Anatomy Exam 1
number of vertebrae in the thoracic
12
number of vertebrae in the coccyx
3-5 fused
number of vertebrae in the lumbar
5
number of vertebrae in the sacral
5 fused
number of vertebrae in the cervical
7
sagittal plane
A plane that divides the body into right and left portions.
Forearm
Antibrachial
Armpit
Axilla
Arm
Brachial
Wrist
Carpal
plasma cells
Cells that develop from B cells and produce antibodies.
transverse plane
Divides body into upper and lower parts
Back
Dorsum
Epiphysis
End of a long bone
many cells are tightly packed together with little to no extracellular matrix
Epithelial tissue
Buttocks
Gluteal
compact bone
Hard, dense bone tissue that is beneath the outer membrane of a bone
spongy bone
Layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone.
Lower back
Lumbar
fissure
Narrow, slitlike opening
Sole of foot
Plantar
Thumb
Pollex
foramen
Round or oval opening through a bone
Ankle
Tarsal
eosinophils
White blood cells that kill parasites and are involved in allergic responses
Periosteum
a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.
mast cells
abundant along blood cells. produce histamine
found in the sacrum
ala, articular facet, foramen, hiatus, canal
central canal
allows blood flow into bone tissue
posterior
anterior
right lower quadrant
appendix, cecum
reticular fibers
are made of collagen and glycoproteins
a blood vessel that pumps blood away from the heart
artery
hemidesmosomes
attaches epithelial cells to the basement membrane
layer of the basement membrane closer to the epithelium
basal lamina
two extracellular layers that form the basement membrane
basal lamina and reticular lamina
condyloid joint
biaxial
saddle joint
biaxial
plane joint
biaxial and triaxial
osteoblast
bone building cells
osteoprogenitor cells
bone stem cells
what hormone is secreted to counteract excess calcium intake
calcitonin
blood vessels, heart, blood
cardiovascular
cranial
caudal
medullary cavity
cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow
osteoclast
cell that breaks down bone
building block of all living organisms
cells
caudal
cephalic
neck region
cervical
lordosis
cervical and lumbar
produces movement of material
ciliated epithelium
system that moves blood and lymph around the body
circulatory
lamella
concentric sheets of bone in osteon
cartilaginous joint
connected by cartilage
synovial joint
connected by cartilage and fibrous connective tissue
fibrous joints
connected by fibrous connective tissue
cells that form the reticular are present in this layer
connective tissue
large amount of extracellular material separates cells that are usually widely scattered
connective tissue
tissue has significant network of blood vessels
connective tissue
tight junctions
consist of weblike strands of proteins that fuse together adjacent plasma membranes to seal off passageways between cells
adherens junctions
contain plaque that attaches both to membrane proteins and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton
desmosomes
contain plaque that attaches to intermediate filaments
frontal plane
coronal plane
only found in the thoracic vertebrae
costal facets
endosteum
covering the inside of the bone
articular cartilage
covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints
Hip
coxal
superficial
deep
Only found in cervical vertebrae
dens, transverse foramen, smallest centrum, largest vertebral foramen
calcitonin stimulates
deposition
left lower quadrant
descending colon, sigmoid colon
macrophages
develop from monocytes and destroy bacteria and cell debris by phagocytosis
esophagus, liver, gallbladder, salivary glands, stomach
digestive
organ system that breaks down food for cells to use
digestive
pharynx
digestive and respiratory
proximal
distal
midsagittal plane
divides the body equally into right and left halves
hypothalamus, adrenal gland, thyroid gland
endocrine
organ system that regulates growth by producing hormones
endocrine
pancreas
endocrine and digestive
cells that secrete the basal lamina
epithelial
always forms surface layers and is not covered by another tissues, except within blood vessels
epithelial tissue
tissue has no blood vessels
epithelial tissue
crista galli
ethmoid
bones that form the nasal septum
ethmoid and vomer
adipocytes
fat cells
Thigh
femur
cortical bone
few spaces, has osteons
cells that secrete collagen to form the reticular lamina
fibroblasts
os coxa
flat and irregular
ribs
flat bone
squamous
flat cells
diathrosis
freely movable
supraorbital foramen
fronal
bones connected by coronal suture
frontal and parietal
cranial bones
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid
osteon
functional unit of compact bone
sulcus
groove along a bone
epiphyseal line
growth plate
Big toe
hallux
Organ that pumps blood
heart
cell junction that holds the epithelial cells to the basement membrane
hemidesmosomes
synathrosis
immovable
organ system that keeps you healthy from disease
immune
superior
inferior
Groin
inguinal
skin, nails, hair, sweat and oil glands
integumentary
vertebrae
irregular
stratum corneum
just keratinocytes
stratum spinosum
keratinocytes and langerhan cells
stratum granulosum
keratinocytes only
stratum lucidum
keratinocytes only
stratum basale
keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, stem cells
