Anatomy Chapter 4 Vocabulary

Hair Follicle

A hair follicle is a mammalian skin organ that produces hair. Hair production occurs in phases, including growth (anagen), cessation (catagen), and rest (telogen) phases. Stem cells are responsible for hair production. The shape of the hair follicle has an effect on the hair shape and texture of the individual's hair.

Synovial Membrane

A layer of connective tissue that lines the cavities of joints, tendon sheaths, and bursae (fluid-filled sacs between tendons and bones). The synovial membrane makes synovial fluid, which has a lubricating function.

Pappillary

A small nipplelike projection, such as a protuberance on the skin, at the root of a hair or feather, or at the base of a developing tooth

Vernix Caseosa

A white cheesy substance that covers and protects the skin of the fetus and is still all over the skin of a baby at birth. Vernix caseosa is composed of sebum (the oil of the skin) and cells that have sloughed off the fetus' skin. "Vernix" is the Latin word for "varnish."

Adipose Tissue

Adipose tissue, or fat, is an anatomical term for loose connective tissue composed of adipocytes. Its main role is to store energy in the form of fat, although it also cushions and insulates the body.

Epithelial membrane

An epithelial membrane consists of a continuous sheet of cells, one or more layers thick, which is attached to the underlying connective tissue by a basement membrane.

sweat gland

Any of the small, tubular glands that are found nearly everywhere in the skin of humans, that secrete perspiration externally through pores, and that comprise the apocrine sweat and eccrine glands. Also called sudoriferous gland.

Oil(sebum)

Sebum is a light yellow, oily substance that is secreted by the sebaceous glands that help keep the skin and hair moisturized. Sebum is made up of triglycerides, free fatty acids, wax esters, squalene, cholesterol esters, and cholesterol. ... It also includes lipids from skin cells, sweat, and environmental matter.

Arrector pili

The arrector pili muscles are small muscles attached to hair follicles in mammals. Contraction of these muscles causes the hairs to stand on end, known colloquially as goose bumps.

Second

The axis is the second of seven bones in the cervical spine. The axis, also known as the C2 bone, creates a pivot that allows the C1, or atlas, to rotate. This action gives the head and neck a greater range of motion from side to side.

Cuticle

The cuticle is a thin layer of dead tissue riding on the nail plate to form a seal between the nail plate and eponychium to prevent pathogens from infecting the matrix area.

Shaft

The diaphysis (/daɪˈæfᵻsᵻs/) is the main or midsection (shaft) of a long bone. It is made up of cortical bone and usually contains bone marrow and adipose tissue (fat). It is a middle tubular part composed of compact bone which surrounds a central marrow cavity which contains red or yellow marrow.

Lamina Propria

The lamina propria is a thin layer of loose areolar connective tissue, which lies beneath the epithelium and together with the epithelium and basement membrane constitutes the mucosa. ... The connective tissue of the lamina propria is loose and rich in cells.

Reticular Layer

The reticular layer is denser than the papillary dermis, and it strengthens the skin, providing structure and elasticity. It also supports other components of the skin, such as hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.

Visceral

The word viscera comes from Latin, in which it has essentially the same meaning. Something "visceral" has to do with the viscera. In a more figurative sense, something "visceral" is felt "deep down." Even in the early years of its use, "visceral" often referred to things emotional rather than physiological.

Arrector Pili muscle

This is a tiny muscle that attaches to the base of a hair follicle at one end and to dermal tissue on the other end. In order to generate heat when the body is cold, the arrector pili muscles contract all at once, causing the hair to "stand up straight" on the skin.

Merkel Cells

a cell that occurs in the basal part of the epidermis, is characterized by dense granules in its cytoplasm, is closely associated with the unmyelinated tip of a nerve fiber, and probably functions in tactile sensory perception.

Pancinian Corpsicle

a microscopic, onionlike body consisting of layers of connective tissue wrapped around a nerve ending, located in the deep layers of skin, tendons, etc., and functioning as a sensory receptor of pressure and vibration.

Lucidum

a thin somewhat translucent layer of cells lying superficial to the stratum granulosum and under the stratum corneum especially in thickened parts of the epidermis (as of the palms or the soles of the feet)

connective

a tissue of mesodermal origin that consists of various cells (such as fibroblasts and macrophages) and interlacing protein fibers (as of collagen) embedded in a chiefly carbohydrate ground substance, that supports, ensheathes, and binds together other tissues, and that includes loose and dense forms (such as adipose tissue, tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses) and specialized forms (such as cartilage and bone)

Ruffini Corscle

any of numerous oval sensory end organs occurring in the subcutaneous tissue of the fingers — called also Ruffini's brush, Ruffini's end organ.

Meissner's Corpuscle

any of the small elliptical tactile end organs in hairless skin containing numerous transversely placed tactile cells and fine flattened nerve terminations — called also corpuscle of Meissner.

Lunula

any structure or marking in the shape of a crescent, as the whitish half-moon at the base of a fingernail.

Epithilial

relating to or denoting the thin tissue forming the outer layer of a body's surface and lining the alimentary canal and other hollow structures.

Root

the embedded or basal portion of a hair, tooth, nail, nerve, etc.

Whirled Ridges

the papillary layer is responsible for whorled ridges on the epidermal surfaces

Connective membrane

tissue membranes that line the cavities of the freely movable joints such as the shoulder, elbow, and knee. Like serous membranes, they line cavities that do not open to the outside. Unlike serous membranes, they do not have a layer of epithelium.