alveolar sockets Fibrous connection is the periodontal ligament Holds tooth in socket
Synovial Fluid
Secretion of synovial membranes that lubricates joints and nourishes articular cartilage
Diaphysis
Shaft of a long bone
Closed Fractures
Skin is NOT broken
Artivular Cartilage
Smooth white tissue that covers the ends of bones
Reinforcing Ligaments
The fibrous layer of the capsule is usually reinforced with ligaments
Osteoporosis
The loss of bone mass often due to age, causing the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured.
Epipyseal Plate
The region of long bone connecting the diaphysis to the epiphysis. It is a layer of subdividing cartilaginous cells in which growth in length of the diaphysis occurs.
Flat bones
These bones are thin, flat, and curved. They form the ribs, breastbone, and skull.
Periosteum
Thin layer of connective tissue that covers the outer surface of a bone in all places EXPECT the JOINTS
Epiphyses
Two ends of long bone
Gliding movement
Two surfaces slide past each other Between carpal or tarsal bones
Intramembranous
________ ossification is when a bone develops from a fibrous membrane
Irregular bones
any of a group of bones with a special shape to fit into certain areas of the skeleton, such as the skull
Greenstick Fracture
bending and incomplete break of a bone; most often seen in children
Syndesmoses (fibrous)
bones connected by ligaments (radius/ulna)
Medullary Cavity
cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow
Articular Capsule
connective tissue structure that encloses the joint cavity of a synovial joint
Articular Cartilage
covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints
Short bones
cube-shaped bones of the wrist and ankle
Tendon Sheath
elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon
Structurally joints are classified as
fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial joints
Bursa
fluid-filled sac that allows for easy movement of one part of a joint over another
Blood cell formation is called
hematopoiesis occurs in red bone marrow
Sutures
immovable joints of the skull
Angular movements
increase or decrease the angle between two bones
Long bone
longer than they are wide (femur, humerus)
Osteocytes
mature bone cells
Endosteum
membranous lining of the hollow cavity of the bone
Multi-axial movement
movement in or around all three planes
Biaxial movement
movement on two planes -ex: wrist
Incomplete Fracture
partial fracture extends only partway across the bone
Protection (bone function)
provide a protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs
Nonaxial movement
slipping movements only, since there is no axis around which movement can occur
Ostemalacia
softening and deformed of the bone
Common Joint Injuries
sprains, cartilage injuries, dislocations, joint
Support (bone function)
supports body and soft organs
Functionally joints are classified as
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
uniaxial movement
synovial joint motion; movement in one plane (ex. elbow)
Joint Cavity
the space between two connecting bones