Anatomy Chapter 7c Appendicular Skeleton
ilium
Superior region of coxal/hip bone Auricular surface articulates w/sacrum (sacroiliac joint) Features: body + winglike ala, Iliac crests, Greater sciatic notch, gluteal surface w/3 ridges: posterior, anterior, + inferior gluteal lines, Iliac fossa, auricular surface, arcuate line
hand bones
incl. carpus, metacarpus, + phalanges
olecranon fossa of humerus
large distal posterior depression that accommodates olecranon of the ulna
metacarpus
(AKA palm) 5 metacarpal bones (I-V from thumb-little finger) Bases art. w/carpals + heads art. w/proximal phalanges
glenoid cavity of scapula
Name the structure. Articulates w/head of humerus
deltoid tuberosity of humerus
about midway down shaft; site of deltoid muscle attachment
Iliac Fossa of Pelvis
concavity on ala of pelvis
patellar surface of femur
femur bone that articulates w/patella
fibular notch
lateral notch on distal end tibia where tibia + fibula articulate
false pelvis
superior to pelvic brim
medial cuneiform
tarsal, distal articulates w/navicular
fibular head
top of fibula, insertion of biceps femoris
olecranon process of ulna
triceps brachii insertion Along w/coronoid process, grip trochlea of humerus, forming hinge joint both separated by trochlear notch
talus of the tarsus
true ankle bone carries most of the body weight
interosseous membrane
connects radius + ulna along entire length (also btwn tibia + fibula in leg)
trochlear notch of ulna
deep notch that separates the olecranon + coronoid process; articulates w/trochlea of humerus
arcuate line of pelvis
defines pelvic brim
ulnar styloid process
distal pointed projection; located medial to head of ulna ligament attachment
medial malleolus
distal process on medial tibial surface
anatomical neck of humerus
distal to head of humerus; visible as an oblique groove slight constriction inferior to head
pelvis
formed by hip bones, sacrum, + coccyx Features: pelvic brim, false pelvis, true pelvis, pelvic outlet
lateral malleolus of fibula
forms lateral bulge of ankle + articulates w/talus
medial longitudinal arch
highest of the 3 foot arches Made of: calcaneus, talus, navicular, cuneiforms, + 1st 3 metatarsals arch curves upward
foot bones
incl. tarsus, metatarsus, + phalanges
pelvic outlet
inferior margin of true pelvis
true pelvis
inferior to pelvic brim; defines birth canal
linea aspera of femur
insertion of adductor longus muscle diverges into medial + lateral supracondylar lines
lesser tubercle of humerus
insertion of subscapularis separated from greater tubercle by intertubercular sulcus
greater tubercle of humerus
insertion of supraspinatus separated from lesser tubercle by intertubercular sulcus Sites of attachment of rotator cuff muscles
ulnar head
knoblike distal portion of the ulna
obturator foramen
large opening formed by rami + body of pubis
fovea capitis of femur
small pit in ball-like head of femur
radial groove of humerus
small posterior groove, marks the course of the radial nerve
tarsus
7 tarsal bones form posterior half Features: talus, calcaneus, calcaneal tuberosity, sustentacular tali (talar shelf), cuboid, navicular, medial, intermediate, lateral cuneiform
intermediate cuneiform
A tarsal bone articulating w/medial and lateral cuneiform, navicular, and second metatarsal bones.