proteins present in basal lamina
laminin, collagen, glycoproteins, proteoglycans
fibroblasts
large flat cells that move through connective tissue and secrete fibers and ground substance
only found in lumbar vertebrae
largest centrum, smallest vertebral foramen
Endosteum
lines the medullary cavity
Organs that get rid of waste from blood
liver
organ that gets rid of toxins in blood
liver
right upper quadrant
liver, gallbladder
clavicle
long bone
organs that help you breathe
lung
spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils
lymphatic
thymus
lymphatic and endocrine
osteocyte
maintains bone tissue
bone that forms the chin
mandible
mandibular condyle
mandible
infraorbital foramen
maxilla
bones that form the hard palate
maxillae and palatine bones
lateral
medial
trabecular bone
more spaces, lighter
stratified
more than one layer
biaxial
movement in 2 planes
triaxial
movement in three planes
monaxial
movement on one axis
organ system that lets you move
muscular
skeletal muscles
muscular
facial bones
nasal, maxillae, zygomatic, mandible, lacrimal, palatine, inferior nasal conchae, vomer
brain, nerves, spinal cord, eyes and ears
nervous
organ system that controls muscle movement and your senses
nervous
Hypoglossal canal
occipital
bones that contain the foramen magnum
occipital
simple
one layer
A group of organs working together
organ system
transform into osteocytes
osteoblasts
cell that activates deposition
osteoclasts
functions in bone resorption
osteoclasts
mature bone cell
osteocyte
become osteoblasts
osteoprogenitor cells
ethmoid
pneumatized bone
crest
prominent ridge
Periosteum
protects the outside of the bone
columnar
rectangular
uterus, prostate, ductus deferens, vagina
reproductive
gonads
reproductive and endocrine
larynx, lung, trachea
respiratory
organ system that captures oxygen from the atmosphere
respiratory
layer of the basement membrane closer to the connective tissue
reticular lamina
bones that protect the heart and lungs
ribs
Lamellae
rings around the central canal, sites of lacunae
tuberosity
rough projection
transitional
rounded cells
shaft
same as diaphysis
coronal
separates front and back
patella
sesamoid bone
diaphysis
shaft of a long bone
fossa
shallow depression
spinous process
sharp, slender projection
carpals
short
tarsals
short and irregular
functions in secretion and absorption
simple columnar epithelium
functions in diffusion and filtration
simple squamous epithelium
bones, joints, cartilages
skeletal
organ system that gives your body structure
skeletal
Bone that protects the brain
skull
Amphiarthrosis
slightly movable
organ that absorbs nutrients
small intestine
condyle
smooth articulating surface
facet
smooth flat articular surface
butterfly shaped bones
sphenoid
sella turcica
sphenoid
cuboidal
square
the most medial portion of the clavicle is called the
sternal end
organ that contains acid and breaks down food
stomach
left upper quadrant
stomach, pancreas
function in protection
stratified and transitional epithelium
also referred to as stratum germinativum
stratum basale
contains scattered intermediate filaments also known as tonofilaments
stratum basale
fifth layer of thick epidermis
stratum basale
Constant exposure of skin to friction stimulates increased cell production and keratin production in this layer
stratum corneum
cells are continuously lost and replaced
stratum corneum
consists on average of 25-30 layers of flattened dead keratinocytes
stratum corneum
top layer of thick epidermis
stratum corneum
Third layer of thick epidermis
stratum granulosum
composed of 3-5 cell layers
stratum granulosum
keratinocytes start to undergo apoptosis
stratum granulsoum
Second layer of thick epidermis
stratum lucidum
what layer does the thick layer have that the thin doesnt?
stratum lucidum
arranged in 8-10 cell layers of keratinocytes
stratum spinosum
fourth layer of thick epidermis
stratum spinosum
live, rounded cells with an abundance of tonofilaments, that shrin when prepared for microscopic examination
stratum spinosum
elastic fibers
stretchable and found in skin, blood vessels, and lung tissue
collagen fibers
strong, flexible bundles of the protein collagen, the most abundant protein in your body
head of rib articulates with
superior and inferior costal facets of thoracic vertebrae
bone that contain the mandibular fossa
temporal
zygomatic process
temporal
kyphosis
thoracic and sacral
name of gland that secretes calcitonin
thyroid
groups of cells with a similar function that work together
tissue
changes shape as tissue stretches
transitional epithelium
rib tubercle articulates with
transverse costal facet of thoracic vertebrae
horizontal plane
transverse plane
bone features in all vertebrae
transverse process, spinous process, articular facets, vertebral foramen
ball and socket joint
triaxial
belly button
umbilical
pivot and hinge joints
uniaxial
organ system that removes waste from your body
urinary
urinary bladder, kidney, ureter, urethra
urinary
head
usually rounded articular projection supported on neck of bone
dorsal
ventral
Lower portion of nasal septum
vomer
metaphysis
where diaphysis and epiphysis meet
neutrophils
white blood cells that migrate to sites of infection
gap junctions
(communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells
