Anatomy Exam 1

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number of vertebrae in the thoracic

12

number of vertebrae in the coccyx

3-5 fused

number of vertebrae in the lumbar

5

number of vertebrae in the sacral

5 fused

number of vertebrae in the cervical

7

sagittal plane

A plane that divides the body into right and left portions.

Forearm

Antibrachial

Armpit

Axilla

Arm

Brachial

Wrist

Carpal

plasma cells

Cells that develop from B cells and produce antibodies.

transverse plane

Divides body into upper and lower parts

Back

Dorsum

Epiphysis

End of a long bone

many cells are tightly packed together with little to no extracellular matrix

Epithelial tissue

Buttocks

Gluteal

compact bone

Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone

spongy bone

Layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone.

Lower back

Lumbar

fissure

Narrow, slitlike opening

Sole of foot

Plantar

Thumb

Pollex

foramen

Round or oval opening through a bone

Ankle

Tarsal

eosinophils

White blood cells that kill parasites and are involved in allergic responses

Periosteum

a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.

mast cells

abundant along blood cells. produce histamine

found in the sacrum

ala, articular facet, foramen, hiatus, canal

central canal

allows blood flow into bone tissue

posterior

anterior

right lower quadrant

appendix, cecum

reticular fibers

are made of collagen and glycoproteins

a blood vessel that pumps blood away from the heart

artery

hemidesmosomes

attaches epithelial cells to the basement membrane

layer of the basement membrane closer to the epithelium

basal lamina

two extracellular layers that form the basement membrane

basal lamina and reticular lamina

condyloid joint

biaxial

saddle joint

biaxial

plane joint

biaxial and triaxial

osteoblast

bone building cells

osteoprogenitor cells

bone stem cells

what hormone is secreted to counteract excess calcium intake

calcitonin

blood vessels, heart, blood

cardiovascular

cranial

caudal

medullary cavity

cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow

osteoclast

cell that breaks down bone

building block of all living organisms

cells

caudal

cephalic

neck region

cervical

lordosis

cervical and lumbar

produces movement of material

ciliated epithelium

system that moves blood and lymph around the body

circulatory

lamella

concentric sheets of bone in osteon

cartilaginous joint

connected by cartilage

synovial joint

connected by cartilage and fibrous connective tissue

fibrous joints

connected by fibrous connective tissue

cells that form the reticular are present in this layer

connective tissue

large amount of extracellular material separates cells that are usually widely scattered

connective tissue

tissue has significant network of blood vessels

connective tissue

tight junctions

consist of weblike strands of proteins that fuse together adjacent plasma membranes to seal off passageways between cells

adherens junctions

contain plaque that attaches both to membrane proteins and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton

desmosomes

contain plaque that attaches to intermediate filaments

frontal plane

coronal plane

only found in the thoracic vertebrae

costal facets

endosteum

covering the inside of the bone

articular cartilage

covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints

Hip

coxal

superficial

deep

Only found in cervical vertebrae

dens, transverse foramen, smallest centrum, largest vertebral foramen

calcitonin stimulates

deposition

left lower quadrant

descending colon, sigmoid colon

macrophages

develop from monocytes and destroy bacteria and cell debris by phagocytosis

esophagus, liver, gallbladder, salivary glands, stomach

digestive

organ system that breaks down food for cells to use

digestive

pharynx

digestive and respiratory

proximal

distal

midsagittal plane

divides the body equally into right and left halves

hypothalamus, adrenal gland, thyroid gland

endocrine

organ system that regulates growth by producing hormones

endocrine

pancreas

endocrine and digestive

cells that secrete the basal lamina

epithelial

always forms surface layers and is not covered by another tissues, except within blood vessels

epithelial tissue

tissue has no blood vessels

epithelial tissue

crista galli

ethmoid

bones that form the nasal septum

ethmoid and vomer

adipocytes

fat cells

Thigh

femur

cortical bone

few spaces, has osteons

cells that secrete collagen to form the reticular lamina

fibroblasts

os coxa

flat and irregular

ribs

flat bone

squamous

flat cells

diathrosis

freely movable

supraorbital foramen

fronal

bones connected by coronal suture

frontal and parietal

cranial bones

frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid

osteon

functional unit of compact bone

sulcus

groove along a bone

epiphyseal line

growth plate

Big toe

hallux

Organ that pumps blood

heart

cell junction that holds the epithelial cells to the basement membrane

hemidesmosomes

synathrosis

immovable

organ system that keeps you healthy from disease

immune

superior

inferior

Groin

inguinal

skin, nails, hair, sweat and oil glands

integumentary

vertebrae

irregular

stratum corneum

just keratinocytes

stratum spinosum

keratinocytes and langerhan cells

stratum granulosum

keratinocytes only

stratum lucidum

keratinocytes only

stratum basale

keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, stem cells

proteins present in basal lamina

laminin, collagen, glycoproteins, proteoglycans

fibroblasts

large flat cells that move through connective tissue and secrete fibers and ground substance