bimalleolar fracture
AKA Pott's fracture break in the distal ends of both the tibia + fibula common sports injury
appendicular skeleton
Consists of bones of limbs + their girdles -Pectoral girdle: Attaches upper limbs to body trunk -Pelvic girdle: Attaches lower limbs to body trunk
Acetabulum of coxal bone
Deep socket formed at point of fusion, receives head of femur
phalanges
(AKA fingers or digits): I-V starting at thumb (pollex) Digit I: (pollex) has 2 bones: NO middle phalanx Digit II-V has 3 bones: distal, middle, + proximal phalanx
pubic arch
(AKA sub-pubic angle) formed by rami; main difference btwn male + female pelves
carpus
(AKA wrist): 8 bones in 2 rows Proximal row: lateral to medial -Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, + pisiform Distal row: lateral to medial -Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, + hamate Wrist Joint: only scaphoid, lunate, + triquetrum USE Some Lovers Try Positions That They Cannot Handle
Flat Foot (Pes Planus)
(or "fallen arches") may be congenital OR acquired later in life Causes: increasing age, obesity or high-impact activities Wearing proper footwear w/good arch support can prevent it (Orthotic shoe inserts may manage symptoms)
pelvic brim
(pelvic inlet): cont. oval ridge, runs from pubic crest thru arcuate line + sacral promontory
foot arches
-Maintained by interlocking foot bones, ligaments, + tendons -Allow foot to bear weight -3 arches: ▪Lateral longitudinal ▪Medial longitudinal ▪Transverse
scapula angles
1. Superior angle: btwn superior + medial 2. Lateral angle: btwn superior + lateral 3. Inferior angle: btwn medial + lateral
scapula borders
1. Superior: shortest, sharpest border 2. Medial (vertebral): runs parallel to spine 3. Lateral (axillary): near armpit, ends superiorly in glenoid cavity fossa (shoulder joint)
Phalanages (toes)
14 bones of toes Digit I (hallux, great toe): 2 bones: no middle phalanx Digit II to V: 3 bones (distal, middle, + proximal phalanx)
forearm bone
2 parallel bones: ulna + radius Proximal ends articulate w/humerus + each other Distally articulate w/each other @ radioulnar joint 1. Ulna: Medial bone in forearm -Forms major portion of elbow joint w/humerus Features: olecranon, coronoid processes, trochlear notch, radial notch, ulnar head, ulnar styloid process 2. Radius: Lateral bone in forearm Features: head, radial tuberosity, ulnar notch, radial styloid processes
upper limb bones
30 bones form skeletal framework of each upper limb 1. Arm: Humerus 2. Forearm: Radius + ulna 3. Hand: 8 carpal bones in wrist, 5 metacarpal bones in the palm, 14 phalanges in fingers
metatarsals
5 metatarsal bones (I to V from hallux to little toe) Enlarged head of metatarsal I forms ball of the foot
clavicle
AKA collarbones S-shaped sternal end articulates w/sternum medially Flattened acromial end articulates laterally w/scapula Function: Anchor muscles + act as braces to hold scapulae + arms out laterally
pelvic girdle
AKA hip girdle 2 hip bones (coxal bones, or os coxae) + sacrum Function: Attach lower limbs to axial skeleton w/strong ligaments, transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs, support pelvic organs (less mobility but more stability than shoulder joint) 3 fused bones form coxal bone: -Ilium, ischium, + pubis
scapulae
AKA shoulder blades thin, triangular flat bones on dorsal surface of rib cage, btwn ribs 2 + 7 Each scapula has 3 borders: superior, medial, + lateral + 3 angles where borders meet: superior, lateral + inferor Bone features: spine, acromion, coracoid process, suprascapular notch
pectoral girdle
AKA shoulder girdle Made of: clavicles (anteriorly) + scapulae (posteriorly) Functions: Attach upper limbs to axial skeleton, provide attachment sites for muscles that move upper limbs, offer great mobility bc scapulae NOT attached to axial skeleton + socket of shoulder joint is shallow + does NOT restrict movement
sustentaculum tali
AKA talar shelf medial projection on the superior surface that supports the talus
lateral longitudinal arch
Arch extending from the heel to the little toe low curve that elevates lateral part of foot
radioulnar joint
Articulation btwn radius + ulna and proximal ends Produces supination + pronation (pivot joint)
lower limb bones
Carries entire weight of erect body Subjected to exceptional forces during jumping or running 3 segments: -Thigh -Leg -Foot
Lower Leg (Below Knee. Includes Ankle and Foot)
Made of: 2 parallel bones (tibia + fibula, connected by interosseous mem) 1. Tibia: medial leg bone, receives weight of body from femur; transmits to foot (remember TB "the big" one) Features: medial + lateral condyles, intercondylar eminence, tibial tuberosity, anterior border, medial malleolus, fibular notch 2. Fibula: NOT weight bearing; no articulation w/femur, origin for several muscles, articulates proximally+distally w/tibia Features: head, lateral malleolus
medial and lateral supracondyle ridges
Name this part of the humerus
infraspinous fossa
Name this specific area of the scapula.
supraspinous fossa
Name this specific area of the scapula.
ischial tuberosity
Name this specific part of the ischium. receives the weight of the body when sitting
lesser sciatic notch
Name this specific part of the pelvic bone (ischium).
ischial spine
Name this specific part of the pelvic bone.
intercondylar eminence
Name this specific part of the tibia.
ramus of ischium
Name this specific region of the pelvic bone.
iliac crests
Portion of innominate bones that define most superior, bilateral aspect of the pelvic cavity palpable external landmarks that aid in evaluating pelvis thickened superior margin of ala (ends at anterior + posterior superior iliac spines)
ischium
Posteroinferior part of hip bone Made of: body + ramus 3 important markings: 1. Ischial spine 2. Lesser sciatic notch 3. Ischial tuberosity
pubis
V-shaped anterior portion of hip bone joins at: pubic symphysis joint Features: body + superior + inferior pubic rami, pubic crest lateral end: pubic tubercle, obturator foramen, pubic arch (subpubicangle)
medial and lateral condyles of tibia
condyles that articulate w/condyles of the femur
Female: tilted forward (adapted for childbearing), true pelvis defines the extend of the birth canal, cavity of true pelvis: broad, shallow + greater capacity, bones lighter, thinner + smoother, smaller + farther apart, broader (80-90 degrees), more rounded Male: tilted far less forward (adapted for support of a male's heavier build + stronger muscles), cavity of true pelvis is narrow + deep, greater + bones heavier + thicker, marking are more prominent, larger + closer together, angle is acute (50-60 degrees)
What is the difference between male and female pelves?
transverse arch
an arch which runs obliquely from 1 side of foot to other
radial tuberosity of radius
anchors biceps
Radial styloid process of radius
anchors ligaments
pubic crest
anterior border of pubis is thickened to form this
Coronoid fossa of humerus
anterior depression that receives the coronoid process of the ulna during forearm flexion
radial fossa of humerus
anterior depression that receives the radial head w/flexed forearm
coracoid process
anterior projection that anchors bicep muscle of arm
head of radius
articulates w/capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna
capitulum of humerus
articulates w/head of radius distal ball-like condyle
radial notch (radius)
articulates w/head of radius, forms proximal radio-ulnar joint
auricular surface of pelvis
articulates w/sacrum
ulnar notch of radius
articulates w/ulna
trochlea of humerus
articulates w/ulna distal hourglass-shaped condyle
cuboid (tarsal)
articulates with calcaneus; lateral
gluteal tuberosity
back of femur; bump above the linea aspera that is on the upper portion of femur, which diverges into medial + lateral supracondylar lines
intertubercular sulcus
bicipital groove
lateral and medial condyles of femur
bones of femur that articulate w/tibia
coronoid process of ulna
brachialis insertion Aloing w/olecranon process, grip trochlea of humerus, forming hinge joint both separated by trochlear notch
Colles fracture
break in distal end of radius Very common fracture, because person falling attempts to break fall with outstretched hands
sternal
breastbone
carpal tunnel syndrome
can occur from overuse + inflammation of tendons (can compress median nerve, causing tingling + numbness) Median nerve + tendons travel thru carpal tunnel (formed by ligaments thru wrist
femur
largest + strongest bone in body (about 1/4 of person's height) Articulates proximally w/acetabulum of hip + distally w/tibia + patella (ends in lateral + medial condyles) Features: fovea capitis, greater + lesser trochanters, intertrochanteric line, intertrochanteric crest, gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, medial + lateral supracondylar lines, lateral + medial condyles, medial + lateral epicondyles, adductor tubercle, patellar surface, intercondylar fossa
acromion process
lateral projection that articulates w/acromial end of clavicle to form acromioclavicular joint
intercondylar fossa of femur
lies between condyles on the femur
calcaneus of tarsus
makes up the heel of the foot carries most of the body weight
medial and lateral epicondyles of humerus
medial and lateral bumps of elbow region points of muscle attachment
adductor tubercle of femur
medial epicondyle bump on femur
greater + lesser trochanters
muscle attachment sites connected by intertrochanteric line + intertrochanteric crest
surgical neck of humerus
narrow metaphysis most frequently fractured part of humerus
anterior border of tibia
narrow, anterior margin of tibia that extends inferiorly from tibial tuberosity
humerus
only bone of arm largest + longest bone of upper limb Articulates superiorly w/glenoid cavity of scapula Articulates inferiorly w/radius + ulna Features: head, anatomical neck, great tubercle, lesser tubercle, intertubercular sulcus, surgical neck, deltoid tuberosity, radial groove, trochlea, capitulum, medial + lateral epicondyles, medial + lateral supracondyles ridges, coronoid fossa, olecranon fossa, radial fossa
suprascapular notch
opening for nerves
lateral cuneiform
part of tarsals, furthest distal from the foot
calcaneal tuberosity
part of the calcaneus that touches the ground
acromial
point of shoulder
tibial tuberosity
point where the patellar ligament attaches
scapular spine
prominent ridge posteriorly
head of humerus
proximal end that fits into glenoid cavity of scapula
intertrochanteric line
region formed anteriorly between the greater and lesser trochanters
intertrochanteric crest
region formed posteriorly between the greater and lesser trochanters
greater sciatic notch
sciatic nerve passage
patella
sesamoid bone in quadriceps tendon (protects knee joint)
navicular
shaped like a boat; part of the ankle that looks like a ship
medial + lateral epicondyles
sites of muscle attachment in the femur
acromioclavicular joint
the joint where the acromion and the clavicle meet
concoid tubercle
tubercle found on the clavicle
medial and lateral supracondylar lines of femur
two lines that diverge from linea aspera and travel to their respective condyles
ala of pelvis
winglike, articulate w/body of the pelvis