Anatomy Exam 4
sensory neurons
The functional classifications of neurons include _____, which carry information toward the CNS.
horns
The gray matter of the spinal cord is organized into anterior, posterior, and lateral _______.
sciatic nerve
The largest nerve in the body that is formed from L4-S3 is the _______.
arises from both the medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus
The median nerve ____.
arachnoid mater
The middle layer of the meninges, which consists of simple squamous epithelium, is called (the) _______.
endocrine
The nervous system and the _______ system share important structural and functional characteristics, such as relying upon some form of chemical communication with targeted tissues and organs.
neural
The nervous system includes all of the _______ tissue in the body.
suprarenal medulla
The neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine function as hormones, and are secreted by which structure?
lateral gray horns
The nuclei in the spinal cord that contain the cell bodies of the visceral motor neurons are located in the _____.
visual cortex
The occipital lobe contains (the) ________.
their effects tend to be antagonistic
What happens when both sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons innervate a target organ?
N IV
What number nerve is trochlear?
N I, II, VIII
Which cranial nerves have special sensory functions?
N X
Which is the only cranial nerve that innervates visceral organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities?
facial
Which nerve is N VII?
norepinephrine
Which neurotransmitter does the sympathetic division use primarily to excite target organs?
exteroceptors
Which of the following are most closely involved with somatic sensory neurons?
N VII, N IX
Which of the following cranial nerves have mixed sensory and motor functions?
conservation of energy
Which of the following is NOT a function of the sympathetic division of the ANS?
reduction of the rate of urine formation at the kidneys
Which of the following is NOT a major effect produced by sympathetic postganglionic fibers in spinal nerves?
decrease in sweat production
Which of the following is NOT an effect of the parasympathetic division?
increased smooth muscle activity along the digestive tract
Which of the following is a general function of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?
ependymal cells
Which of the following neuroglia produce cerebrospinal fluid?
a neuron carries information from the stomach area to the brain
Which of the following occurs in the afferent division of the peripheral nervous system?
gastric and intestinal reflexes
Which parasympathetic reflex(es) is/are mediated by the vagus nerve (N X)?
cerebellum
Which structure automatically adjusts motor activities on the basis of sensory information and memories of learned patterns of movement?
in the cervical area, there are eight nerve pairs, with the first exiting above C1
Why are there 30 vertebrae but 31 pairs of spinal nerves?
proprioceptors
________ monitor the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints.
N VIII
Balance and equilibrium are functions of the ______ nerve.
N VII
Bell's Palsy is an inflammation of what nerve?
prefrontal cortex
Damage to which part of the brain leads to difficulties in estimating the temporal relationship between events?
digestive tract, heart, and lungs
Dual innervation is most prominent in the ______.
muscle and liver cells
During sympathetic stimulation, mobilization of energy reserves occurs through the accelerated breakdown ow glycogen in _______.
roots, trunks, divisions, cords, nerves
From medial to lateral, brachial plexus structures are organized as which of the following?
T1
If Abby goes to the doctor complaining of numbness in her third, fourth, and fifth phalanges on her hand, what spinal nerve will the doctor know has been affected?
central nervous system
If Julie is in a store deciding whether or not to buy a new purse, her decision-making thought process requires activity from which part of the nervous system?
an increase in smooth muscle activity along the GI tract
If Michael experiences a frightening situation that causes the stimulation of his sympathetic nervous system, which of the following is NOT likely to occur?
astrocytes
If Rachel takes medication that is designed to regulate her heart rate but should NOT affect her nervous system, what cells keep the chemical in the medication from penetrating the brain tissue?
an inability to smile
If a person sustains a head injury and receives damage to cranial nerve VII, which of the following might the person experience?
a change in your ability to understand words you read
If a tumor were growing on the hypothalamus, it is possible that you would be able to detect ______.
the medial side of the thigh
If the sciatic nerve were compressed, which area of the leg would NOT be affected?
has ganglia closer to or inside the target organs
In comparison to the sympathetic division, the parasympathetic division ________.
frontal lobe
In which area is the speech center (Broca's area) generally located?
small intestine
In which of the following does dual innervation play a major role?
skeletal muscle
In which of the following locations would you find a somatic sensory receptor?
lumbosacral enlargement
Inferior to the _____, the spinal cord tapers to the conus medullaris.
her visual association area
Jan is a librarian with a passion for reading Emerson. After a car accident, she finds that when she looks at books, she see symbols (letters) but can't recognize them or understand what they mean. What part of her brain has been damaged?
proprioceptors
Lynn is taking a yoga class and closes her eyes while transitioning from one pose to another. Which of the following instructs her brain to tell her whether or not she is in the correct position for the new pose?
the parasympathetic division
Autonomic neurons leaving the brainstem belong to ________.
Cranial Nerve IX
glossopharyngeal nerve: both- pharyngeal muscles (swallow), taste
Cranial Nerve XII
hypoglossal nerve: motor- tongue movement (stick tongue out)
Cranial Nerve III
oculomotor nerve: motor- eye movement (blink eyes)
Cranial Nerve I
olfactory nerve: sensory- smell
Cranial Nerve II
optic nerve: sensory- vision
Cranial Nerve VIII
vestibulocochlear nerve: sensory- equilibrium and hearing
Cranial Nerve X
vagus nerve: both- muscles of pharynx and larynx, gag reflex
astrocytes and microalgia
After a head injury, which glial cells would try to repair the damaged area?
nodes
Areas of a myelinated axon that are not covered by myelin are called ________.
autonomic nervous system
Cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands are regulated by the ______.
hypothalamus
Centers in the _____ adjust and coordinate the activities of autonomic centers in other parts of the brain stem concerned with regulating heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and digestive functions.
dorsal root ganglia
Every spinal cord segment is associated with a pair of ____, which contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons.
act as phagocytes
Neuroglia in the nervous system function to ______.
a visceral interoceptor
Rick feels a cramping pain deep in his abdomen. What kind of receptor is giving him this sensation?
they are associated with dorsal and ventral roots
Spinal nerves are called mixed nerves because _______.
increased smooth muscle contraction in the GI tract
Stimulation of the parasympathetic division could cause which of the following?
pulmonary plexus
Sympathetic innervation of the lungs occurs via (the) _______.
vagus
The _____ nerve provides the greatest amount of outflow from the parasympathetic division.
radial nerve
The ______ arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus.
efferent
The _______ division of the PNS sends motor information to muscles and glands.
central and peripheral nervous systems
The anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system are (the) ______.
cervical and lumbar
The anterior gray horns are the largest in the _____ regions.
dermatome
The body surface regions monitored by a specific pair of spinal nerves is called (a) ______.
neurons
The cells responsible for information processing and transfer are the _____.
brain and spinal cord
The central nervous system (CNS) includes the _____.
spinal cord
The cerebellum receives proprioceptive information from which structure?
N XI
The external branch of the _______ controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles of the neck and back.
the medulla oblongata
The pons modifies the respiratory movements that are first controlled by which part of the brain?
N III
The pupillary reflex is mediated by ______.
celiac plexus
The solar plexus is also known as the _____.
brachial plexus
The superior, middle, and inferior trunks are found in which plexus?
brachial
The ulnar nerve is found in the _______ plexus.
contains visceral and somatic motor nerve axons
The ventral root of a spinal nerve ________.
axons of motor neurons
The ventral root of a spinal nerve contains _______.
cerebrospinal fluid
The ventricles of the brain are filled with ______.
N III, IV, VI
Vestibulo-ocular reflexes involve efferents of which cranial nerves?
absorb shock transmitted up the body when walking, running, or other vigorous motions occur; isolate the spinal cord from surrounding tissue; protect the cord from injury that would be caused by rubbing against a vertebral foramen
What do spinal meninges do?
the actions of each division are usually antagonistic to the other
What happens when an organ receives neural information from both sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions?
Cranial Nerve VI
abducens nerve: motor- lateral eye movement
Cranial Nerve XI
accessory nerve: motor- trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscles (shoulder shrug)
Cranial Nerve VII
facial nerve: both- muscles of expression (smile), taste
Cranial Nerve V
trigeminal nerve: both- muscles of mastication (chewing), sensation (nose, forehead, temple, scalp, lips, tongue, and lower jaw)
Cranial Nerve IV
trochlear nerve: motor- eye movement (look up/look down)