only found in lumbar vertebrae

largest centrum, smallest vertebral foramen

Endosteum

lines the medullary cavity

Organs that get rid of waste from blood

liver

organ that gets rid of toxins in blood

liver

right upper quadrant

liver, gallbladder

clavicle

long bone

organs that help you breathe

lung

spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils

lymphatic

thymus

lymphatic and endocrine

osteocyte

maintains bone tissue

bone that forms the chin

mandible

mandibular condyle

mandible

infraorbital foramen

maxilla

bones that form the hard palate

maxillae and palatine bones

lateral

medial

trabecular bone

more spaces, lighter

stratified

more than one layer

biaxial

movement in 2 planes

triaxial

movement in three planes

monaxial

movement on one axis

organ system that lets you move

muscular

skeletal muscles

muscular

facial bones

nasal, maxillae, zygomatic, mandible, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal conchae, vomer

brain, nerves, spinal cord, eyes and ears

nervous

organ system that controls muscle movement and your senses

nervous

Hypoglossal canal

occipital

bones that contain the foramen magnum

occipital

simple

one layer

A group of organs working together

organ system

transform into osteocytes

osteoblasts

cell that activates deposition

osteoclasts

functions in bone resorption

osteoclasts

mature bone cell

osteocyte

become osteoblasts

osteoprogenitor cells

ethmoid

pneumatized bone

crest

prominent ridge

Periosteum

protects the outside of the bone

columnar

rectangular

uterus, prostate, ductus deferens, vagina

reproductive

gonads

reproductive and endocrine

larynx, lung, trachea

respiratory

organ system that captures oxygen from the atmosphere

respiratory

layer of the basement membrane closer to the connective tissue

reticular lamina

bones that protect the heart and lungs

ribs

Lamellae

rings around the central canal, sites of lacunae

tuberosity

rough projection

transitional

rounded cells

shaft

same as diaphysis

coronal

separates front and back

patella

sesamoid bone

diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

fossa

shallow depression

spinous process

sharp, slender projection

carpals

short

tarsals

short and irregular

functions in secretion and absorption

simple columnar epithelium

functions in diffusion and filtration

simple squamous epithelium

bones, joints, cartilages

skeletal

organ system that gives your body structure

skeletal

Bone that protects the brain

skull

Amphiarthrosis

slightly movable

organ that absorbs nutrients

small intestine

condyle

smooth articulating surface

facet

smooth flat articular surface

butterfly shaped bones

sphenoid

sella turcica

sphenoid

cuboidal

square

the most medial portion of the clavicle is called the

sternal end

organ that contains acid and breaks down food

stomach

left upper quadrant

stomach, pancreas

function in protection

stratified and transitional epithelium

also referred to as stratum germinativum

stratum basale

contains scattered intermediate filaments also known as tonofilaments

stratum basale

fifth layer of thick epidermis

stratum basale

Constant exposure of skin to friction stimulates increased cell production and keratin production in this layer

stratum corneum

cells are continuously lost and replaced

stratum corneum

consists on average of 25-30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes

stratum corneum

top layer of thick epidermis

stratum corneum

Third layer of thick epidermis

stratum granulosum

composed of 3-5 cell layers

stratum granulosum

keratinocytes start to undergo apoptosis

stratum granulsoum

Second layer of thick epidermis

stratum lucidum

what layer does the thick layer have that the thin doesnt?

stratum lucidum

arranged in 8-10 cell layers of keratinocytes

stratum spinosum

fourth layer of thick epidermis

stratum spinosum

live, rounded cells with an abundance of tonofilaments, that shrin when prepared for microscopic examination

stratum spinosum

elastic fibers

stretchable and found in skin, blood vessels, and lung tissue

collagen fibers

strong, flexible bundles of the protein collagen, the most abundant protein in your body

head of rib articulates with

superior and inferior costal facets of thoracic vertebrae

bone that contain the mandibular fossa

temporal

zygomatic process

temporal

kyphosis

thoracic and sacral

name of gland that secretes calcitonin

thyroid

groups of cells with a similar function that work together

tissue

changes shape as tissue stretches

transitional epithelium

rib tubercle articulates with

transverse costal facet of thoracic vertebrae

horizontal plane

transverse plane

bone features in all vertebrae

transverse process, spinous process, articular facets, vertebral foramen

ball and socket joint

triaxial

belly button

umbilical

pivot and hinge joints

uniaxial

organ system that removes waste from your body

urinary

urinary bladder, kidney, ureter, urethra

urinary

head

usually rounded articular projection supported on neck of bone

dorsal

ventral

Lower portion of nasal septum

vomer

metaphysis

where diaphysis and epiphysis meet

neutrophils

white blood cells that migrate to sites of infection

gap junctions

(communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells


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